ABSTRACT

Remote monitoring of animal behavior in the environment can assist in managing

both the animal and its environmental impact. In major areas, Human-Animal

Conflict occurs due to the shortage of food and shelter. Due to the human

population explosion and deforestation, forest areas were completely destroyed and

this results in Human-Animal Conflict. As far as now, Animal detection has been

done by using Camera Surveillance.

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

Viticulture is an agricultural practice with enormous implantation throughout the

Mediterranean basin. One relevant example is the Portuguese one, where the total

area of Portuguese vineyards was estimated to be around 191 thousand hectares,

the fourth in Europe. Moreover, the increasing exporting numbers of

Mediterranean wine are transforming wine industry, namely due to its important

role in countries economy.

This activity is known to be tremendously labor-intensive, especially throughout

the spring, a season of the year when it is necessary to continuously remove the

wild species (weeds) so they do not compete for the sun and nutrients with the

vines. The removal of weeds is an operation that started to be carried out manually

and, when possible, using grazing sheep. As animals tend to feed on the lower

branches of the vines and fruits, they become hazardous for cultures. Thus, as they

couldn’t be used throughout all the year, and sheep were taken exclusively to the

meadows.

The placement of grazing animals in vineyards requires additional support to the

animal husbandry activities. Such support must include the monitoring and the
conditioning of animal’s location and behavior, specially their feeding posture.

During the process of winemaking activity specialization that have been occurring

during the last 50 years, animal weeding was abandoned. Instead, this process

began to be performed mechanically in the areas between rows, and chemically in

the areas under the rows, using herbicides. Such techniques are onerous, and while

mechanical processes cause soil erosion and are a source of greenhouse gases,

chemicals may contaminate fruits and watercourses in soils. In the context of

Sheep IT project , solutions are being developed to enable ovine to weed vineyards

(and other similar cultures), ensuring that do they not compromise the wine

production, while contributing to the soil fertilization and to the sustainability of

the livestock sector.

In order to reduce animal impact within agro companies specialized in dealing with

plants, the project integrates an IoT sensor network, responsible for monitoring and

conditioning animal’s posture and location within vineyards. Additionally, it

includes a cloud platform that aims at analyzing all the collected data and produce

meaningful information to the end user. The processing power of today’s cloud

services, allows the incorporation of Data Mining (DM) and Machine Learning

(ML) techniques, that can be used for extracting additional and relevant

information for whom manages vineyards and/or shepherds.

In the scope of this paper it is explored the Sheep IT cloud platform that receives

animal sensor streamed data, performs data analysis (e.g. rule management),

allows farm managers to access animal information and trigger alarms in real-time

when certain situations are detected (e.g. panic attacks, attacks from predators,

abnormal number of infractions, etc.). The paper also describes some preliminary

results of an animal posture monitoring use case, for which several machine

learning algorithms were tested.

1.2 Grazing management

Grazing management is when you control the grazing habits of animals on pasture.

What animals, how, when, and for how long they graze a pasture determines the

species make-up of the pasture and its long term viability, how much forage it

yields, and how well the animals perform. Overgrazing and undergrazing pastures

is detrimental to plant and animal health, as well as soil and water quality.

1.2.1 Continuous grazing

Continuous grazing is a one-pasture system in which livestock have unrestricted

access to the pasture area throughout the grazing season. It is a simple system to

implement and manage, with minimal capital investment and movement of

animals. If sufficient forage is available, continuous grazing often results in a

higher individual animal performance than other grazing systems.

However, continuous grazing usually results in poorer forage quality and quantity.

Pastures are usually grazed unevenly by livestock, as livestock overgraze the plants

they like and undergraze the plants they don't like. Manure is also distributed

unevenly. Stocking rates are usually lower. Weeds and other undesirable plants

usually persist.

1.2.1 Simple rotational grazing

Simple rotational grazing is a pasture system in which more than one pasture area

is used and livestock are moved to different pasture areas during the grazing

season. Pastures need rest periods to recover from grazing and allow plants to

regrow. The longer a pasture rests, the less infected it will be with worm larvae.

