GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad

Affiliated

Pacific School of Engineering, Surat

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“Removal of colour impurities from effluent water by using natural

adsorbents or Biosorbents”

Under subject of

PROJECT-I (2170001)

B.E.-IV, Semester - VII

Submitted by
GROUP ID: 13420

NAME ENRROLMENT NO
Mitesh Chaudhari 151120105025
Asodariya Dishant 151120105004
Sabhadiya Nikunj 141120105079
Pinjara Tanvir 141120105073

Guided by,
Prof. Akhilesh Yadav
(Assistant Professor of chem. Engg. Dept.)

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“Removal of colour impurities from effluent water by using
natural adsorbents or Biosorbents”

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

NAME ENRROLMENT NO
Mitesh Chaudhari 151120105025
Asodariya Dishant 151120105004
Sabhadiya Nikunj 141120105079
Pinjara Tanvir 141120105073

In fulfillment for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Pacific School of Engineering, Surat

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

October, 2018

Pacific School Of Engineering, Surat

Chemical Engineering Department, 2018

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 CERTIFICATE

Date: -

This is to certify that the project entitled “Removal of colour impurities from
effluent water by using natural adsorbents or Biosorbents” has been carried
out by

NAME ENRROLMENT NO
Mitesh Chaudhari 151120105025
Asodariya Dishant 151120105004
Sabhadiya Nikunj 141120105079
Pinjara Tanvir 141120105073

Under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of bachelor of engineering in

chemical (7th semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
during the academic year 2018-19.

Guide: - Prof. Akhilesh Yadav (Assistant Professor of chem. Engg. Dept.)

Head of the Department

Mr. Piyush Modi

(Assistant Professor of chem.Engg.Dpt.)

Pacific School of Engineering-Surat CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT 2018

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 EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE OF

APPROVAL
This is to certify that the project entitled

“Removal of colour impurities from effluent water by using

natural adsorbents or Biosorbents”

Submitted by: Group ID (13420)

NAME ENRROLMENT NO
Mitesh Chaudhari 151120105025
Asodariya Dishant 151120105004
Sabhadiya Nikunj 141120105079
Pinjara Tanvir 141120105073

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the PROJECT-I (2170001) in Chemical

Engineering Department of Pacific School of Engineering, Surat is hereby approved.

Date: - ………………
Place: SURAT
EXAMINER’S SIGN: -………………

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 UNDERTAKING ABOUT ORIGINALITY OF WORK
“Removal of colour impurities from effluent water by using
natural adsorbents or Biosorbents”

NAME ENRROLMENT NO
Mitesh Chaudhari 151120105025
Asodariya Dishant 151120105004
Sabhadiya Nikunj 141120105079
Pinjara Tanvir 141120105073

Submitted by: Group ID (13420)

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the PROJECT-I (2170001) in Department of

Chemical Engineering of Pacific School of Engineering, Surat is recorded on our own work
carried out under supervision and guidance of Akhilesh Yadav. The matter embodied here is
not being submitted elsewhere for award of any degree.

NAME ENRROLMENT NO
Mitesh Chaudhari 151120105025
Asodariya Dishant 151120105004
Sabhadiya Nikunj 141120105079
Pinjara Tanvir 141120105073

Date: ………………….

Place: - SURAT

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to our project guide Akhilesh
Yadav, Asst. proff. of Chem. Engg. Dept. for his guidance all the time. We are extremely
grateful for assigning this topic. We would like to thanks all the staff member of the
department for their support of completion of the project work.

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Description Page No.
1 Comparison of physical and chemical activation method. 15
2 Adsorption capacity of different bio adsorbent at various 18
condition.

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Description Page No.
1. Chemical structure of methylene blue 2
2. Chemical structure of crystal violet 3
3. Chemical structure of Congo red 3
4. Chemical structure of Basic blue 3 dye 4
5. Chemical structure of Aniline blue dye. 4
6. Process chart for sugarcane bagasse adsorbent 9
7. Process chart for rice husk adsorbent 11
8. process chart for FPW adsorbent preparation 12
9. Preparation of adsorbent from saw dust 13
10. General preparation of several natural adsorbents. 14
11. Experimental setup 15
12. Adsorption of (a) 12 mg/l (b) 50 mg/l of MB at different mass 16
of catalyst.
13. Pseudo-second-order model fit for the adsorption of MB and 17
GV dyes by sugarcane bagasse adsorbent.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
SR. NO. TOPIC
NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
LIST OF TABLE 7

