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Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 1, 197-208 2008

ENHANCEMENT OF OMNIDIRECTIONAL
REFLECTION IN PHOTONIC CRYSTAL
HETEROSTRUCTURES

R. Srivastava and ShyamPati

Department of Physics
UdaiPratap Autonomous College
Varanasi 221007, India

S. P. Ojha
Chaudhary Charan Singh University
Meerut 200005,.India .

Abstract—In this paper we have theoretically studied the omnidirec­

tional total reflection frequency range of a multilayered dielectric het­
erostructures. Three structures of NaaAlFg/Ge multilayer have been
studied. The thickness of the two layers of the first and second struc­
ture is differing from each other and the third photonic structure is the
combination of first and second structures. Using the Transfer Matrix
Method (TMM) and the Bloch theorem, the reflectivity of one dimen­
sional periodic structure for TE- and TM-modes at different angles of
incidence is calculated. From the analysis it is found that the proposed
structure has very wide range of omnidirectional total frequency bands
for both polarizations.

1. INTRODUCTION

During the last 15 years, photonic crystals (PCs) have drawn much
attention as a new kind of optical materials. . These materials are based
on the interaction between an optical field and materials exhibiting
periodicity on the scale of wave length [1-5]. Photonic crystals are
composite structures with a periodic arrangement of refractive index
in one-dimension (ID), two-dimensions (2D), or three-dimensions
(3D) [6,7]. The main feature of photonic crystals is that they can
prohibit the. propagation of electromagnetic waves within a certain
frequency range called photonic band gap (PBG), which is analogous

i
198 Srivastava, ShyamPati, and Ojha

to the electronic band gap in ordinary materials. The materials

containing PBG have many potential applications in optoelectronics
and optical communication [8-12]. Ojha etal. [13] observed filtering
properties in PBG materials and extended the idea for constructing
monochromators [14].
Reflectors are one of the most widely used optical devices. There
are two types of reflectors, the metallic reflectors and multilayer
dielectric reflectors. Metallic reflector can reflect , light over a wide
range of frequencies for arbitrary incident angles. At infrared, optical
or higher frequencies, there is a considerable power loss owing to
absorption. However, Multilayer dielectric reflectors can have an
extremely low loss, means they have a high reflectivity over a broad
range of frequencies at all incident angles, i.e., an omnidirectional
total reflection, [15-29] if the refractive index and thickness of
the constituent dielectric layers are properly chosen. This kind of
omnidirectional dielectric reflectors can have potential applications
in many ways, for instance, as micro-cavities, antenna substrates, or
coaxial waveguides, etc. [30].
For the optical range within which the main application is
expected, most of experimental effort has been concentrated on 2D
and 3D photonic crystals. However,, due to technological problem and
high cost, the application of 2D and 3D photonic crystals is limited.
The ID photonic crystals are attractive since their production is more
feasible at any wavelength scale and their analytical and numerical
calculations are simpler. These crystals can exhibit the property
of omnidirectional reflection [16,17,31]. A one-dimensional photonic
crystal is a periodic multilayer structure consisting two type of layer
which differs in the dielectric constant. The index of refraction is
periodic in the y coordinate and consists of an endlessly repeating
stack of dielectric slabs, which alternate in thickness from d\ to d,2
and. in index of refraction from n\ to n%. Incident light can.be either
s-polarized or p-polarized [32,33].
In 1998 Fink etal. [16] first reported that one dimensional
dielectric lattice displays total .omnidirection reflection for incident
light under certain conditions, Chigrin et al. [19] described the effect at
optical frequencies (604.3-638.4 nm) using 19 layers of NagAlFe/ZnSe.
' Large band gap is one aim in the study of photonic crystals. Large
refractive, index contrast and specific structures are required to obtain
a wide band gap. Disordered ID photonic crystal has been studied for
band gap extension [34,35]. Combinations of two or more photonic
crystals have been used to enlarge the frequency range of reflection
[32,33].
Photonic crystals are used in manufacturing optical devices and to
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 1, 2008 199