Simple rotational grazing usually increases forage yields and quality. Stocking

rates can usually be increased. Weed control is better. On the other hand, fencing

costs are higher than with continuous grazing. Each pasture must have access to

water and shelter (or shade).

1.3 Human-Animal Conflict

The solutions are often specific to the species or area concerned, and are often

creative and simple. An important aspect of the work is that it benefits both the
animals and local human communities, and actively involves these communities.

This is about finding solutions that lead to mutually beneficial co-existence.The

work has also often led to people being more enthusiastic and supportive of

conservation, and has demonstrated that people can live alongside wildlife while

developing sustainable livelihoods.

Finding common ground

The WWF report ‘Common Ground’ identifies themes that can be used to compose

a common ground or a basic list of available and tested solutions.

These include:

1.3.1 A united effort

In order to be truly effective, prevention of human-wildlife conflict has to involve

the full scope of society: international organizations, governments, NGOs,

communities, consumers and individuals. Solutions are possible, but often they

also need to have financial backing for their support and development.

1.3.2 Land-use planning

Ensuring that both humans and animals have the space they need is possible.

Protecting key areas for wildlife, creating buffer zones and investing in alternative

land uses are some of the solutions.

1.3.3 Community-based natural resource management

The local community is key since they are the ones who may wake up in the

morning with a tiger or bear in their back yard. But they are also the people who

can benefit the most from this. If people are empowered to manage their

relationship with wild animals, these "unwanted" neighbours can become allies in

bringing income and promoting a better quality of life for all.

1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. This section

provides information on emissions and removals of the main greenhouse gases to

and from the atmosphere. For more information on the other climate forcers, such

as black carbon, please visit the Climate Change Indicators: Climate Forcing page.

1.4.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2):

Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural
gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of certain
chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Carbon dioxide is removed from
the atmosphere (or "sequestered") when it is absorbed by plants as part of the
biological carbon cycle.

1.4.2 Methane (CH4):

Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and
oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices
and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
1.4.3 Nitrous oxide (N2O):

Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as

during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

1.4.4 Fluorinated gases:

Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride

are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of

industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for

stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons,

hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons). These gases are typically emitted in

smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are

sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases ("High GWP

gases").

1.4.5 How much of these gases are in the atmosphere?

Concentration, or abundance, is the amount of a particular gas in the air. Larger

emissions of greenhouse gases lead to higher concentrations in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse gas concentrations are measured in parts per million, parts per billion,

and even parts per trillion. One part per million is equivalent to one drop of water

diluted into about 13 gallons of liquid (roughly the fuel tank of a compact car). To

learn more about the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the

atmosphere, visit the Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of

Greenhouse Gases page.

1.4.6 Water vapour

Water vapouris the most potent greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere, but its

behaviour is fundamentally different from that of the other greenhouse gases. The

primary role of water vapour is not as a direct agent of radiative forcing but rather

as a climate feedback—that is, as a response within the climate system that

influences the system’s continued activity. This distinction arises because the

amount of water vapour in the atmosphere cannot, in general, be directly modified

by human behaviour but is instead set by air temperatures. The warmer the surface,

the greater the evaporation rate of water from the surface. As a result, increased

evaporation leads to a greater concentration of water vapour in the lower

atmosphere capable of absorbing infrared radiationand emitting it back to the

surface.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ANDERSON, D. M. 2007. Virtual fencing: past, presentand

future.Rangeland Journal 29:65–78.

Virtual fencing is a method of controlling animals without ground-based fencing.

Control occurs by altering an animal’s behaviour through one or more sensory cues

administered to the animal after it has attempted to penetrate an electronically-

generated boundary. This boundary can be of any geometrical shape, and though

unseen by the eye, is detected by a computer system worn by the animal. The most

recent autonomous programmable systems use radio frequency (RF) signals,

emanating from global positioning system (GPS) satellites to generate boundaries.

Algorithms within a geographic information system (GIS) within the device’s

computer use the GPS and other data to determine where on the animal a cue, or

cues, should be applied and for how long. The first commercial virtual fencing

system was patented in 1973 for controlling domestic dogs. Virtual fencing was

used for the first time to control livestock in 1987. Since then proof-of-concept

research using commercial, as well as custom designed systems have demonstrated

that virtual fencing can successfully hold as well as move livestock over the

landscape. Commercial virtual livestock control systems do not yet exist but
research continues towards this goal. Pending research needs relating to this

method of animal control are discussed in light of currently available technologies.

