Computer Application Project Grup 1234

Computer Application Project
On
Non-Governmental Organisation
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Degree of
Bachelor of Business Admisnistration (GENERAL) programme of
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MR. DAVINDER SINGH RIMPA JANA

MUKESH TANWAR
HARMEET SINGH MOKHA
PARAS MARWAH
Kamal Institute of Higher Education and Advanced Technology
K-1 Extension, Mohan garden,
New Delhi
Batch (2016-2019)
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CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that the html website on “Non-Governmental Organisation” has

been carried out by students of Kamal Institute of Higher Education & Advance
Technology who have worked under my guidance and supervision.
They have been in constant touch with me and the matter embodied in this is
authentic and same recommended for evaluation. The project report is complete in all
aspects.
Signature of the Guide
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DECLARATION
This is to certify that we have completed the html website titled ‘Non-Governmental
Organization’ in “K.I.H.E.A.T” under the guidance of “Mr. Davinder Singh” in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Business
Administration at Kamal Institute of Higher Education & Advance Technology,
Delhi. This is an original piece of work & I have not submitted it earlier elsewhere.
Submitted By:
Rimpa Jana
Enrollment No-40296701716
Mukesh Tanwar
Harmeet Singh Mokha

Countersigned:
Paras Marwah Mr. Davinder Singh
Enrollment No-40596701716 Kamal Institute of Higher Education
And Advance Technology
Prof. M. M. Maheshwari
Director
KIHEAT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to all those who have
contributed significantly by sharing their knowledge and experience in the
completion of this project work.
Our heartfelt thanks to my respected faculty guide, Mr. Davinder Singh Without his
continuous help the project would not have been materialized in the present form. His
valuable suggestions helped us at every step. His kind cooperation, advice and
encouragement during the long and arduous task of preparing this website helped us
in tackling various difficulties.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. Topic Page No.
1. Introduction 6-33
2. Work done and Objective 34-39
3. Hardware and Software Requirements 40-41
4. Results and Coding 42-74
5. Conclusions 75-76
6. Bibliography 77-78
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION TO MIS
The Management Information System is a concept of the last decade or two. It has been understood
& described in a number of ways. It is also known as the information system.
MIS has more than one definition some of which are given below.
1. MIS is defined as system which provides information support for decision making in the
organization.
2. MIS is defined as an integrated system of man & machines for providing the information to
support the operation, the management & the decision making function in the organization
3. MIS is defined as a system based on the database for the organization evolved for the purpose of
providing information to the people in the organization.
Though there are no. of definitions all of them coverage on one single point i.e. the MIS is a system
to support the decisions making functions in the organizations. The difference lies in defining the
elements of the MIS. However, in today’s world MIS is computerized business processing system
generating information for the people in the organization to meet the information needs & assisting
in taking decisions to achieve the corporate objectives of the organization & in the Public sector
MIS is designed to deliver services to the citizen also .
MIS provides information that organization require to manage themselvesefficiently & effectively.
MIS are typically computer system used for managing the organization. The 5 primary components
of MIS are:
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. Procedures
5. People.
MIS are distinct from information system because they are used to analyze& facilitate strategic &
operational activities. Academically the term is commonly used to refer to the study of how
individuals, groups,& organization evaluate design & utilize systems to generate information to
improve efficiency & effectiveness of decision making, including system termed decision support
system, expert systems, & executive information system.
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MIS CONCEPT
The concept of the MIS has evolved over a period of time comprising many different facets of the
organizational functions. MIS is necessity in all the organizations. The initial concept of MIS was to
process the data available in the organization & present it in the form of reports at regular intervals.
The system was largely capable of handling the data from collection to processing. It was more
impersonal, requiring each individual to pick & choose the processed data & use it for his
requirements. This concept was further modified when distinction was made between data
&information.
This concept is further modified, that the system should present information in such a form &
format that it creates an impact on its user provoking a decision or an investigation. The concept
was then evolved that the system should be capable of handling a need based exception reporting.
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NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a government