increase the capability of optoelectronic circuits. Many optical devices

are designed using the property of high reflectance, attributed to high
dielectric contrast at the NasAlFg/Ge interface (An ss 2) [34,36],
These structures are suitable for antireflection coating and design the
interference filter and thin films near infrared-visible region [37]. Such
a structure can be used as an useful optical devices in the optical
industry.
In this article, we study theoretically the reflection properties of
NaaAlFe/Ge ID photonic crystals. Two structures of same period and
different layer thicknesses are studied and then these; two structures are
combined to form a single PC. We show that it is possible to enhance
the total reflection frequency range of omnidirectional reflector in this
combined PC. The condition, for obtaining this large omnidirectional
PBG is that the directional PBGs of constituent ID PCs should overlap
each other.

2. THEORY

The propagation of electromagnetic radiation in a simple periodic

layered medium, consist of alternating layer of transparent materials
with different refractive indices, we take x axis along the direction
normal to the layer and assume that the materials are nonmagnetic.
The index of refraction is
{rji o <x <b
(1)

•q2 b< x < A

with
■q{x) = rj(x + A) (2)
. To solve propagation of electromagnetic radiation in this medium we
use transfer matrix formulation [38,39].- The electric field is given as
E = E(x)-'e^4-M . . (3)
where /? is the z component of the wave vector. The electric field
distribution E{x) within each homogenous layer can be expressed as.
the sum of an incident plane wave and a reflected wave. The complex
amplitudes of these two waves constitute the component of a column
vector. The electric field of nth cell can be written as
{an- e~vkllT (x~nA)+bn ■ el'kll! (x~nA)
‘ '
nA—a<x< nA
....

Cn- e~ik2ir {x-nA+a)+<In,. ei'klv (x~~nAJta) (n—1)A< x < nA—a

(4)
200 Srivastava, ShyamPati, and Ojha

with

fax = |(??1 - P2 Vl -u
• cos 0i
C
(5)
fax = [(^2 • ^) - P2 t]2 ' W
: COS 02

where 0i and 02 are the ray angles in the layer.

Using matrix method

e(ifex-6) . ^ + blj e-(ife2x-6) . _

fax
fak

bn—l) 2 e(i-k2x-b) ■ (l — e-(i-k2x-b) . ^ _|_ fax

fa k
(6)

and similarly

,(i-kix-a) . klx\
(l + %T
g—(i-fclx-o) . _
fax
fak
\ fak
dn) 2 (* fax fax
,{i-kix-a) . e-(i-kix-a) . ( 1 4.
\~fak fak
(7)
. By eliminating
(Cn,

the matrix equation

dn—l\ _ (A B\ fOjj,
bn-1 ~ 1(7 D '{bn (8).

is obtained
a , 1. (fa-x fa x
Ate = ei,klx'a cos(fa.x -b) + -i sin(fc2.x - b)
2 \fa.% fa-3
Bte = e~iklx'a (9)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 1, 2008 201

-i-k\.x-a k2-x fel-'a

Dte cos(k2.x • b) - -i sin(/52.a. • b)
k\.x k2.x
This is for s polarization of electromagnetic wave. Similarly for p
polarization

Atm
0i'k\.X'a cos(b.«.6) + ii + I Mh»-b)

3 i-ki-x'a 1. (h-xvi k2.xri\ . „

Btu
(10)
ji'k 1, fkhxril k2.xnl\ •

Ctm sin(fc2.x • b)
2 fel-aT?2/
n u\ i-fkixV2 faxVi\ ■ a,
PtM = 6-^^

According to the Block equation

Ek(x + A) = Ek(x) (11)

and Block wave function

K(/3 ■ oj) = — cos 1 (12)