2.2 BAILEY, D. W. 2005. Identification and creation of optimum habitat

conditions for livestock.Rangeland Ecology & Management 58:109–118.

Optimum habitat condition is a concept typically used for wildlife rather than

livestock. The definition for optimal livestock habitat will vary with management

objectives. Abiotic factors, such as topography, water availability, and thermal

cover, affect animal performance and uniformity of grazing. Livestock usually

prefer gentle slopes and avoid traveling long horizontal and vertical distances to

water. Shade and nearby water are used for thermoregulation when temperatures

are high, and topographic relief and woody vegetation can be used for thermal

cover during cooler temperatures. Biotic factors, such as forage quality and

quantity, influence spatial grazing preferences and affect animal performance.

Livestock prefer areas with higher forage quality and quantity. Uniformity of

grazing may be greater in homogeneous vegetation, but animal performance may

be greater in heterogeneous vegetation, especially at lower stocking rates.

Livestock grazing patterns have been predicted using multiple regression and other

models, but their success has typically been limited to a specific site. Managers can

improve livestock habitat conditions by changing abiotic attributes of the pastures,

such as developing water, building structures for thermal cover, and changing
biotic attributes of the pasture through burning, fertilizing, varying stocking rates,

and manipulating grazing systems. Managers can also choose animals that are

more adapted to specific rangeland conditions. Practices such as strategic

supplementation and herding can modify livestock behavioral patterns to use more

of the available habitat. The spatial and temporal variability of rangeland requires

multiple management practices to optimize use of livestock habitat.

2.3 BEYER, H. L. 2004 [computer software]. Hawth’s analysis tools for ArcGIS.

VersiOn 3.27. Available at:http://www.spatialecology.com/htools

We evaluated the spatial ecology and habitat use of the Copperhead (Agkistrodon

contortrix) in managed, pine-hardwood forests in the William B. Bankhead

National Forest, Alabama. We used radiotelemetry to monitor 31 snakes (23 males,

8 females [5 gravid and 3 non-gravid females]) over a period of 3 years (2006–

2008). Snakes were tracked for one or more seasons in a series of 18 forest stands

composed of 6 treatments (Control, Burn, Light Thin, Heavy Thin, Light Thin with

Burn, and Heavy Thin with Burn) replicated three times. Home-range estimates for

male snakes averaged 17.8 ± 2.3 (based on Utilization Distributions [UD]) and

12.0 ± 1.9 ha (based on 100% Minimum Convex Polygons [MCP]), whereas

home-range estimates for gravid female snakes averaged 7.1 ± 1.8 ha (based on

UD) and 4.1 ± 1.1 ha (based on MCP) and were significantly different between

both sexes for all home-range analyses. We did not detect an effect of forest
management on home-range size of male snakes. Macrohabitat use differed among

male and gravid female snakes, where male snakes used edge (field and secondary

road edges) and Southern Pine Beetle macrohabitats in significantly greater

proportion than what was available. Gravid female snakes did not use

macrohabitats differently than what was available, but tended to use thinned stands

and forest stand canopy gaps for parturition sites. Microhabitat use patterns were

similar between male and gravid female snakes, where both sexes tended to use

microhabitat sites with relatively greater litter depth and coarse woody debris

percent cover compared to random microhabitat sites. Microhabitat use patterns for

male snakes tended to differ based on forest management treatment (Thin and Thin

with Burn versus Control and Burn stands), where selected microhabitat sites had

lower ambient and soil temperatures compared to random sites in thinned stands.

Collectively, we illustrated that male A. contortrix displayed hierarchical habitat

use, whereas female A. contortrix displayed preference for habitat features at the

microhabitat scale only. Overall, our short-term study provides evidence that

recently-thinned pine-hardwood stands are not initially used at a frequency greater

than their availability, which suggests that microhabitat and microclimate

conditions likely limit use immediately following management.