LIST OF FIGURES 7
ABSTRACT 10

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 11

1.1 Effluent water containing various dyes 12

1.1.1 Methylene blue 12

1.1.2 Crystal violet (Gentian violet) 13

1.1.3 Congo red 13

1.1.4 Basic blue 3 14

1.1.5 Aniline blue 14

1.2 Adsorption 15

1.3 Adsorbents 15

1.3.1 Activated carbon 15

1.3.2 Biosorbents (natural adsorbent) 16

1.4 Aim 17

1.5 Objectives 17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 18

2.1 Use of neem leaf powder as an adsorbent 18

2.1.1 Preparation of Neem leaves adsorbent 18

2.2 Use of sugarcane bagasse as a biosorbent 19

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 2.2.1 Preparation of sugarcane bagasse adsorbent 19

2.3 Use of Rice husk ash as a biosorbent 20

2.3.1 Preparation of Rice hush ash adsorbent 20

2.4 Use of Fruit peel waste as an adsorbent 21

2.4.1 Preparation of fruit peel waste adsorbent 22

2.5 Use of saw dust as an adsorbent 23

2.5.1 Preparation of saw dust adsorbent 23

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 24

3.1 Bio-adsorbent Preparation 24

3.2 Dye solution preparation 25

3.3 Experimental setup 25

3.4 Adsorption of dyes by various adsorbent 26

3.4.1 Removal of methylene blue by using Rice husk ash adsorbent 26

3.4.2 Removal of Methylene blue and gentian violet by sugarcane

bagasse 26

3.4.3 Removal of acid yellow 36 by Sawdust adsorbent 27

CHAPTER 4 CANVAS SHEET 29

4.1 AEIOU CANVAS 29

4.2 IDEATION CANVAS 30

4.3 EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS 31

4.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS 32

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 33

REFERNCES 34

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 ABSTRACT

In this project, Adsorption process has been found to be one of the best treatment methods for
removal of various dye molecules and impurities from industrial effluent water. As the control
of water pollution has become an increasing importance in recent years, the use of
physical/chemical treatments such as membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, coagulation is not
economically feasible. The use of natural adsorbent or biosorbent as an alternative low cost
adsorbent in the removal of dye particles. And they act as an alternative replacement for the
activated carbon which is very costly. So our projects aim is to use the natural or synthetic
adsorbent which can use as an alternative option for other costly adsorbent.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
In textile industry, dyes are important in dying process. Dye is difficult to biodegrade because
it contains complex aromatic molecular structures which make it stable in water. Dye also can
bring a bright and firm colour to materials. Textile industries consume large quantities of water
and chemicals, especially in dyeing and finishing process. The effluent that discharge from the
industries contains highly colours synthetic dye which can affect the water bodies although at
low concentration because dyes possess as high water solubility. Dyes also can cause various
diseases such as allergy, dermatitis, skin irritation and cancer because it is resistant to natural
biological degradation. It is needed to remove dye from wastewater.

There are several methods has been used to improve a sustainable method for dye removal
from industries effluents such as biological treatment, adsorption, chemical oxidation,
photolysis, suspended or supported photo catalysis degradation and electro photo catalysis.
Among those methods, adsorption is the most efficient, economical, low cost, and low energy
requirement. In the previous study, activated carbon is the most common adsorbent used to
remove dyes. The widespread use of activated carbon in industries is restricted due to high cost
and difficulties in removal from the sludge.

The new alternative adsorbent was studied in order to replace activated carbon such as
biomaterial which is by products or agriculture waste material. Agriculture waste material was
economic and eco-friendly adsorbent because of their unique chemical composition,
availability in abundance, renewable, low in cost and more efficient. In previous study, there
are several types of agriculture waste some like wood, neem leaf, Asoka leaf, cotton seed plant,
peanut hull, sugarcane bagasse, maize, mango seed, soya bean seed hull, pista hull, potato peel,
palm leaf, orange peel, banana peel, some like agriculture flower waste were used as adsorbent
to remove dye such as marigold, Thevetia neriifolia Joss, rose, holly basil, daisy, periwinkle,
sun flower. Most of the adsorbent were modified with physical and chemical method to
increase the adsorption capacity. The chemical treat that used to modify the adsorbent is
hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and potassium hydroxide (KOH).

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1.1 Effluent water containing various dyes:
The removal of dyes from wastewater is a matter of great interest in the field of water
pollution. Wastewaters from industries like dyestuffs, tannery, textiles, paper and plastics,
contain various kinds of synthetic dyes. There are more than 100,000 commercially
available dyes and more than 700000 metric tons of dyes are produced worldwide
annually. Recent studies indicate that approximately 12% of synthetic dyes are lost during
manufacturing and processing operations and that 20% of the resultant colour enters the
environment through effluents from industrial wastewater treatment plants. Wastewaters
from these industries are highly coloured and the release of these effluents in natural waters
produces serious damage to the environment. Dyes are organic compounds with a chemical
complex structure that are stable to light, heat, oxidizing agents and resistant to aerobic
digestion. Beyond the visual pollution, the contamination of natural waters with dyes
produces modification in biological cycles affecting mainly photo-synthesis process.
Many dyes are also toxic and even carcinogenic affecting aquatic living organisms. Studies
showed that azo dyes and their sub-products may be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic. In
this current work, the studied dyes are the cationic dyes, methylene blue (MB), gentian
violet (GV), Congo red, basic blue 3, acid yellow 16, acid red 186, aniline blue, basic black
9, Rhodamine etc.