Regimes 1/2[A + D] < 1 corresponds to real, and thus to propagating

Block waves; when 1/2[A + D] > 1 however = rmr/A + i ■ Ki which has
an imaginary parts K{ so that the Block wave, is evanescent. These are
so called forbidden bands of the periodic medium he band edges are the
regimes where 1/2 [A + D] = 1 the band structure for a typical periodic
layered is obtained for TE and TM waves. The TM is forbidden band
shrink to zero when (3 — f]2u>/c • sin &b with 6b the Brewster angle.
/? = 0, for normal incident (TE). The dispersion relation u> verse K for
normal incident can be written as
~ f— + —) sin(fci ■ oj sin(fe2 • b)
cos (AA). = cos(fcx • a) cos (k2 ■ b)
2 \m mj
(13)

where
m -u rj2-w
' *i = and k2 =-------
c c
202 Srivastava, ShyamPati, and Ojha

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

We have studied two ID photonic crystals PCI and PC2 consisting

NasAlFg/Ge periodic multilayer structure of the same period, but
with different layer thicknesses: PCI has 10 pairs of Na3AIF6/Ge
as two dielectric layers with and layer thicknesses d\ — 0.75d and
d% = 0.25d respectively and PC2 has 10 pairs of two dielectric layers
of NasAlFe/Ge with layer thicknesses d\ = 0.50d and d2 = 0.50d
respectively, where d is the stack thickness. The refractive indices
of the crystals are ni = 1.34 and n<i = 4.2. Both crystals are then
combined side by side to constitute the third structure. Hence the third
structure (PC1/PC2) is a combination of first (PCI) and second (PC2)
structures. The reflectance spectra of two i ID photonic crystals and
their combined structure are given in the Table 1, 2 and 3 respectively
and then plotted and compared in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.

Table 1. For PCI.

Angle(deg) TE TM
0 0.161-0.323 0.161-0.323.
45 0.164-0.360 0.186-0.337
85 0.167-0.407 0.232-0.352
ODR = 0.232-0.323

Table 2. For PC2.

Angle(deg) TE TM
. 0.131-0.208 0:131-0.208
0
0.301-0.415 0.301-0.415
0.132-0.216 6.148-0.208
45
0.307-0.438 . , 0.323-0.425
0.134-0.226 0.178-0.204
85
0.314-0:460 0.358-0.433
ODR = 0.204-0.131 and 0.358-0.415

It is clear from the Table 1 that the ODR range for PCI is 0.232-
0.323 and it is shown in Fig. 4(a). The ODR range for PC2 is 0.204-
0.131 and 0.358-0.415 and it is shown in Fig. 4(b). The ODR range
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 1, 2008 203

Table 3. For PC1/PC2.

Angle(deg) TE TM
0 0.129-0,417 0.129-0.417
45 . 0.131-0.438 0.146-0.427
85 0.134-0.462 0.172-0.434

Figure 1. Calculated reflectance spectra of PCI and PC2, and

PC1/PC2 at the incident angle 0°. TM and TE polarizations are
plotted as dotted and solid lines respectively.

for PC1/PC2 is 0.172-0.417 and it is shown in Fig. 5.

From the Tables 1, 2 and 3, we see that, although omnidirectional
photonic band gaps for the two photonic crystals PCI and PC2 do not
overlap, the directional photonic band gaps for PCI and PC2 overlap
each other at different angles and for both the polarizations, TE and
. TM, except at 85°, where there is some non-overlapping region, which
appears as transmission peaks in the reflectance spectra of PC1/PC2.
204 Srivastava, ShyamPati, and Ojha

Figure 3. Calculated reflectance spectra of PCI and PC2 and

PC1/PC2 at the incident angle 85°. TM and TE polarizations are
plotted as dotted and solid lines respectively.
 205

Figure 4. Omnidirection reflection band for (a) PCI and (b) PC2; TM
and TE polarizations are plotted as dotted and solid lines respectively.

Figure 5. Omnidirection reflection band for PC1/PC2; TM and TE

polarizations are plotted as dotted and solid lines respectively.

