1.

0 INTRODUCTION

Assignment Civil Engineering Quantities and Estimation (ECM 366) is a

requirement for all diploma students for semester 6 in faculty of civil engineering University
of Technology Mara, UiTM for Civil Engineering Quantities and Estimation (ECM 366)
subject. It is a requirement to fulfil the course ECM 366 in order to complete the case study
as it is a compulsory for the student. The assignment contributes to 10% of the course
assessment and it is important to fulfill this assignment to complete our case study
requirement. The deadline for constructing pad footing and stump are on 16th of February
2017 (week 10) while the deadline for project report latest by 23rd of February 2017 (week
11).

At 16th of February 2017 (Thursday), all the student of semester 6 from class of
J4EC1106B1, J4EC1106B2, and J4EC1106R2 has attended to the material laboratory to
construct the pad foundation and stump construction based on the design that has been
approved by lecture in charge. The activity was leads by each lecturer from each classes.
For our class, Madam Asmawati bt. Che Hasan was lead us to construct the pad foundation
and stump. Every student has given the task just like an assignment compulsory to be done
namely as technical report. This report is act as summary from the design of pad foundation
and activity that they had attend which is the construction of pad foundation and stump
session. This report also to make sure the student understand and can gain more knowledge
about Civil Engineering Quantities and Estimation (ECM 366) rather than learning in
classroom.

Based on the construction of pad foundation and stump session, student have to
prepare the taking off sheet for concrete, reinforcement and formwork of pad foundation and
stump, bill of quantities, and estimate the total cost of building and civil engineering works in
accordance to SMMM and CESMM, and prepare the concrete mix design. Besides that,
student also should be able to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems using
thinking skills and engineering reasoning and prepare detailed drawing of pad footing and
stump.

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1.1 OBJECTIVE

On the whole, the objective of ECM 366 assignment is to give knowledge for
student to seek throughout the Civil Engineering Quantities and Estimation (ECM 366)
subject, besides exposing student to practice and link course knowledge and field theory has
been learned for practical in that firm plus it can expose to students about real job situation
especially in this subject (ECM 366). Below are the objective of Civil Engineering Quantities
and Estimation (ECM 366) assignment:

1. Student have to prepare the taking off sheet for concrete, reinforcement and formwork of
pad foundation and stump.
2. Student have to prepare bill of quantities, and estimate the total cost of building and civil
engineering works in accordance to SMMM and CESMM.
3. Student also should be able to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems using
thinking skills and engineering reasoning.
4. Be able to prepare detailed drawing of pad footing and stump and prepare the concrete
mix design.
5. To expose students about the content of Civil Engineering Quantities and Estimation
(ECM 366) subject before graduated follow respective specialization field.
6. Inculcate teamwork and good communication relationship within students and the lecture.
7. Student can face challenges, problem, and trouble which arise calmly. It gives experience
to students in facing challenging while constructing pad footing and stump. This would be
vital to produce knowledgeable graduates and capable in doing those tasks given whether
in fields or out of the field.
8. Student will be able to apply theories learnt in pad foundation and stump construction
session in the studies environment.
9. Can nurture trustworthy attitude, responsible, and constructed high self-confidence.
10. Able to gain extra knowledge about Civil Engineering Quantities and Estimation and can
improve both soft and hard skills.
11. Improve communication and management skills.
12. Able to understand what student had learnt and express the knowledge gain in real life or
during studies.

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2.0 CONTENT

2.1 THEORY BACKGROUND OF PAD FOUNDATION

Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to the layers of
soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. They can
be useful to help to prevent soils failure like settlement and other movement of the structures and
can be permit construction on ground that might otherwise have insufficient bearing capacity.
There were many type of foundation such as pad foundations, raft, strip and pile foundation.

PAD FOOTING

SHALLOW RAFT

FOUNDATION STRIP

DEEP PILE

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 Pad foundation normally known as shallow foundation. They are form of spread
foundation formed by rectangular, square and sometimes circular concrete ‘pads’ that support
point load such as structural column. This load is then spread by the pad to the bearing layer of
soil or rock below. Pad foundations can be used to support ground beams. In the pad foundation
there are several reinforcement that act to increase the strength of footing and reduce the
tendency of footing to failure. In addition, the size of pad footing is depend on the load acting onto
it and there are stump placed onto the footing. Actually the main function of foundation is to bear
and transfer the load either life load or dead load to the ground level of soils and to prevent from
the deposition of soils/settle and fix the position of building. In addition, pad foundation can afford
small value of load and structure compared to other foundations like strip foundations and pile
foundations. The concrete used for this foundations are reinforced concrete (RC) with ratio of
1:2:4.