1.1.1 Methylene blue:

MB is the most commonly used substance for dying natural fibres as cotton or silk. It
can cause eye burns by direct contact and nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating, mental
confusion and methemoglobinemia by ingestion.
This compound is prepared by oxidation of dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine in the
presence of sodium thiosulfate.
Methylene Blue is a synthetic basic dye. Methylene blue stains to negatively charged
cell components like nucleic acids; when administered in the lymphatic bed of a tumour
during oncologic surgery, methylene blue may stain lymph nodes draining from the
tumour, thereby aiding in the visual localization of tumour sentinel lymph nodes. When
administered intravenously in low doses, this agent may convert methemoglobin to
haemoglobin.

Fig.1 Chemical structure of methylene blue

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1.1.2 Crystal violet (Gentian violet):
Crystal violet or gentian violet (also known as methyl violet 10B or hexamethyl
pararosaniline chloride) is a triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and in
Gram's method of classifying bacteria. Crystal violet has antibacterial, antifungal, and
anthelmintic properties and was formerly important as a topical antiseptic. The medical
use of the dye has been largely superseded by more modern drugs, although it is still
listed by the World Health Organization.
It can be prepared by reaction of dimethylaniline with phosgene to give
4,4′bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone) as an intermediate. This was
then reacted with additional dimethylaniline in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride
and hydrochloric acid.

Fig. 2 Chemical structure of crystal violet

1.1.3 Congo red:

Congo red is an acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is
also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.
Congo Red is the sodium salt of benzidinediazo-bis-1-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid;
a diazo dye that is red in alkaline solution and blue in acid solution and used especially
as an indicator and as a biological stain.
Congo Red is an indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.

Fig. 3 Chemical structure of Congo red

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1.1.4 Basic blue 3:
Basic Blue 3 is a cationic type dye; Basic Blue 3 is an extremely weak base with three
mesomeric structures whereby the positive charge can be allocated on the nitrogen in
either one of the amine groups or on the central oxygen atom in the aromatic ring. The
sorption points out range of pH 3 to pH 10 were excluded in this experiment due to
precipitation overwhelmed adsorption.

Fig. 4 Chemical structure of Basic Blue 3 dye.

1.1.5 Aniline blue:

Aniline Blue WS, also called aniline blue, China blue, or Soluble blue, is a mixture of
methyl blue and water blue. It may also be either one of them. It is a soluble dye used
as a biological dye, in fluorescence microscopy, appearing a yellow-green colour after
excitation with violet light. It is a mixture of the trisulfonates of triphenyl rosaniline
and of diphenyl rosaniline.
Aniline blue or its constituents are used to stain collagen, as the fibre stain in Masson's
trichrome, as well as to reveal callose structures in plant tissues.
It can be used in the Mallory's connective tissue stain and Gömöri trichrome stain. It is
used in differential staining.

Fig. 5 Chemical structure of Aniline blue dye.

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1.2 Adsorption:
Adsorption is integral to a broad spectrum of physical and chemical processes and
operations in the environmental field. Purification of gases by adsorption has played a
major role in air pollution control and adsorption of dissolved impurities from solution has
been widely employed for water purification. Adsorption is now viewed as a superior
method for wastewater treatment and water reclamation. It is common to distinguish
between three types of adsorption.
(1) Electrical attraction of the solute to the adsorbent (exchange adsorption):
(2) Van Der Waals attraction (physical or ideal adsorption)
(3) Chemical reaction (chemisorption or chemical adsorption).
Applications of adsorption for chemical processing air pollution control and water
treatment are well known applications in wastewater treatment and water pollution control
are generally not as well recognized, nor as well understood. The process has been
demonstrated to be widely effective for removing dissolved organic substances from
wastewaters.

1.3 Adsorbents:

1.3.1 Activated carbon:

The adsorption properties of carbon-reach materials have been known for millennia, but
only since the beginning of the twentieth century has this material been improved by
activation processes. Activated carbons are applied in two different forms,
Granular activated carbon - with particle sizes of 0.5 to 4 mm
Powdered activated carbon - with particle sizes < 40 μm.
 The adsorption increases with increasing internal surface of the activated carbon.
 The adsorption increases with increasing molecule size of the activated carbon as
long as no size exclusion hinders the adsorbate molecules from entering the pore
system.
 The adsorption decreases with increasing temperature because adsorption is an
exothermic process.
 The adsorb ability of organic substances onto activated carbon increases with
decreasing polarity of the adsorbate.