4. CONCLUSION

Prom, the above study, we see that the 100% (approx.) reflection-
range becomes larger as compared to PCI and PC2, for both
TE and TM polarization and for all incident angles. Thus, the
omnidirectional reflection ranges are enhanced. Therefore, large,
omnidirectional reflection range can be obtained for NasAlFg/Ge
structure by combining the two photonic crystals as considered here.
For obtaining this large frequency range, the directional photonic band
gaps of two constituent PCs should overlap each other.
206 Srivastava, ShyamPati, and Ojha

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 Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 81, 225-235, 2008

DESIGN OF PHOTONIC BAND GAP FILTER

R. Srivastava
Department of Physics
Udai Pratap Autonomous College
Varanasi 221007, India

K. B. Thapa
• Department of Physics
U. I. E. T., C. S. J. M. University
Kanpur-208024, India
S. Pati
Department of Physics
Udai Pratap Autonomous College
Varanasi 221007, India

S. P. Ojha
Choudhary Charaii Singh University
Meerut 200005, India.

Abstract—In this paper a new type of optical filter using photonic

band gap materials has been suggested. iA detailed mathematical
analysis is presented to predict allowed and forbidden bands of
wavelengths ■ with variation of angle of incidence. It is'possible to
get desired ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, filtered with this
structure by changing the incidence angle of light.

1. INTRODUCTION
Photonic crystals PCs have drawn much attention as a new kind of
optical materials [1-6]. PCs made of periodic dielectric materials in
one, two or three spatial directions that exhibit electromagnetic stop
bands or photonic band gaps (PBGs). PBGs have been investigated
intensively relating to their ability of controlling the propagation of
226 Srivastava et al.

light [6-9]. The absence of electromagnetic wave or light wave inside

PBGs will lead to some unusual properties, which can be used for.Bragg
mirrors or narrow-band filters [10-16]. An optical filter is a device,
which has the property of adding or dropping a particular wavelength
channels from the multi wavelength network.
. A great deal of work has been done by technologists for the
development of methods for designing multi-layer films with prescribed
characteristics [17-21], Tunable optical filters have received much
attention due to their application in fibre optic communications
and other optical fields. Several configurations have been
proposed, including tunable multiple electrode asymmetric directional
couplers [23], tunable Mach Zehnder interferometers [24,25], fibre
Fabry-Perot filters. [26,27], .tunable waveguide arrays [28,29], liquid
crystal Fabry-Perot filters [30,31], tunable multi grating filters [32],
and acousto-optic tunable filters. [33]. Another class of most popular
filter based on the phenomenon of multi-beam interference and based
on waveguides [34-37].
Fabrication of optical filters in the near infrared region of the
wavelength was suggested by Ojha et al. [38] in 1992. Chen et al. [39]
in 1996 suggested the design of optical filters, by photonic band gap
air bridges and calculated the important, results and some aspects
of. filter properties. Recently D’Orazio et al. [40] have fabricated
the photonic band gap filter for wavelength division multiplexing.
In another investigation Villar et. al. [41] have analyzed the one­
dimensional photonic band gap structures with a liquid crystal defect
for the development of fiber-optic tunable wavelength filters.
In this paper a new type of optical filter using photonic band gap
materials has been suggested. The working principle as well as the
theoretical analysis of this filter is based on the Kronig and Penney
model.