2.4 BROOM, D. M.,AND A. F. FRASER. 2007. Domestic animal behaviour

and welfare. Cambridge, UK: Cab International. 540 p.

Grazing livestock freely select landscape resources, unless they are herded or

constrained by fences. Automated animal control(AAC) systems offer an

alternative to physical fences by using animal-positioning technology and aversive

stimuli to deteranimals from staying in sensitive environments and so limit their

impact.This paper reports on a replicated field experimentcompleted to test

whether occasional stimuli (audio cue followed by a mildelectric stimulus),

delivered by discontinuouslyactivated AAC collars, could suffice to modify the

grazing behavior of groups of cattle. Four groups of eight steers were confinedin 8-

ha rectangular paddocks that had an ad libitum supplement feeder located in one

end to attract cattle. The steers’ positionalinformation was recorded continuously

for 3 d using a GPS receiver encasedin a collar fitted around their neck. These data

wereused to characterize their use of the paddocks without intervention.

Subsequently a restriction zone was activated on the collars.This zone contained

the supplement feeders and represented approximately 10% of the paddock area.

Cattle movement wasagain monitored during a second 3-d period, in which the

steers were subjected to discontinuous aversive stimuli (5 min ofstimulation

followed by a random 0–30 min interval without stimulation) if they were located

inside or moved into therestriction zone. Cattle visits to the restriction zone were
shorter and the return interval longer when steers were subjected todiscontinuous

stimulation. Overall, there was a 97% reduction in the use of the restriction zone

between the first and seconddeployments. These results suggest that grazing

impact can be drastically reduced by making a zone less desirable

throughdiscontinuous aversive stimulation. Such a discontinuous (25% of the time

on) AAC system can reduce power consumption incollars and so help overcome

energy supply limitations that hinder commercial AAC applications

2.5 BUTLER, Z., P. CORKE,R.PETERSON,ANDD. RUS. 2006. From robots

to animals: virtualfences for controlling cattle.International Journal of

Robotics Research25:485–508

Human attitudes to animals have changed as non-humans have become more

widely incorporated in the category of moral agents who deserve some respect.

Parallels between the functioning of humans and non-humans have been made for

thousands of years but the idea that the animals that we keep can suffer has spread

recently. An improved understanding of motivation, cognition and the complexity

of social behaviour in animals has led in the last 30 years to the rapid development

of animal welfare science. Early attempts to define welfare referred to individuals

being in harmony with nature but the first usable definition incorporated feelings

and health as part of attempts to cope with the environment. Others considered that

welfare is only about feelings but it is argued that as feelings are mechanisms that
have evolved they are a part of welfare rather than all of it. Most reviews of

welfare now start with listing the needs of the animal, including needs to show

certain behaviours. This approach has used sophisticated studies of what is

important to animals and has replaced the earlier general guidelines described as

freedoms. Many measures of welfare are now used and indicate how good or how

poor the welfare is. Naturalness is not a part of the definition of welfare but

explains why some needs exist. In recent years, welfare has become established as

one of various criteria used to decide on whether a system is sustainable because

members of the public will not accept systems that cause poor welfare. The study

of welfare has become part of the scientific basis upon which important political

decisions are made.

2.6 SWAIN, D. L., T. WARK,ANDG. J. BISHOP-HURLEY. 2008b. Using

high fix rate GPS datato determine the relationships between fix rate,

prediction errors and patchselection.Ecological Modelling212:273–279.

Pseudostatic slope stability procedures can be employed in a straightforward

manner, and thus, their use in engineering practice is appealing. The magnitude of

the seismic coefficient that is applied to the potential sliding mass to represent the

destabilizing effect of the earthquake shaking is a critical component of the

procedure. It is often selected based on precedence, regulatory design guidance,

and engineering judgment. However, the selection of the design value of the
seismic coefficient employed in pseudostatic slope stability analysis should be

based on the seismic hazard and the amount of seismic displacement that

constitutes satisfactory performance for the project. The seismic coefficient should

have a rational basis that depends on the seismic hazard and the allowable amount

of calculated seismically induced permanent displacement. The recommended

pseudostatic slope stability procedure requires that the engineer develops the

project-specific allowable level of seismic displacement. The sitedependent

seismic demand is characterized by the 5% damped elastic design spectral

acceleration at the degraded period of the potential sliding mass as well as other

key parameters. The level of uncertainty in the estimates of the seismic demand

and displacement can be handled through the use of different percentile estimates

of these values. Thus, the engineer can properly incorporate the amount of seismic

displacement judged to be allowable and the seismic hazard at the site in the

selection of the seismic coefficient.