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  Aromatic compounds are better adsorbed than aliphatic compounds of comparable
size.
 Organic ions are not adsorbed as strongly as the corresponding neutral compounds
(pH dependence of the adsorption of weak acids and bases).
 In multi component systems, competitive adsorption takes place, resulting in
decreased adsorption of a considered compound in comparison with its single
solute adsorption.

1.3.2 Biosorbents (natural adsorbent):

Activated carbons are derived from natural materials such as wood, lignite or coal,
which are commercially available. But almost any carbonaceous material may be used
as precursor for the preparation of carbon adsorbents. Coal is the most commonly used
precursor for AC production Because of its availability and cost effective. Coal
comprises of different mixtures of carbonaceous materials and mineral matter, which
results from the degradation of plants. The nature, origin and the extent of the physical–
chemical changes occurring after deposition of vegetation, determines the sorption
properties of each individual coal. In a research conducted by Karaka et al attention has
been drawn on the use of coal as a successful sorbent for dye removal. Additionally,
coal is not a pure material, and thus will have different sorption properties due to its
large variety of surface properties. Recently there has been report on the use of activated
carbon in the treatment of dye and heavy effluents. Material such as sugarcane bagasse,
rice hush ash, fruit pills, neem leaf, peanut shell, bael shell carbon, raw pine and acid-
treated pine cone powder, Calotropis procera, Coconut Shell, Super paramagnetic
PVA-Alginate Microspheres were able to reduce the concentration of pollutants in
wastewater successfully. Their sorption capacity increases with increasing in adsorbent
dosage.

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1.4 Aim:

 The main aim of the project is to prepare low-cost natural adsorbent or biosorbent.
 To find an alternative option of activated carbon which has low cost.

1.5 Objectives:
 To determine easily available natural substances which can be act as an adsorbent
after proper chemical and physical treatment.
 To test new naturally occurring adsorbent for the adsorption of colour impurities
from effluent water.
 To enhance the adsorption capacity of known biosorbent.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Abstract: This topic deals with the literature review related to use of natural absorbent or
biosorbent to remove dye particles from industrial effluent water, preparation of various natural
adsorbent and its used in the removal of several dyes.

2.1 Use of neem leaf powder as an adsorbent:

The surface area of carbon obtained from Neem Leaves Powder is determined by Brunauer,
Emmett and Teller (BET) N2 sorption procedure with liquid N2 at 195.72℃. The specific
surface area is found to be 421 m2/g.
The Neem leaves commonly available waste material in India. It is useful in medicine, but
utilization of Neem leaves using various treatments can be used as a low cost adsorbent
instead of high cost adsorbent. The surface area and particle size are 421 m2/g and 5um
respectively also studied. In the present work the Neem Leaves Powder converted into the
activated carbon by chemical activation. There is a tremendous potential in these materials
to be explored as industrial low cost effective adsorbents.

2.1.1 Preparation of Neem leaves adsorbent:

Initially Neem leaves were washed repeatedly by using distilled water to remove moisture
and soluble impurities. Then Neem leaves kept in dryer at 90℃, For 2-3 hrs till leaves turn
pale yellow. Then crushed and screen by 10-15um mesh size.
Neem leaves powder washed to remove moisture and free acid and kept in dryer 20-25
minute. After drying powder was mixed with ortho-H3PO4 in silica crucible and kept in
furnace at 260℃ for 15-20 minute. The heating period depend on atmospheric temperature
then solution was cooled & repeatedly washed using hot water to remove free acid and
moisture, total 7 washing taken and kept it in dryer for 20-25 minute the prepared black
coloured adsorbent kept in bottle for further use.
About 20 gm sample and 10ml Ortho-H3PO4 acid taken in silica crucible and kept in
furnace. The furnace is initially at normal room temperature then furnace set at 260℃.
Heating was carried out for 20 minute. Then sample was removed and cool. After cooling
the sample was repeatedly washed for 7 times using hot water to remove free acid and
moisture. Then sample kept in dryer for 20-25 minute and the activated black coloured
adsorbent stored in bottle.
Reference:(Ghansyam Pandhare*, S.D. Dawande. “Neem leaves powder as a low cost
adsorbent and its characteristics.” April-June,2013).

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2.2 Use of sugarcane bagasse as a biosorbent:
waste product of sugar mill (bagasse) was used as low-cost adsorbent in its natural, and
modified forms for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye. Chemical treatment of sugar
cane bagasse (SB) was carried out with formaldehyde and sulphuric acid which produced
carbonaceous bagasse (C-SB). The sugar cane bagasse (SB), carbonaceous bagasse (C-SB)
and fly ash bagasse (FA-SB) were tested as adsorbents for the removal of malachite green
(MG) dye from aqueous solutions.
The utilization of waste material as biosorbent is an eco-friendly technique. It is a way of
minimization of agricultural waste and its utilization for the removal of dyes. By adopting
the adsorption process sugar cane bagasse and its modified forms were utilized for the
decolourization of textile dyes and other effluents. By utilizing modified sugar cane
bagasse, the removal of malachite green dye can be enhanced compared to its other forms.
About 78% for MG–SB, 87.00% for MG–FA-SB and 89.60% for MG–C-SB removal were
obtained by adopting the batch adsorption process.
The thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated to support the spontaneity of the
system. Results of the present study suggested that the C-SB system has good potential for
the removal of MG dye. This model system can be operated on the industrial scale for the
removal of dyes, metal and other toxic species. This is a beneficial, economical and fast
method.