FACTORS NEED TO BE CONSIDERED IN PAD FOOTING CONSTRUCTION

1. condition of ground:
The bearing capacity of soil need to be determined before constructing the pad
foundations.

2. The load of structure:

The load of structure such as dead load, live load, and wind load need to be determined
before constructing the pad footing.

3. Characteristics of building:
The bigger the building or structure need to be construct, the bigger the size of pad footing
need to be used.

4. Economic factors:
The cost of pad footing consist of the cost of concrete, reinforcement, and the cost of
formwork. It depend on the usage of these material.

5. The water table:

The construction of pad footing depend of the location of ground water table. It is difficult
to construct pad footing at high ground water table condition.

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ADVANTAGES OF PAD FOUNDATION
 Economic due to control of foundation size.
 Shallow form of foundation need little excavation.
 Easy to construct.
 Shape can be designed to accommodate tight sites.
 Reinforcement for tension and shear can be added.

DISADVANTAGES OF PAD FOUNDATION

 Can become very large to cope if used for high point loads.
 Limited foundation to dealing with point loads of framed building.
 Weak against uplift forces, wind forces, and earthquake forces.
 Weak against different settlement that may affect the building.
 Deep excavations for foundations would require support to prevent caving in.

TASK

Each group is provided with building materials as follows:

I. 10 nos. Y10, 600 mm length.

II. 3 nos. R10, 600 mm length.
III. Cement.
IV. Sand.
V. Coarse aggregate.
VI. Plywood and timber.

By using the materials provided as above, each group need to come out with design of one pad
footing and stump that will fully utilize the reinforcement based on the following specification:

I. Concrete cover is 30 mm.

II. Apply bends 5d for mild steel and 5.5d for high tensile steel.
III. Concrete grade between 25 to 35 (student come out with concrete design mixture).
IV. Dimensions of pad footing should not exceed 500 mm × 500 mm × 200 mm.

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2.2 MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRTUCTION OF PAD FOUNDATION

2.2.1 FORMWORK:

Formwork is a temporary structure that built to accommodate the concrete

to shape it into any kind of shape, size and dimension until it is hardened and be able to
stand strongly. Formworks are generally made of the materials like timber, plywood, steel,
etc. Plywood is used for building the formwork in constructing pad footing. The size of the
formwork for stump is 300 mm × 150 mm while the size of the formwork for footing is 500
mm × 200 mm with 6 mm thickness. The formwork is measured in m2.

Thus, the quality of manufacturing formworks are important for instance

good formworks are the formwork that shall not to expand when the concrete was pouring
into it. Moreover, an important characteristic of formworks are the formwork must be easily
open and must be avoid a serious disablement on the concrete. Plus, to make a high
quality of formworks, the chosen of wooden boards also important. A good formworks are
built based on good quality of wood. Soft wooden board with partially dried or hard plywood
are example of good wood to make formworks. This is because a wet wooden board will
change the shape and size of concrete because the wood will shrink easily.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMWORK:
i. Quality
The quality of formworks determined by their strength, stability, dimension, and long-
lasting to withstand the load of reinforced concrete, the workers, and equipment plus the
vibration when compacting the concrete. In addition, their position and stability also play
an important role in the quality of formworks aspect. Besides, the dimension of making the
formworks must be followed the design given plus the formworks must be easily open
when it was not used anymore.

ii. Safety
The safety aspect is one of the most important aspect that we should take note especially
to the workers, structure, and equipment used. It has to be planned from the beginning of
construction process till the end of it. For example, the construction of formworks must be
obey the design that fulfill their specifications to ensure the safety at construction site in
good state. Therefore, in the construction site should have the site supervisor to monitor
the safety aspect.

iii. Economic
The use of cheap formworks are needed to ensure the budget are economic enough for
the construction but the most importantly we have to make sure the safety and quality of
the formworks are in a good state. Apart from that, the material used in formworks also
should be easily get and cheap plus the formworks are able to use repeatedly.

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ADVANTAGES OF FORMWORK:
i. Quick erection time.
ii. Fast heating due to low thermal mass.
iii. Economical for small constructions jobs.
iv. It is design flexible and can easily be made into any shape or size.
v. Have good strength to withstand either live load or dead load.
vi. High resistance to leakage and good accuracy in dimensions.
vii. Easy to handle and capable to re-used it several times.