2. THEORY

It is well known that when electrons move through a periodic lattice,

allowed and forbidden energy bands, are obtained. The same idea may
be applicable to the case of optical radiation if the electron waves
are replaced by optical waves, and the lattice periodicity structure is
replaced by a periodic refractive index pattern. One expects allowed
and forbidden bands of frequencies instead of energies. By choosing
a linearly periodic refractive index profile in the filter material one.
obtains a given set of wavelength ranges that are allowed or forbidden
to pass through the filter material. Selecting a particular *-axis
through the material, we shall assume a periodic step function for
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 81, 2008 227

the index of the form [22,42]

ni, 0 < x < a;
n (1)
Ti2, —b<x<0\
where n(x) = n (x + md) and m is the translation factor, which takes
the values m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ..and d = a + b is the period of the
lattice with a and b being the width of the two.regions having refractive
indices (ni) and (n.2) respectively. The refractive index profile of the
materials in the form of rectangular symmetry is shown in the Figure 1.

tti

| ( '• v'

-b .0 ,a 'x

Figure 1. Periodic refractive index profile of material.

If 6 is the angle of incident on this periodic structure the one-

dimensional wave equation for the spatial part of 'the electromagnetic
eigen mode (x) is given by
(g) . w2(a)cos2 0-“k:, {t) _ 0
dx2 C2 Vk(X)~ u, (2)

where n(x) is given by Equation (1). Therefore, Equation (2) for wave
equation may be written as

0<x<a (3a)

—b<x< 0 (3b)

where 0\ and Q% .are ray angle in the layer of refractive index n\ and
fi2 respectively. .
The periodic nature of the problem allows the application of
Bloch’s theorem which solution can be written as ipK — uk (x) elKx
where K is known as Bloch wave number and uk (x) is the value of
the eigen function. Thus using this, theorem Equations (3a) and (3b)
can be written as

-~j~Y + + (a2 - Ku\ = 0; 0<x< a (4a)

228 Srivastava et al.

d?U2 + 2iK^ +
(f - K2) u2 0; —b<x<0 (4b)
dx2 dx
where a = (^cos0i), /3 = cos62), 0\ — cos_1[l -
d2 = cos_1[l — ~~]1/2 and u\ represents the value of uk(x) in the
interval (0, a) and u2 in the interval (—6, 0) respectively. The solution
of differential Equations (4a) and (4b) can be written as
ui= Aei{-a~K> + Be~i{-a+K^ (5a)
u2 = CeW~K> + De~W+K> (5b)
Now applying the boundary conditions as given below
«i(®)U=o = U2(x)\x=o . (6a)
u'i{x)\x=0 = it2.(*)U=o . (6b)
’ «i(*)U=a = U2{x)\x=-b (6c)
«l(®)|x=a. ='U2{x)\x=-b (6d)
we get four equations having four unknown constants. To obtain a non­
trivial solution for the equations, the determinant of the coefficients of
the unknown constants must be'zero, which is given as
A\\ A12 A13 Au
A21 A22 A23 A24 _n /7\
^■31 ^.32 ^33 ^.34 ’

A41 A42 >143 A44

where
An=Ai2 = Aw = A14 = 1;
A2i=i{a - K), A22 = ~i(a + K), A22=i(P - K), A24 = —i(P + K)\
Azl=eia{~a-K\ A32 = e~ia{a+K\ A33 = e~ib^~K\ ^34 = ei6^+*>;
Aii=i (a - K) eia{o~K\ A42 =-i (a + K) e~ia^+K\
Ai3=i (p - K) e~ib^~K\ A44 - t (/3 + K) eib^+K\
On solving Equation (7) we obtain
cos (if d)
■ — cos (aa) • cos (/36)
1 / ni • cos 0 ri2 • cos 02
\
•sin (aa) ■ sin (/3b) (8)
2 \7l2 • cos 02 n\ • cos 0i
Now, abbreviating the L.H.S. as L\, Equation (8) may be written as
L\ = cos (K ■ d) (9)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 81, 2008 229

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

For the proposed filter, we have chosen the dielectric materials as

NagAlFe/ZnS for ultraviolet region with low and high index contrast.
The refractive index for NasAlFg is n\ — 1.34 and for ZnS is «2 = 2.2.
The thickness of the layers is a and 6 respectively. Taking the values
of the a and b as Yablonovite structure a = 85% of d and b — 15% of
d' where d = a + b. Using these values, Equation (9) is plotted against
the wavelength A and the curves are depicted in the Figures 2 to 5
respectively. The photonic bands obtained in this manner are shown
in the Tables 1 to 4 respectively. Because of the existence of the cosine
function on the right-hand side of the Equation (9), the upper and
lower limiting values will obviously be +1 and —1 respectively. The

Figure 2, Variation of L(A) with wavelength (A).for n\ = 1.34,.

n2 = 2.2, d = 500nm, a = 0.85d and b = 0.15d and 0 = 0°.