2.7 M. Kenneth and P. D. McGaffigan, “Spectrum analysis techniques for

personnel detection using seismic sensors,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 5090, pp.162–173,

Sep. 2003.

The use of multimodal or heterogeneous sensors for surveillance greatly increases

the diversity of information available from a given region of interest. Since the

underlying scene is the same for all the sensors, the data across the sensors are
inherently dependent. The nature of this dependence can be quite complex and

quantifying it is a challenging task, especially in the case of heterogeneous sensing.

We consider the problem of fusion for the detection of dependent, heterogeneous

signals and design a detector using a copula-based framework. Past applications

using the copula based approach have mostly been limited to the bivariate (2

sensor) case. We will address copula construction and model selection issues for

the multivariate case.

2.8 S. R. Nandurkar, V. R. Thool, R.C. Thool, “Design and Development of

Precision Agriculture System Using Wireless Sensor Network”, IEEE

International Conference on Automation, Control, Energy and Systems

(ACES), 2014

Crop farming in India is labour intensive and obsolete. Farming is still dependent

on techniques which were evolved hundreds of years ago and doesn't take care of

conservation of resources. The newer scenario of decreasing water tables, drying

up of rivers and tanks, unpredictable environment present an urgent need of proper

utilization of water. We have the technology to bridge the gap between water usage

and water wastage. Technology used in some developed countries is too expensive

and complicated for a common farmer to understand. Our project is to give cheap,

reliable, cost efficient and easy to use technology which would help in

conservation of resources such as water and also in automatizing farms. We

proposed use of temperature and moisture sensor at suitable locations for

monitoring of crops. The sensing system is based on a feedback control mechanism

with a centralized control unit which regulates the flow of water on to the field in

the real time based on the instantaneous temperature and moisture values. The

sensor data would be collected in a central processing unit which would take

further action. Thus by providing right amount of water we would increase the

efficiency of the farm. The farmer can also look at the sensory data and decide

course of action himself. We have made the interface of our project keeping in

view the educational and financial background of average Indian farmer.

2.9 JoaquínGutiérrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina, Alejandra Nieto-

Garibay, and Miguel Ángel Porta-Gándara, “Automated Irrigation System

Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module”,IEEE

TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT,

0018-9456,2013

An automated irrigation system was developed too p ti mi z e w a t e r u s e

f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p s . Th e s ys t e m h a s a distributed wireless network

of soil-moisture and temperature s e n s o r s p l a c e d i n t h e r o o t z o n e o f

the plants. In addition, a g a t e wa y unit handles sensor

i n f o r ma t i o n , t r i g g e r s a c t u a t o r s , a n d t r a n s mi t s d a t a t o a we b

a p p l i c a t i o n . An a l g o r i t h m w a s developed with threshold values of

temperature and soil moisture that was programmed into a microcontroller-

based gateway to control water quantity. The system was powered by

photovoltaic p a n e l s a n d h a d a d u p l e x c o m m u n i c a t i o n l i n k b a s e d

o n a cellular-Internet interface that allowed for data inspection and

irrigation scheduling to be programmed through a web page. The automated

system was tested in a sage crop field for 136 days and water savings of up to

90% compared with traditional irrigation practices of the agricultural

zone were achieved. Three replicas o f t h e a u t o ma t e d s ys t e m h a v e

b e e n u s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y i n o t h e r places for 18 months. Because of its

energy autonomy and low cost, the system has the potential to be useful

in water limited geographically isolated areas.