Fig. 6 Process chart for sugarcane bagasse adsorbent

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2.2.1 Preparation of sugarcane bagasse adsorbent:

For enhancing the adsorption sites on adsorbent’s surface for the removal of basic dye the
ground bagasse was treated with form aldehyde with w/v ratio of 1:5 at 54 ± 2 ℃ for 24 h.
Then the content was filtered out and bagasse was separated and washed with distilled
water and kept in an electric oven for 12 to 5 h at 80 ℃ for drying.
After drying it was mixed with sulphuric acid (98%) in a 1:1 ratio of acid and bagasse then
placed in an electric oven at 100℃ for 24 h. After the acid treatment the bagasse was
washed with an excessive amount of distilled water and soaked in 1% NaHCO3 solution
for overnight. Then the contents were filtered and washed with an excessive amount of
distilled water till neutral pH was obtained (Ashoka and Inamdar, 2010). After air drying
the contents were kept in an electric oven for 24 h at100℃ and the particle size was found
to be 150 um.
Reference:( Hajira Tahir*, Muhammad Sultan, Nasir Akhtar, Uzma Hameed, Tahreem
Abid “Application of natural and modified sugar cane bagasse for the removal of dye from
aqueous solution.” 17 September,2012.)

2.3 Use of Rice husk ash as a biosorbent:

Rice husk ash (RHA) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of Indigo Carmine dye (IC)
from aqueous solution. Higher percentage of IC removal by RHA was possible provided
that the C0 in the solution was low. The equilibrium between the adsorbate in the solution
and on the adsorbent surface was practically achieved in 8 h. Adsorption kinetics was found
to follow second-order rate expression.
The adsorption of IC onto RHA was found to be endothermic in nature. Equilibrium
adsorption data for IC on RHA were well represented by the R-P and Freundlich isotherm
models. Adsorption of IC on RHA is favourably influenced by an increase in the
temperature of the operation. The adsorption capacities of RHA for IC dye were obtained
as 29.3, 33.5, 40.3 and 65.9 mg/g at 293, 303, 313 and 323 K, respectively. The negative
value of ∆G0 indicated spontaneous adsorption of IC on RHA. The interaction processes
were accompanied by an increase of entropy value. This study concludes that the RHA
could be employed as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of IC dye from aqueous solution.

2.3.1 Preparation of Rice hush ash adsorbent:

Average particle size of RHA was 150.47mm. Bulk density and heating value of RHA were
found to be 104.9 kg/m3 and 9.68 MJ/kg, respectively. Proximate analysis showed the
presence of 0.73% moisture, 5.37% volatile matter, 88.0% ash and 5.90% fixed carbon in
RHA. High amount of ash indicates that RHA is basically inorganic in nature. Elemental
analyses showed 7.424% carbon, 0.061% hydrogen, 0.846% nitrogen, and rest others. The
heating of rice husk at different temperatures produces RHA containing different contents
of carbon and silicon dioxide. Nakbanpote et al. (2000) reported that the RHA heated at
higher temperatures had reduced percentages of carbon but an increased proportion of
silicon dioxide. Almost all of the carbon was lost when heated at temperatures > 400℃. In
the paper mills, rice husk is heated at temperatures > 700℃ to generate steam. Therefore,
it is expected that the amount of carbon will be very small in RHA.
Reference:( Uma R. Lakshmi, Vimal Chandra Srivastava, Indra Deo Mall*, Dilip H.
Lataye “Rice husk ash as an effective adsorbent: Evaluation of adsorptive characteristics
for Indigo Carmine dye.” 4 January,2004)

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 Fig.7 Process chart for rice husk adsorbent

2.4 Use of Fruit peel waste as an adsorbent:

Fruit peel waste (FPW) is abundantly available from the agricultural and food processing
industry and has been studied in recent past as an adsorbent. This paper critically reviews
the reported work and investigates various FPW-pollutant systems. The study includes
statistics of FPW generation, modification, characterization, adsorption ability,
recovery/regeneration, and modelling (isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics) of batch
adsorption. It is found that orange and banana peels are the most extensively studied
adsorbents, whereas Pb2+ and methylene blue are the most efficiently removed pollutants,
the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms provide the best fit in most of the cases,
and in general, pseudo-second-order kinetics is followed. There are very limited column
studies and no report on commercial plant. Though the reproducibility of the results is poor,
FPW has a great potential in the wastewater treatment due to its abundant and cheap
availability. FPW can be used for removal of heavy metals and dyes; however, removal of
organic and gaseous impurities needs further investigation.