nor a conventional for-profit business.
Usually set up by ordinary citizens, NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses,
or private persons. Some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers.
NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take
different forms in different parts of the world. Some may have charitable status, while others may
be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes. Others may be fronts for
political, religious, or other interests.
The number of NGOs in the United States is estimated at 1.5 million. Russia has 277,000 NGOs.
India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians,
and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centres in India.
NGOs are difficult to define, and the term 'NGO' is not always used consistently. In some countries
the term NGO is applied to an organization that in another country would be called an NPO, and
vice-versa. There are many different classifications of NGO in use. The most common focus is on
"orientation" and "level of operation". An NGO's orientation refers to the type of activities it takes
on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, or development
work. An NGO's level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as
local, regional, national, or international.
The term "non-governmental organization" was first coined in 1945, when the United Nations (UN)
was created. The UN, itself an inter-governmental organization, made it possible for certain
approved specialized international non-state agencies — i.e., non-governmental organizations — to
be awarded observer status at its assemblies and some of its meetings. Later the term became used
more widely. Today, according to the UN, any kind of private organization that is independent from
government control can be termed an "NGO", provided it is not-for-profit, non prevention, and not
simply an opposition political party.
One characteristic these diverse organizations share is that their non-profit status means they are not
hindered by short-term financial objectives. Accordingly, they are able to devote themselves to
issues which occur across longer time horizons, such as climate change, malaria prevention or a
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global ban on landmines. Public surveys reveal that NGOs often enjoy a high degree of public trust,
which can make them a useful – but not always sufficient – proxy for the concerns of society and
stakeholders.
TYPES
By orientation
Charitable orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little participation by the
"beneficiaries". It includes NGOs with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the poor
peoples.
Service orientation includes NGOs with activities such as the provision of health, family planning
or education services in which the programme is designed by the NGO and people are expected to
participate in its implementation and in receiving the service.
Participatory orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people are involved
particularly in the implementation of a project by contributing cash, tools, land, materials, labour
etc. In the classical community development project, participation begins with the need definition
and continues into the planning and implementation stages.
Empowering orientation aims to help poor people develop a clearer understanding of the social,
political and economic factors affecting their lives, and to strengthen their awareness of their own
potential power to control their lives. There is maximum involvement of the beneficiaries with
NGOs acting as facilitators.
By level of operation
Community-based organizations (CBOs) arise out of people's own initiatives. They can be
responsible for raising the consciousness of the urban poor, helping them to understand their rights
in accessing needed services, and providing such services.
City-wide organizations include organizations such as chambers of commerce and industry,

coalitions of business, ethnic or educational groups, and associations of community organizations.
'National NGOs include national organizations such as the YMCAs/YWCAs, professional

associations, and similar groups. Some have state and city branches and assist local NGOs.
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International NGOs range from secular agencies such as Ducere Foundation and Save the Children
organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation to religiously
motivated groups. They can be responsible for funding local NGOs, institutions and projects and
implementing projects.
Apart from "NGO", there are many alternative or overlapping terms in use, including: third sector
organization (TSO), non-profit organization (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), civil society
organization (CSO), grassroots organization (GO), social movement organization (SMO), private
voluntary organization (PVO), self-help organization (SHO) and non-state actors (NSAs).
In Spanish, French, Italian and other Romance languages, the 'mirrored' abbreviation "ONG" is in
use, which has the same meaning as "NGO.
Governmental related organizations / non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group.