2.10 nandakumar, H. c, & Umamaheswari, K. c (2017). A bio-inspired swarm

intelligence technique for social aware cognitive radio handovers. Computers

& Electrical Engineering. doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2017.09.016

A novel dynamic spectrum sharing method inspired by natural communities based

on social language has been proposed to overcome prevailing spectrum

underutilization and scarcity. The Social Cognitive Radio Network (SCRN)

combines social data and mobile communication network by providing a range of

data delivery services concerning social relationship among mobile users. The

research focuses on diverse SCRN applications and its handover issues, a bio-
intelligent supervised learning approach called Spec PSO is devised for

performing social cognitive handover (SCH) to: a) Evaluate efficient spectrum

utilization and b) Increase data rate for applications like Facebook, LinkedIn.

Experimental results show that the proposed SCH-SpecPSO outperforms 75%

more than state of art mobile social networks by optimizing various handover

issues.
 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

The relationship between agriculture and animal is a complex blend of co-

operation and challenges. As agricultural land and wildlife habitat are converted

for other uses, the co-existence of agriculture and wildlife could become

increasingly important. For certain specific security and protection assignments,

the presence of a security guards can be a great advantage.

3.1.1 Disadvantages

 Besides the local operation, the system comprises a computational platform

running on the cloud that receives the data gathered locally and process it in

order to retrieve additional information from them. One of the mechanisms

that may be used is Machine Learning.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The surveillance camera in the field will recognize the object approaching and

send back the information to the controller. According to the received information,

the controller will switch the motor and the feedback will be sent to the Iot Server.
3.2.1 Advantages

 The SheepIT cloud platform that receives animal sensor streamed data,

performs data analysis.

 To reduce animal impact within agro companies specialized in dealing with

plants, the project integrates an IoT sensor network.

 CHAPTER 4

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Block Diagram Explanation

 The electronic sensor used to detect the movement of human being within a

certain range of the sensor is called as PIR sensor or passive infrared sensor

(approximately have an average value of 10m, but 5m to 12m is the actual

detection range of the sensor).

 A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an

electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric

current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power

the load.

 Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and

user community that designs and manufactures single-board

microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and

interactive objects that can sense and control both physically and digitally.

 CCD Stands for "Charged Coupled Device." CCDs are sensors used in

digital cameras and video cameras to record still and moving images. The

CCD captures light and converts it to digital data that is recorded by the

camera. For this reason, a CCD is often considered the digital version of

film.

 A buzzer is an electrical device that is used to make a buzzing sound for

example, to attract someone's attention.

 CHAPTER 5

5.1 ARDUINO UNO

5.1.1 Overview

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 . It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog

inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP

header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the

microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with

a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding

boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.

The power pins are as follows: VIN -The input voltage to the Arduino board

when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB

connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this

pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V -

This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board.

The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 -

12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying

voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your

board. We don't advise it. 3V3- A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board
regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA. GND - Ground pins. IOREF - This

pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the

microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin

voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the

outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V. 2.5 Memory The ATmega328 has 32 KB

(with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of

EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an

input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead()functions. They

operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has

an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition,

some pins have specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive

(RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the

corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External

Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low

value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt()

function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with

the analog Write() function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).

These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. LED: 13.

There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled

A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different

values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to

change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog

Reference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality: TWI:

A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire

library. There are a couple of other pins on the board: AREF. Reference

voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference(). Reset. Bring this line

LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields

which block the one on the board 2.7 Communication The Arduino Uno has a

number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino or other

microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial

Communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An

ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and

appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware

uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However,

on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor

which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX

and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-

to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows for serial

communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports

I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library

to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI

communication, use the SPI library.

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. The

ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows

you to upload new code to i without the use of an external hardware programmer.

It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the boot loader an program the microcontroller through the

ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is

available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be

activated by: On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the

board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. On Rev2 or later boards:

there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier

to put into DFU mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the

DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use

the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).

See this user-contributed tutorial for more information. 2.9 Automatic (Software)
Reset Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload,

the Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running

on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of

theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100

nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops

long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow

you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino

environment. This means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the

lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup

has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running

Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software

(via USB). For the Following half-second or so, the boot loader is running on the

Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an

upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board

after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time

configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with

which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before

sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset.