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2.4.1 Preparation of fruit peel waste adsorbent:

The use of raw FPW as an adsorbent can give rise to problems such as (1) low
adsorption capacity, (2) high COD, (3) high BOD, and (4) high total organic carbon
(TOC) due to leaching of soluble organic compounds present in the FPW.
The increase of COD, BOD, and TOC leads to hyper-trophication. So, FPW needs to
be treated or modified before use. The treatment of FPW can alter its physical and
chemical properties, along with its adsorption capacity. Different physical, chemical,
and other treatment or modification methods are listed in the literature. Physical
treatment involves cleaning, drying, and thermal treatment of FPW. Chemical treatment
is used to influence/alter properties like water sorbency, ion exchange capability,
conductivity, hydrophilicity, or hydrophobicity of cellulosic materials. The chemical
treatment methods include protonation, xanthanation, chemical pyrolysis,
saponification, halogenation, oxidation, polymerization and removal of inhibiting
groups (the groups on the surface that inhibit adsorption of the selected moieties),
deamination, and decarboxylation. Some other treatment involves the use of
supercritical CO2 for enhancing the significant charges on lignocellulose tissues.
For the maximum adsorption of pollutants, it is necessary that an appropriate activation
process is selected. Out of listed treatments, physical treatments are simple and
inexpensive. However, they are less effective than chemical modifications. Generally,
acid washing increases cationic or basic pollutant adsorption. Some treatment methods
such as physical or chemical carbonization can cause weight loss of the biosorbent. Pre-
treatment is a very easy process among the other chemical processes. To enhance
adsorption capacity of FPW, most of the researchers prefer only washing with acid,
alkali, or some other solvent (Gaballah et al. 1994, Ngah and Hanafia 2008, O’Connell
et al. 2008, Park et al. 2010, Patel 2012).

Fig.8 process chart for FPW adsorbent preparation

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2.5 Use of saw dust as an adsorbent:

The potential use of Indian Rosewood (Dalbergia sissoo) sawdust, pre-treated with
formaldehyde and sulphuric acid, for the removal of methylene blue dye from simulated
wastewater. The effects of different system variables, viz., adsorbent dosage, initial dye
concentration, pH and contact time were studied. The results showed that as the amount of
the adsorbent was increased, the percentage of dye removal increased accordingly. Higher
adsorption percentages were observed at lower concentrations of methylene blue. Optimum
pH value for dye adsorption was determined as 7.0 for both the adsorbents. Maximum dye
was sequestered within 30 min after the beginning for every experiment. The adsorption of
methylene blue followed a first order rate equation and fit the Lagergren equation well.
Similar experiments were carried out with commercially available activated carbon to
compare the results. Sulphuric acid treated sawdust or formaldehyde treated sawdust of
Indian Rosewood can be attractive options for dye removal from dilute industrial effluents.

2.5.1 Preparation of saw dust adsorbent:

Formaldehyde treated sawdust (SD):

Indian Rosewood (Dalbergia sissoo) tree sawdust collected from a local sawmill was
washed with hot distilled water and then dried in sunlight until all the moisture evaporated.
The material was ground to a fine powder in a still mill. The resulting material was sieved
in the size range of 20-50 mesh ASTM. To immobilize the colour and water-soluble
substances, the ground powder was treated with 1% formaldehyde in the ratio of 1:5 (saw-
dust: formaldehyde, w/v) at 50°C for 4 h. The sawdust was filtered out, washed with
distilled water to remove free formaldehyde and activated at 80ºC in a hot air oven for 24
h. The material was placed in an airtight container for further use.

Sulphuric acid treated sawdust (SDC):

One part of dried SD was mixed with one part of concentrated sulphuric acid and heated
in a muffle furnace for 24 h at 150ºC. The heated material was washed with distilled
water and soaked in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution over night to remove residual acid.
The material was dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 h and sieved in the size range of 20-
50 mesh ASTM and used for the further study. SDC was characterized by adopting the
standard procedures. The various physico-chemical characteristics of SDC were:
surface area = 98 m2/g; apparent density = 1.45 g/ml; ash content = 1.68%; moisture
content = 3.82%; CEC = 0.68 meq/g; water-soluble matter = 1.68%; acid soluble matter
(4 N HCl) = 6.34%; 2 N NaOH soluble matter = 1.48%; and EC = 0.10 mS/cm. All
adsorbents were dried at 110ºC overnight before the adsorption experiments.