As a result, a long list of additional acronyms has developed, including:
BINGO: 'Business-friendly international NGO' or 'Big international NGO'
SBO: 'Social Benefit Organization,' a positive, goal-oriented designation as an substitute for the
negative, "Non-" designations
TANGO: 'Technical assistance NGO'
TSO: 'Third-sector organization'
GONGO: 'Government-operated NGOs' (set up by governments to look like NGOs in order to

qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of government)
DONGO: 'Donor organized NGO'
INGO: 'International NGO'
QUANGO: 'Quasi-autonomous NGO,' such as the International Organization for Standardization

(ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by nation, and each nation
is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be the 'most broadly representative'
standardization body of a nation. That body might itself be a nongovernmental organization; for
example, the United States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute,
which is independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be represented by
national governmental agencies; this is the trend in Europe.)
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National NGO: A non-governmental organization that exists only in one country. This term is rare
due to the globalization of non-governmental organizations, which causes an NGO to exist in more
than one country.
CSO: 'Civil Society Organization'
ENGO: 'Environmental NGO,' such as Greenpeace and WWF
NNGO: 'Northern NGO'
PANGO: 'Party NGO,' set up by parties and disguised as NGOs to serve their political matters.
SNGO: 'Southern NGO'
SCO: 'Social change organization'
TNGO: 'Transnational NGO.' The term emerged during the 1970s due to the increase of
environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGO includes non-governmental
organizations that are not confined to only one country, but exist in two or more countries.
GSO: Grassroots Support Organization
MANGO: 'Market advocacy NGO'
NGDO: 'Non-governmental development organization'
USAID refers to NGOs as private voluntary organizations. However, many scholars have argued
that this definition is highly problematic as many NGOs are in fact state- or corporate-funded and -
managed projects and have professional staff.
GRO/NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their
members or founders. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment,
encouraging the observance of human rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or
representing a corporate agenda. However, there are a huge number of such organizations and their
goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily be applied to
private schools and athletic organizations.
Track II diplomacy
Track II dialogue, or Track II diplomacy, is transnational coordination that involves non-official