Figure 3. Variation of L (A) with wavelength (A) for nx = 1.34,

n2 = 2.2, d = 500 nm, a = 0.85d and b — 0.15d and 9 = 30°.
230 Srivastava et al.

«2 = 2.2, d — 500nm, a — 0.85d and b = 0.15d and 6 = 45°.

wavelength (A) .■

Figure. 5. Variation of L (A) with wavelength (A) for ni = 1.34,

n2 = 2.2, d = 500 nm, a = 0.85d and b — 0.15d and 9 — 60°.

Table 1. Photonic bands for (ni = 1.34, — 2.2, d — 500 nm,

a = 0.85d and b = 0.15d and 0 = 0°.

Allowed Bands Allowed Ranges (in A0) Band Width (in A0)
■ 1. 1000-1044 ' 44
2. 1055-1127 ■ ‘ 72.
3. 1133-1210 - , '77
4. 1237-131-8 81
5. 1355-1455 100
6. 1487-1631 144
7. 1634-1813 179
8. 1855-2054 199
9. 2143-2397 254
10. 2509-2910 401
11. 2978-3500 ■ 522
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 81, 2008 231

Table 2. Photonic bands ,for.(ni = 1.34, »2 = 2.2, d — 500nm,

a = 0.85d and b — 0.15d and 6 = 30°.

Allowed Bands Allowed Ranges, (in A0) Band Width (in A0)
1. . 1000-1059 59
2. 1062-1137 '75
3. 1157-1233 76
4. . 1271-1359 88
' .5. ' 1401-1524 123
6. 1542-1706 164
7. 1736-1923 ' 187
8. 2011-2239 228 ,
9. 2363-2715 352
10. 2810-3413 603

Table 3. Photonic bands for {ri\ = 1.34, 712 = 2.2, d — 500 nm,
a = 0.85d and b = 0.15d and 9 = 45°.

Allowed Bands Allowed Ranges (in A0) Band Width (in A0)
1. 1000-1062 62 .
2. 1070-1145 75
3. 1179-1257 78
4. 1304-1407 103
5. 1442-1594 152
6. 1604-1787. •183
7. 1863-2070 234
8. 2202-2506 304
9. 2631-3190 559

portion of the curve lying between these limiting values will yield the
allowed ranges of A and those outsides will show the forbidden ranges
of transmission.
Prom the. study of these figures it is found that the width of the
allowed photonic bands increases as the wavelength increases, for a
fixed values of a, b, n\ and n2. Actually these allowed bands give the
different ranges of wavelengths that can be transmitted through the
filter structure. The ranges of transmission depend on the values of
controlling parameters a, b, n\ and n2. So by choosing suitable values
232 Srivastava et al.

Table 4. Photonic bands for (rai = 1.34, hi = 2.2, d = 500 nm,

a = 0.85d and b = 0.15d and 6 = 60°.

Allowed Bands Allowed Ranges, (in A0) Band Width (in A°j
1. 1000-1055 55
2. 1075-1148 73
3. 1196-1279 83
4. . 1332-1459 127
5. 1476-1643 . ■ 167
6. 1700-1887 187
7. 2023-2275. . 252
8. 2400-2921 531

of these parameters one can get the desired range of transmission (or
reflection). Furthermore, the overall transmission of the filter generally
decreases as the value of ( -2^-1) increases for the fixed value of a and
b.
This type of filter is used in fiber optic communications and other
optical fields.

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