Fig. 9 Preparation of adsorbent from saw dust

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Bio-adsorbent Preparation:

First of all, we collected the biosorbent like sugarcane bagasse, rice hush ash, fruit pills,
neem leaf, saw dust, peanut shell, bael shell carbon, raw pine and acid-treated pine cone
powder, Calotropis procera, Coconut Shell etc. and wash them with distilled water and kept
them for drying in the presence of sunlight for 5-6 days.
Then dry them in oven around 50-100 ℃. After this process we converted it into powder
form by the use of milling mill and transformed it into fine granular particles.
Then give them proper chemical treatment with several solutions like hexane-ethanol
solution. This treatment is known as degreasing. And then dry them in oven once again.
The bio-adsorbent is ready to experimental use.

Fig. 10 General preparation of several natural adsorbents.

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 There are two method of activation

 Physical activation
 Chemical activation

Table 1 Comparison of physical and chemical activation method.

Physical activation Chemical activation

Two stage process Single stage process

High energy consumption – expensive Low energy consumption – Cheap

Longer process duration Shorter process duration

High surface area and porosity Modest surface area and porosity

3.2 Dye solution preparation:

The dye solution can take directly from the effluent of the various textile and pharma
industries. Also we can prepare various dye solution like methylene blue dye solution,
gentian violet dye solution, Congo red etc. at the laboratory itself by just dissolving various
dyes in hot water and cold water.

3.3 Experimental setup:

Fig. 11 Experimental setup.

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3.4 Adsorption of dyes by various adsorbent:
3.4.1 Removal of methylene blue by using Rice husk ash adsorbent:

Photocatalytic and adsorption studies showed an effective removal of MB in aqueous medium.

Among all the catalysts studied, RHA-10Sn10Ti showed highest photocatalytic activity with
MB. The photocatalytic degradation of MB over RHA-10Sn10Ti, under UV-light causes 99%
mineralization into inorganic ions such as chlorides, nitrates and sulphates. This high
photocatalytic activity could relate to increase in the band gap energy (∼3.54eV) when tin and
titanium are incorporated together into the silica matrix. In adsorption studies, RHA-10Sn10Ti
and RHA-10Sn removed about 99.4% of MB from aqueous solution. While RHA-silica and
RHA-10Ti showed lower adsorption capacity of 45.1 and 77.1% of MB, respectively. It was
also demonstrated that alkaline medium favors adsorption of MB up to 98% at pH range of
9.0–10.0. All the catalysts were found to follow the pseudo-second order adsorption kinetics.

Fig. 12 Adsorption of (a) 12 mg/l (b) 50 mg/l of MB at different mass of catalyst.

3.4.2 Removal of Methylene blue and gentian violet by sugarcane bagasse:

The adsorbent prepared from sugarcane bagasse proved to be effective for the removal of MB
and GV dyes from aqueous solutions by an adsorption process. The FTIR spectrum of EB
showed the appearance of strong band that confirmed the introduction of EDTA di anhydride
into the lignocellulose matrix. Three adsorption kinetic models were tested and the pseudo-
second-order model fit the experimental data well. The intra particle diffusion study yielded
three linear regions, which suggested that dye adsorption involves more than one kinetic stage.
The Langmuir model fit the experimental data well, suggesting the adsorption occurs in a
monolayer. The maximum adsorption capacities for the adsorption of MB and GV dyes onto
EB were found to be 202.43 and 327.87 mg/g, respectively.

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 Fig. 13 Pseudo-second-order model fit for the adsorption of MB and GV dyes by sugarcane
bagasse adsorbent.

3.4.3 Removal of acid yellow 36 by Sawdust adsorbent:

Activated carbon prepared from low cost materials, mahogany sawdust and rice husk have
suitable adsorption capacity with regard to the removal of Acid Yellow 36 from its aqueous
solution. Mahogany sawdust carbon has better adsorption capacity than rice husk carbon. The
adsorption is highly dependent on contact time, adsorbent dose and pH. The optimal pH for
favourable adsorption of Acid Yellow 36 is 3 and below. Adsorption obeys both Freundlich
and Langmuir isotherms. Adsorption kinetics follows Lagergren first order kinetic model.
For the present adsorption process, intra-particle diffusion of dye molecule within the particle
has been identified to be rate limiting. The adsorption capacities of saw-dust carbon (SDC) was
found to be 183.8 mg per g of the adsorbent. The results indicate that SDC and RHC could be
employed as low-cost alternatives to commercial activated carbon in wastewater treatment for
the removal of acid dyes.

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Table 2 Adsorption capacity of different bio adsorbent at various condition.