The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's
labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by

connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.

USB Over current Protection The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that

protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and over current. Although most

computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of

protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will

automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are

2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending

beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a

surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil

(0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM

outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power

jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support

the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it

with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

 Fig 5.1 Arduino Uno

5.2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically

modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid

crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using

a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. LCD are

available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or

fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such

as preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use
the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large

number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either

be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer

arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have

black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character

negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same

color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them

their characteristic appearance.

A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its definition from its name itself. It is

combination of two states of matter, the solid and the liquid. LCD uses a liquid

crystal to produce a visible image. Liquid crystal displays are super-thin

technology display screen that are generally used in laptop computer screen, TVs,

cell phones and portable video games. LCD’s technologies allow displays to be

much thinner when compared to cathode ray tube (CRT) technology.

Liquid crystal display is composed of several layers which include two polarized

panel filters and electrodes. LCD technology is used for displaying the image in

notebook or some other electronic devices like mini computers. Light is projected

from a lens on a layer of liquid crystal. This combination of colored light with the

grayscale image of the crystal (formed as electric current flows through the crystal)

forms the colored image. This image is then displayed on the screen.An LCD is
either made up of an active matrix display grid or a passive display grid. Most of

the Smartphone’s with LCD display technology uses active matrix display, but

some of the older displays still make use of the passive display grid designs. Most

of the electronic devices mainly depend on liquid crystal display technology for

their display. The liquid has a unique advantage of having low power consumption

than the LED or cathode ray tube.

5.2.1. How an LCD works

The backlight in liquid crystal display provides an even light source behind the

screen. This light is polarized, meaning only half of the light shines through to the

liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystals are made up of a part solid, part liquid

substance that can be "twisted" by applying electrical voltage to them. They block

the polarized light when they are off, but reflect red, green, or blue light when

activated.
Each LCD screen contains a matrix of pixels that display the image on the screen.

Early LCDs had passive-matrix screens, which controlled individual pixels by

sending a charge to their row and column. Since a limited number of electrical

charges could be sent each second, passive-matrix screens were known for

appearing blurry when images moved quickly on the screen. Modern LCDs

typically use active-matrix technology, which contain thin film transistors,

or TFTs. These transistors include capacitors that enable individual pixels to

"actively" retain their charge. Therefore, active-matrix LCDs are more efficient

and appear more responsive than passive-matrix displays.

5.3 Relay

A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current

that can turn on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is an

electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity

flows through it). You can think of a relay as a kind of electric lever: switch it on

with a tiny current and it switches on ("leverages") another appliance using a much

bigger current. Why is that useful? As the name suggests, many sensors are

incredibly sensitive pieces of electronic equipment and produce only small electric

currents. But often we need them to drive bigger pieces of apparatus that use

bigger currents. Relays bridge the gap, making it possible for small currents to
activate larger ones. That means relays can work either as switches (turning things

on and off) or as amplifiers (converting small currents into larger ones).

5.4 IoT Chip(ESP-8266)

The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and

microcontroller capability produced by manufacturer Espressif Systems in

Shanghai, China. The chip first came to the attention of western makers in August

2014 with the ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker.

This small module allows microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and

make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands. However, at first

there was almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the

commands it accepted. The very low price and the fact that there were very few

external components on the module, which suggested that it could eventually be

very inexpensive in volume, attracted many hackers to explore the module, chip,

and the software on it, as well as to translate the Chinese documentation.

 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The results from our replicated experiment demonstrated a clear statistical

difference in the preference indices for the restriction zone between controlled and

free-grazing steer.

Steer groups were expected to increasingly avoid the restriction zone as a

consequence of receiving successive aversive stimuli.

Weed control is a noteworthy problem in vineyards. It demands from winemakers

significant economic and labor efforts. Moreover, the solutions currently used,

either mechanical or chemical, are intended to be avoided by producers in order to

increase the quality of their products. Thus, sheep, by their propensity to feed from

weeds, are seen as an alternative and environment friendly solution. However, to

protect cultures, the Sheep IT project proposes a system to condition the posture

and location of sheep while they graze in vineyards.

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