DISADVANTAGES OF FORMWORK:
i. Traditional procurement process.
ii. Take times to design and build.
iii. Exposure to weather before enclosed the project.
iv. Easily fired and easily decay when exposed to excessive moisture.

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2.2.2 REINFORCEMENT BAR:
For this footing construction, we used two type of reinforcement bar which is 10 nos. of
high tensile steel (Y10) and 3 nos. of mild steel (R10) together with 600 mm length
respectively. Reinforcement is measured in m.

Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross section in
concrete structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel
or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of
the best forms of reinforcements, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete
to bear all kinds of loads. There are three type of steel reinforcement commonly used in
construction field. There are high tensile steel and mild steel consist of Y steel bar, R steel
bar, and T steel bar respectively. But in this construction, most of steel used are Y steel
reinforced bar (Y10) and R reinforced bar (R10).

LAP-LENGTH/LAPPING:
Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length. Lap length
about 40 times the diameter (40d) of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighboring bar
lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one cross
section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped. But for our assignment we take 95
mm as a lapping for stump.

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SPACER/COVER BLOCK:
Cover blocks also known as “tauhu” are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the
shuttering plates and there by providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as
per the design drawings. Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced
during the concreting activity. To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using thin steel
wires called binding wires (projected from cover surface and placed during making or
casting of cover blocks) is recommended. Covers should be made of cement sand mortar
(1:3). Ideally, cover should have strength similar to the surrounding concrete, with the least
perimeter so that chances of water to penetrate through periphery will be minimized.
Shape of the cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical. However, cover indicates
thickness of the cover block. Normally, cubical cover blocks are used. As a thumb rule,
minimum cover of 2” in footings, 1.5” in columns and 1” for other structures may be
ensured. But for our assignment requirement the thickness of cover is 30 mm.

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCEMENT:
i. Easily to handle, manipulate, and weld.
ii. Can withstand damage, abrasion, and load.
iii. Stainless steel can be recycle after many years of service.
iv. Good performance of steel reinforcement will reduce the maintenance and
cost.
v. High in strength and uniformity.
vi. Good in elasticity and ductility.
vii. Structural steel are tough and have the ability to absorb energy in large
amounts.

DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCEMENT:
i. High in cost and maintenance purpose.
ii. Easily to corrode and rusting.
iii. High in fireproofing costs.
iv. Have brittle fracture.
v. Fatigue.

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2.2.3 REINFORCED CONCRETE:
For pad foundation, we used reinforced concrete grade 30. We prepare a mixture of
cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and water with ratio of 1:2:4 to form the concrete. For
our assignment we provide 0.05 m3 and 0.007 m3 of concrete for footing and stump
respectively. The concrete is measure in m3.

Concrete are the material that are widely used for construction. Concrete are the creation
of human that are contain several material and was mixed with certain ratio needed.
Concrete were obtained by mixing of cement, water and aggregates (fine & coarse) and
sometimes admixtures added in required proportions. These mixture then placed in forms
and allowed to cure and becomes hard like stone. The hardening process were take part
in this session called as hydration. The hardening is caused by chemical reaction between
water and cement and it continues for a long time, and consequently the concrete grows
stronger with age. Apart from that, I have learnt that the quality of concrete were depend
on several aspects such as properties of its ingredients, properties and quality of the mix,
method of mixing and compaction, other controls during placing, compaction and curing,
and the quality of formworks.

USAGE OF CONCRETE:

 Functional
 Aesthetically pleasing
 Strong and durable
 Economical
 Fire resistant
 Versatile and alterable
 Used to reduce noise
 Used to save energy

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CONCRETE TEST
Slump test:
Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity. Moreover, it is an indirect
measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness. A slump test is a method used to
determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or stiffness, indicates how much
water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the concrete mix should be matched to
the requirements for the finished product quality. Besides that, the concrete slump test is
used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The test is an empirical test
that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures consistency
between batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple
procedure. Furthermore, the slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted
inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the
wetness of concrete. But for our assignment, we obtain the slump of concrete is 20 mm.