Experimental Parameters/ Result

Biosorbent Q pH
max AD
(mg/g) T( C) Co T
(mg/l) (min) (g/l)
Modified polysaccharide 48 8 25 50 150 0.5
Mango seed kernel powder 142.86 8 30 100 0.02
wheat shells 21.50 6.5 50 100 60 1.0
Neem leaf powder 8.76 5-8 30 40 240 2
jute Fibre carbon: 22.5 5-10 28 50-200 250 1
Rice husk 40.58 8 32 100 40 0.12
Giant duckweed 144.93 9 25 300 144 0.2
Date pit 80.3 8 25 5 NA NA
Wool Fibre (sheep wool) 94.3% 5 5 30 1.0
Cotton Fibre 97% 5 3.5 10 1.50
Sugarcane bagasse 95.4% 8.76 25 72 193 0.19
Saw dust 263.16 7 25 300 480 0.2
Banana stalk waste 243.90 4-12 30 50-500 330 0.1
Gulmohar leaf powder 186.22 7.5 30 10-100 0.5-2.5
Tea waste 85.16 4.5 29 20-50 300 0.2
Papaya seed 555.55 3-10 30 50-360 0.05-1.0
Bamboo 286.1 3.7 25 400 1440 0.1
Watermelon 489.80 NA 30 50 30 0.5
Pine saw dust 16.75 NA 35 20-50 180 NA
Coconut husk 500 7.8 30 100-200 30 0.03

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 CHAPTER 4

CANVAS SHEET

DESIGN ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY

4.1 AEIOU Summary:

AEIOU Summary

Environment: Interactions: Objects:

 Water pollution  Manager  Neem leaves

 Soil degradation
 Bio accumulation
 Skin disease
 Bio degradation waste
 Engineer
 Lab assistant
 Worker
 Plant Incharge
 Sugarcane bagasse
 Rice Husk Ash
 Pineapple waste
 BOD, COD indicator
 Adsorption Column
 pH meter

Activities: users:

 Collect effluent of Dye industry  Dye industry

 Drying of objects  Textile industry
 Size reduction  Municipal corporation
 Sieves analysis of powder  Effluent treatment plant
 Filtration  Pharma industry
 Adsorption using Bio-adsorbent
 Final product analysis

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4.2 Ideation Canvas:

IDEATION CANAVS

People:

 Lab assistance
 manager
 ETP incharge
 Worker
 Plant incharge
 professor

Activities: Situation/context/location

 Collect effluent of Dye industry  Prevention water

 Drying of objects  Municipal sewage plant
 Size reduction  ETP
 Sieves analysis of powder  Dye industry
 Filtration
 Adsorption using Bio-adsorbent
 Final product analysis

Props/possible/solutions

 Use of Bio adsorbent

 Use of low cost adsorbent
 Replacement of activated carbon
 BOD, COD management
 Removal of suspended particle

Page | 30
4.3 Empathy Mapping Canvas:

EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS

USER STAKEHOLDERS
 Dye industry  Government
 Textile industry
 Industrial group
 Municipal corporation
 Effluent treatment plant
 Pharma industry

ACTIVITIES

 Collect effluent of Dye industry

 Drying of objects
 Size reduction
 Sieves analysis of powder
 Filtration
 Adsorption using Bio-adsorbent
 Final product analysis

STORY BORDING

HAPPY:
In our project we focus on the use of bio adsorbent to removal the dye particles from waste water
which is good for environment and it also having low cost so it is very helpful so it is happy
moment.

HAPPY:
In our project the treated water is dye particle free and it also used for the various and also it can be
Now free to mix with sea water it is not harmful at all

SAD:
In our project we take neem leaves as a first adsorbent so in the making of neem adsorbent it takes
so much time and it is very hard to prepare.

SAD:
We can’t make the adsorbent in very bulk at a time it’s a sad moment.

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4.4 Product Development Canvas:

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS

PURPOSE: PRODUCT CUSTOMER REVALIDATION:
EXPERIENCE:
 Sufficient adsorption of - Sufficient  It has good capacity to adsorb
Dye molecules capacity to dye particles.
 Low-cost adsorb various  Required more in quantity
 High capacity like dyes.  Small size is good
Activated carbon - nearly less  Great replacement of activated
capacity then carbon
activated carbon
but has low-cost REJECT, REDESIGN, RETAIN:
than it.
 Have to reduce particle size
of adsorbent
PEOPLE: PRODUCT  Have to dry more.
FUNCTIONS:
 Textile - Use as an
industries adsorbent for
 Dye colour impurities
industries from water.
 Pharma -Act as an
industries alternative of
 Food activated carbon
industries

PRODUCT
FEATURES:
-Good capacity
to adsorb dye.
-Easily available
and low-cost.
-Alternative of
activated carbon.

COMPONENTS:
-Neem leafs
-Rice husk ash
-Sugarcane
bagasse
-Hammer mill
-Adsorption tower
-Sieve shaker

Page | 32
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

From the experiments and literature surveys we conclude that there are number of natural
adsorbents which has great capacity to adsorb colour impurities from the effluent water of
various industries. Some of the bio adsorbents which can be used as an alternative option for
activated carbon are Neem leave powder adsorbent, Rice hush ash adsorbent, Treated sawdust.
The natural adsorbent or bio-adsorbents are easily available and having very low cost
comparing to the activated carbon. So, finally the bio-adsorbent is a great replacement of high
cost activated carbon.

Page | 33
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