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DETAIL ESTIMATING EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR STRUCTURES

902 - EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR STRUCTURES - OPSS 902

902.1 GENERAL

902.1.1 Excavation for Structures

Excavation for structures deals with excavation in earth or rock for the placement of the
following structures:

- Bridges - Working slabs/pads - footings for piers and abutments


- wingwalls

- Concrete Culverts - footings


- aprons
- wingwalls

- Retaining Walls - footings


- wingwalls

with additional excavations for:

- Bedding - box culverts


- working slabs

- Frost Tapers - bridges


- concrete culverts
- retaining walls

902.1.2 Backfill to Structures

This is not a separate tender item. Granular backfill is included as part of the general
granular item.

Concrete structures may be backfilled with rock. In certain circumstances, when granular
material is not readily available or in order to reduce high granular costs, rock available
for fill may be used as backfill material. Before opting for rock backfill, a cost
comparison must be completed to determine the more economical alternative.

When rock is used as structure backfill, a standard Special Provision must be included
stating the gradation of the backfill material, together with MTO

Standard Drawings (Structural). The rock backfill is paid for as part of the rock
excavation from which it is obtained.

902.1.3 Tender Items

The tender items associated with excavation and backfill for structures are:

Earth Excavation for Structure

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Rock Excavation for Structure

Unwatering Structure Excavation

Clay Seal

Related Tender Items

Other tender items usually required with the excavation and backfilling of structures are:

Granular B Type I

Granular B Type II

Roadway Protection

Track Protection

902.1.4 Specifications

The work of excavation for structures in both earth and rock, and the placing of granular
backfill, are detailed in OPSS 902.

902.1.5 Special Provisions

The designer should investigate to determine whether any Standard Special Provisions
are required to be included in the contract.

902.1.6 Standard Drawings

To establish the physical limits upon which to base quantities, the designer must be
familiar with:

1) Ontario Provincial Standard Drawings - 800 Series


2) Ontario Provincial Standards Drawaing - 3000, 4000 Series.

902.2 COMPUTATION

Earth Excavation for Structure and Rock Excavation for Structure are Plan Quantity
Payment items.

Unwatering Structure Excavation and Clay Seal are not Plan Quantity Payment items.

902.2.1 Source of Information

The main sources of information are the Foundation Design Section, the Structural
Office/Section and the Regional Geotechnical Section.

902.2.2 Method of Calculation

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Earth and Rock Excavation

The total excavation for structure includes the excavations required to place the concrete
structure, beddings and frost tapers.

The price bid for the appropriate Structure Excavation tender item also includes the
removal of overlying asphaltic or concrete pavements, curb and gutters and sidewalks.
Where however there are separate tender items for removal of pavements, curb and gutter
or sidewalk which overlaps the removal of pavement, curb and gutter or sidewalk over
the structure excavation, then payment for the removal of these surface features will be
made under the appropriate tender items, for removal of pavement, curb and gutter and
sidewalk.

The excavation required to place a concrete structure is determined by calculating the


volume in cubic metres normally based on:

1. - an upper limit of: a) original ground, or


b) the designated
payment surface (see 902.2.3)

2. - a lower limit of: a) bottom of footings


b) bottom of bedding
c) bottom of working slab/pad
d) other special application

3. - the plan area of the footings

In excavating for standard and rigid frame open-footing concrete culverts, the material
between the walls/footings and above the stream bed elevation shall be part of the
structure excavation (see Figure 902-1).

Excavation in rock is the same as that for earth, except that the upper limit is the rock line
rather than the original ground line. Should a culvert occur in a rock cut location, the
upper limit of rock is the top of shatter.

Backfill - Granular/Rock

Granular backfill quantities are computed according to the dimensions shown on the OPS
Drawings or the Structure Drawings. The upper limit is the bottom of granular sub-base
(except for retaining walls in cuts), and includes backfill for frost tapers, where required.

Rock backfill quantities for bridge abutments are computed according to OPSD 3505
depending on whether the structure or roadbed is constructed first. This will be
determined in consultation with the Structural Section.

Clay Seal

No volume calculations for clay seal are needed. If excavation is required to place the
clay seal, the volume is computed and shown only as "material available for fill".

902.2.3 Designated Payment Surface

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DETAIL ESTIMATING EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR STRUCTURES

If using the original ground elevation results in excessive overlap between earth
excavation for structure and earth excavation for grading, the designer, in consultation
with the Structural Office/Section, may choose a designated payment surface at a lower
elevation, with the purpose of reducing the overlap. When the original ground line is
well above the subgrade line (and, in fact, above the top of proposed pavement), then a
Designated Payment Surface could be struck at the subgrade elevation. This surface
would be horizontal both longitudinally and transversely, (see Figures B902-2 and B902-
3).

The following considerations affect the application of the Designated Payment Surface
(DPS):

a) Overlapping excavations are to be tolerated unless the Highway Designer


decides that the volume obtained is unrealistic, to the extent that contract
balancing would be based on erroneous quantities;
b) The DPS is to be used only in exceptional situations.

902.3 DOCUMENTATION

902.3.1 Contract Drawings

Concrete Culverts

New concrete culverts and existing concrete culverts requiring extension are shown on
the plans and profiles of the contract drawings.

Where the design shows a need for roadway or track protection, a protection scheme will
be provided by the Regional Structural Section, and shown in full detail on the Structural
Drawings. A separate tender item must be provided to cover the protection work.

Designated Payment Surface

For each structure that utilizes a designated payment surface, a detailed sketch with
supporting elevation(s) must be shown on the highway grading drawings, and not on
structural drawings.

Use of Specific Materials

When the design depends on the use of a specific material, that material must be
identified on the drawings even when it is to be provided under the Earth Excavation
(Grading) or Earth Borrow item.

Clay Seal

A detailed dimensioned sketch for each location must be shown on the contract drawings.

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902.3.2 Contract Documents

Excavation for Structures

Excavation quantities for each structure, computed in cubic metres to the nearest whole
number, must be checked 100%.

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DETAIL ESTIMATING EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR STRUCTURES

The quantity for each bridge, concrete culvert and retaining wall is shown separately on
"Quantities - Miscellaneous 1 or 2 "or "Quantities - Structures" sheet, and the columns
(Earth, Rock) totalled to form the tender quantities.

Excavated Material should be made available for full reductions by showing the quantity
on the quantities -grading sheet.

Unwatering Structure Excavation

Where unwatering operations are required, the appropriate column should show "100%"
against the structure entry on the quantity sheet.

Granular Backfill

The granular quantity for each bridge, concrete culvert and retaining wall is listed
separately on the "Quantities - 1" or "Quantities - 2" sheet. The column subtotal is
transferred to the main granular item on the "Quantites - Hot Mix and Granulars" sheet
and included in the tender quantity.

Clay Seal

Clay seal is documented on the same quantity sheet where concrete culverts are
documented. It is identified as a separate tender item without quantity entries. Note that
clay seal information for pipe culvert locations are kept separately from those for concrete
culverts, and generate a separate lump sum tender item under OPSS 421.

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