Apparatus:
i. Slump cone
ii. Base plate
iii. Temping steel rod

Procedure:

i. The mold for the slump test is a frustum cone, 300 mm of height. The base is 200
mm in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm.
ii. The base is placed on a smooth surface and the cone is filled with concrete in
three layers, whose workability is to be tested.
iii. Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm diameter steel rod, rounded
at the end.
iv. When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off
(leveled with mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the
temping rod.
v. The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that
it could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means
of handles or foot - rests brazed to the mould.
vi. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly
and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.

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vii. The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
viii. The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and
the temping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area
of slumped concrete.
ix. The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale. (usually
measured to the nearest 5 mm).

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ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE:

i. Concrete is economical compared to other engineering materials.

ii. Concrete possessed a high compressive strength and the corrosive and
weathering effect are minimal.
iii. The fresh concrete are easily handled and molded into any shape or size according
to specifications.
iv. It has unlimited structural applications in combination with steel reinforcement.
v. It is durable and fire resistant.
vi. Requires very little maintenance.

DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE:

i. Concrete has low tensile strength and hence cracks easily.

ii. Fresh concrete shrinks on drying and hardened concrete expands on wetting.
iii. Concrete expands and contract with the changes of temperature.
iv. Concrete under sustained loading undergoes creep resulting in the reduction of
pre-stress in the pre-stressed concrete construction.
v. Lack of ductility, disadvantages with respect to earthquake resistant design.
vi. Liable to disintegrate by alkali and sulphate attack.

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2.3 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING PAD FOUNDATION

formwork to
pad footing

process of
bending of
bars

arrangement
and
placement of
bars

filling of
concrete

removal of
formwork

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2.3.1 FORMWORK TO PAD FOOTING

 The formworks should be designed and constructed such that the concrete can be
properly placed and thoroughly compacted to obtain the required shape, position,
and levels subject. Formworks need a support to withstand it structure that are built
to filling the concrete. The creation of formworks also need a plywood as support
at the side of formworks. The plywood usually have 6 mm thickness and was put
in the right position in formworks based on size and specifications given. The
dimension of formwork was determine by using pencil and ruler. The dimension of
formwork for footing is 500 mm × 200 mm and the dimension of formwork for stump
is 300 mm × 150 mm using plywood. We used several saw to cut the plywood into
pieces.
 The side of formworks was combine with other plywood by using nail to ensure the
creation of formworks are really tight in order to avoid the water content from
concrete mix passed out in concrete work like vibrating and compacting session.
After that we continue with the making of formwork for stump vertically.
 Apart from that, the design of formworks should have fulfill all the specifications to
avoid further problems occur. The construction of formworks should be able to
withstand wind load to ensure the compaction and vibrating of concrete process
done properly without failure. Therefore in order to avoid the disablement of
concrete, the verticality of formworks must be done correctly.

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2.3.2 PROCESS OF BENDING THE REINFORCEMENT BAR

 Bending of reinforcement bars requires adequate supervision, skilled

workmanship and efficient equipment. This operation were done together because
we doesn’t have adequate and proper equipment to bend the reinforcement bars.
 The dimension of bends shall be given that minimum amount of calculation is
necessary for making of bars. For example, we used two different type of
reinforcement bars in this session which is high tensile steel (Y10) and mild steel
(R10). The formula for bending the high tensile reinforcement is 5.5d while the
formula for bending the mild steel is 5d.
 By using those formula we mark at the position where the reinforcement need to
bend by using liquid. After that, we bend the reinforcement bars at that particular
area using our creativity method due to lack of machinery and doesn’t have
adequate equipment to bend the reinforcement bars.
 The process of bending the reinforcement bars should be done in cold conditions
only and no heating permitted on bars. Apart from that, loading shall be applied
gradually and bars that having cracks or splits on the bends shall be rejected.

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2.3.3 ARRANGEMENT AND PLACEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT BARS

 Before we arrange and placed the reinforcement we have to tie the reinforcement
first. The tying process is done by using metal wire and pliers. We tie the
reinforcement bars by using figure 8 ties or cross method. These are done by
pulling the wire around the rear of bars, diagonally across the front bar, and then
twisting back around the beginning wire. After that, we cut the wire feeding off the
reel, and bend the cut ends back towards the tie so no sharp ends from the tie.
These ties will help hold perpendicular bars tightly together while helping to prevent
them from racking or moving diagonally. Same process to tie the reinforcement
bar of stump together with footing’s reinforcement bars.
 When the formwork is done, we start to put the spacer block on the soffit area at
footing and at the side of reinforcement of stump so that the reinforcement bars
will not lay directly on the soffit.
 After that, we start to lay the reinforcement bars. The arrangement of main and
transverse reinforcement bars which are in design that we had propose normally
drawn as lines and dotes respectively are laid on the spacer block. When the
footing reinforcement bars are done, we continue with the stump reinforcement
bars.

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2.3.4 FILLING OF CONCRETE

 Before we have filling the concrete, we have to make sure the area that we want
to pour the concrete is clean against dirtiness such as dust. This is to ensure the
concrete strength is not affected. Besides that, after we have mixing the concrete
we must done the concrete test such as slump test to determine the workability of
concrete that we had design.
 After all the footing reinforcement bars have been laid, the grade 30 reinforced
concrete is poured into the formwork. The process is done layers by layers. Each
layers need to be vibrate by using vibrator in order to avoid the concrete from
segregation and honey-comb.
 The concrete then was spread and let them to harden for a few days. This is
because the concrete needs days to let it set, harden and also for curing process.

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2.3.5 REMOVAL OF FORMWORK

 The removal of formworks usually done in stages especially if the same formworks
are used back. All the removal of formworks work must be done carefully to avoid
the formworks broken and disable. Apart from that, Forms were not struck until the
concrete has attained a strength at least twice the stress to which the concrete
may be subjected at the time of removal of form work. The strength referred is that
of concrete using the same cement and aggregates with the same proportions and
cured under conditions of temperature and moisture similar to those existing on
the work.
 Formwork was removed in such a manner by removing the nails as would not
cause any shock or vibration that would damage the concrete. Before removal of
props, concrete surface was exposed to ascertain that the concrete has sufficiently
hardened. Where the shape of element is such that formwork has re-entrant
angles, the formwork was removed as soon as possible after the concrete has set,
to avoid shrinkage cracking occurring due to the restraint imposed.
 As a guideline, with temperature above 20 degree following time limits should be
followed. For example, the time limit for footing is 2 days.

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2.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
i. Formwork:
 Care should be taken that all formwork is set to plumb and true to line and level.
 When reinforcement passes through the formwork care should be taken to ensure
close fitting joints against the steel bars so as to avoid loss of fines during the
compaction of concrete.
 Formwork is so arranged as to permit removal of forms without jarring the concrete.
Wedges, clamps, and bolts should be used where practicable instead of nails.
 Surfaces of forms in contact with concrete are oiled with a mould oil of approved
quality. The use of oil, which darkens the surface of the concrete, is not allowed.
Oiling is done before reinforcement is placed and care taken that no oil comes in
contact with the reinforcement while it is placed in position. The formwork is kept
thoroughly wet during concreting and the whole time that it is left in place.
 Removal of all dirt, shavings, sawdust and other refuse by brushing and washing.
 The correct location of tie bars bracing and spacers, and especially connections of
bracing.

ii. Reinforcement bars:

 Reinforcement should be free from loose rust, oil paints, mud etc. it should be cut,
bent and fixed properly.
 The reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in position by providing proper
cover blocks, spacers, supporting bars, laps etc.
 Reinforcements shall be placed and tied such that concrete placement is possible
without segregation, and compaction possible by an immersion vibrator.

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iii. Reinforced concrete:
 The mixing process must be done properly in order to avoid wastage of material
such as sand, cement, and water.
 Make sure the material is free from dust and others things that may decrease the
strength of concrete.
 The mixing process must be done accurately as we had design following its ratio
of 1:2:4.
 The process of pouring concrete is done layers by layers. Each layers need to be
vibrate by using vibrator in order to avoid the concrete from segregation and
honey-comb.

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3.0 DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF PAD FOOTING

3.1 Detailed drawing of pad footing and stump

3.2 Concrete Mix Design for foundation and stump

3.3 Taking off sheet (concrete work, formwork, reinforcement work)

3.4 Bill of Quantities and Estimation of project cost

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3.4 Bill of Quantities and Estimation of project cost

Item Description Quantity Unit Rate RM

No.
CONCRETE WORK
1 Concrete grade 30 for footing and 0.057 cu. m 210.00 11.97
stump

FORMWORK
2 Plywood for footing and side of stump 0.279 pcs 19.50 5.44
1 𝑝𝑐𝑠
(0.400+0.250+0.180) × =
2.973m2

0.279 pcs

REINFORCEMENT
0.004 tonne 2500 10.00
Y10, 3.30 + 2.40 =5.70m,
3
(3.14x0.0052x5.70x7850) = 3.512 kg
1 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒
3.512 kg × = 0.004 tonne
1000 𝑘𝑔

4 R10, 1.80m, 0.001 tonne 2380.00 2.64

(3.14x0.0052x1.80x7850) = 1.109 kg
1 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒
1.109 kg × = 0.001 tonne
1000 𝑘𝑔

(Density of steel bar, assume

7850kg/m3)
Total Bill RM 30.05

Item Building Materials Unit Price (RM)

1 Ready mixed concrete, grade 30 (normal) m3 RM 210.00
2 Mild Steel bar Y10mm diameter Tonne RM 2500
3 Tensile Steel bar not exceeding 12mm diameter Tonne RM2,380.00
4 6mm thick Plywood, (4' x 8')=2.973m2 2nd Grade Piece RM 19.50

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4.0 CONCLUSION
Overall, Alhamdulillah there were many things that I have experienced and learned
during the construction of pad footing and stump activity for subject ECM 366. The whole session
in this activity was very interesting, instructive and challenging. Through this activity I was able to
gain new insights and more comprehensive understanding about the real industry working
condition and practice about how to design, construct and estimating the cost of pad footing and
stump construction. In addition, after this meaningful activity is done, there are countless of
valuable information and knowledge that I had gained plus I had the opportunity to learn
something that I couldn’t learnt much from lectures and books and practice it into real life. For
example, I could practice the design, taking off, and bill of quantity that had been learnt in classes
into real life. Moreover, I had a chance to seen and explored various materials and tools used
during constructing the pad footing and stump. This is an eye opener for me as I have never been
a chance to do it in real life.

Apart from that, I’m capable to fulfill all the objectives and requirement of this
assignment by prepare the taking off sheet for concrete, reinforcement and formwork of pad
foundation and stump besides I’ll be able to prepare bill of quantities, and estimate the total cost
of building and civil engineering works in accordance to SMMM and CESMM. Furthermore, we
were able to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems using thinking skills and
engineering reasoning and prepare detailed drawing of pad footing and stump and prepare the
concrete mix design. Besides that, I can perform teamwork and good communication relationship
within friends and the lecture. For example, Madam Asmawati give a lot of guidance to us on how
to construct the pad footing and stump in a correct way. In addition, we were able to facing
challenges, problem, and trouble which arise calmly. It gives experience to us in facing
challenging while constructing pad footing and stump. This would be vital to produce
knowledgeable graduates and capable in doing those tasks given whether in fields or out of the
field. For example, when we bending the reinforcement and making formwork we work as a team
in order to fulfill the objectives of assignment. Next, we were able to apply theories learnt in pad
foundation and stump construction session in the studies environment and can nurture trustworthy
attitude, responsible, and constructed high self-confidence besides able to gain extra knowledge
about Civil Engineering Quantities and Estimation and can improve both soft and hard skills.
Moreover, i’ll be able to improve communication and management skills. For example, we were
taught by Madam Asmawati about proper way and technique in constructing pad footing and
stump and how to apply it.

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 As a conclusion, Assignment Civil Engineering Quantities and Estimation (ECM
366) is a requirement for all diploma students for semester 6 in faculty of civil engineering
University of Technology Mara, UiTM for Civil Engineering Quantities and Estimation (ECM 366)
subject. It is a requirement to fulfil the course ECM 366 in order to complete the case study as it
is a compulsory for the student. From the bill of quantity the cos of this assignment project is RM
30.05. Thus, this assignment has greatly enhanced my knowledge about this subject especially
on the task of construction of pad footing and stump. I am very grateful to have a chance to
participate in this activity as I have gained a lot of knowledge. Lastly, I wish that I could have more
chances like this in the future as it is really give benefit to me a lot.

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5.0 REFERENCES

i. http://borak-qs.blogspot.my/2013/10/harga-harga-bahan-2013.html
ii. http://www.quantitysurveyoronline.com.my/materials-prices.html
iii. http://sz.my/bina-rumah-sendiri-harga-bahan-binaan-rumah-batu-tiang-pasir-kayu-besi-
dan-upah-tukang-buat-rumah/
iv. Civil Engineering Quantities & Estimation textbook notes, Faculty of Civil Engineering
University of Technology Mara.
v. Construction Materials (Second Edition) text book, Kartini Kamaruddin , 2002- Civil
Engineering Material (ECS256), Faculty of Civil Engineering University Technology Mara,
Campus Pasir Gudang.

6.0 APPENDICES

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