members of the government including epistemic communities as well as former policy-makers or
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analysts. Track II diplomacy aims to get policymakers and policy analysts to come to a common
solution through discussions by unofficial means. Unlike the Track I diplomacy where government
officials, diplomats and elected leaders gather to talk about certain issues, Track II diplomacy
consists of experts, scientists, professors and other figures that are not involved in government
affairs. The members of Track II diplomacy usually have more freedom to exchange ideas and
come up with compromises on their own.
Activities
There are also numerous classifications of NGOs. The typology the World Bank uses divides them
into Operational and Advocacy: NGOs do vary in their methods. Some act primarily as lobbyists,
while others primarily conduct programs and activities. For instance, an NGO such as Oxfam,
concerned with poverty alleviation, might provide needy people with the equipment and skills to
find food and clean drinking water, whereas an NGO like the FFDA helps through investigation and
documentation of human rights[citation needed] violations and provides legal assistance to victims
of human rights abuses. Others, such as Afghanistan Information Management Services, provide
specialized technical products and services to support development activities implemented on the
ground by other organizations.
NGOs were intended to fill a gap in government services, but in countries like India and China,
NGOs are slowly gaining a position in decision making. In the interest of sustainability, most
donors require that NGOs demonstrate a relationship with governments. State Governments
themselves are vulnerable because they lack economic resources, and potentially strategic planning
and vision. They are therefore sometimes tightly bound by a nexus of NGOs, political bodies,
commercial organizations and major donors/funders, making decisions that have short term outputs
but no long term affect. In India, for instance, NGOs are under regulated, political, and recipients of
large government and international donor funds. NGOs often take up responsibilities outside their
skill ambit. Governments have no access to the number of projects or amount of funding received
by these NGOs. There is a pressing need to regulate this group while not curtailing their unique role
as a supplement to government services.
Operational
Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small-scale change directly through projects." They mobilize
financial resources, materials, and volunteers to create localized programs. They hold large-scale
fundraising events and may apply to governments and organizations for grants or contracts to raise
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money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure; a main headquarters being staffed
by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, and report and communicate
with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects. Operational NGOs deal with a wide
range of issues, but are most often associated with the delivery of services or environmental issues,
emergency relief, and public welfare. Operational NGOs can be further categorized by the division
into relief-oriented versus development-oriented organizations; according to whether they stress
service delivery or participation; whether they are religious or secular; and whether they are more
public- or private-oriented.
Although operational NGOs can be community-based, many are national or international. The
defining activity of operational NGOs is the implementation of projects.
Campaigning
Campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large-scale change promoted indirectly through influence of
the political system."Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective group of professional
members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They must plan and host
demonstrations and events that will keep their cause in the media. They must maintain a large
informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner media attention and
influence policy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holding demonstrations.
Campaigning NGOs often deal with this issues relating to human rights, women's rights, children's
rights. The primary purpose of an Advocacy NGO is to defend or promote a specific cause. As
opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise awareness,
acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activist event.
Both operational and campaigning
It is not uncommon for NGOs to make use of both activities. Many times, operational NGOs will
use campaigning techniques if they continually face the same issues in the field that could be
remedied through policy changes. At the same time, Campaigning NGOs, like human rights
organizations often have programs that assist the individual victims they are trying to help through
their advocacy work.
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Public relations
Non-governmental organizations need healthy relationships with the public to meet their goals.
Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employ
standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political importance
because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of ethics was established
in 2002 by The World Association of Non Governmental Organizations.
Project management
There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are crucial to project success in non-
governmental organizations. Generally, non-governmental organizations that are private have either
a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues such as religion, emergency
aid, or humanitarian affairs.
They mobilize public support and voluntary contributions for aid; they often have strong links with
community groups in developing countries, and they often work in areas where government-to-
government aid is not possible. NGOs are accepted as a part of the international relations landscape,
and while they influence national and multilateral policy-making, increasingly they are more
directly involved in local action.
Corporate structure
Staffing
Some NGOs are highly professionalized and rely mainly on paid staff. Others are based around
voluntary labour and are less formalized. Not all people working for non-governmental
organizations are volunteers.
Many NGOs are associated with the use of international staff working in 'developing' countries, but
there are many NGOs in both North and South who rely on local employees or volunteers. There is
some dispute as to whether expatriates should be sent to developing countries. Frequently this type
of personnel is employed to satisfy a donor who wants to see the supported project managed by
someone from an industrialized country. However, the expertise of these employees or volunteers
may be counterbalanced by a number of factors: the cost of foreigners is typically higher, they have
no grassroot connections in the country they are sent to, and local expertise is often undervalued.
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The NGO sector is an essential employer in terms of numbers.[citation needed] For example, by the
end of 1995, CONCERN worldwide, an international Northern NGO working against poverty,
employed 174 expatriates and just over 5,000 national staff working in ten developing countries in
Africa and Asia, and in Haiti.
Funding
Whether the NGOs are small or large, various NGOs need budgets to operate. The amount of
budget that they need would differ from NGOs to NGOs. Unlike small NGOs, large NGOs may
have annual budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance, the budget of
the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) was over US$540 million in 1999. Funding
such large budgets demands significant fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs. Major
sources of NGO funding are membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants from
international institutions or national governments, and private donations. Several EU-grants provide
funds accessible to NGOs.
Even though the term "non-governmental organization" implies independence from governments,
many NGOs depend heavily on governments for their funding. A quarter of the US$162 million
income in 1998 of the famine-relief organization Oxfam was donated by the British government and
the EU. The Christian relief and development organization World Vision United States collected
US$55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government.
Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according to David Rieff, writing in The New
Republic, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society
had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or
being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments
concerned might think about the matter." Some NGOs, such as Greenpeace do not accept funding
from governments or intergovernmental organizations.
Overhead costs
Overhead is the amount of money that is spent on running an NGO rather than on projects. This
includes office expenses, salaries, banking and bookkeeping costs. What percentage of overall
budget is spent on overhead is often used to judge an NGO with less than 4% being viewed as good.
The World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations states that ideally more than 86%
should be spent on programs (less than 20% on overhead). The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis and Malaria has specific guidelines on how high overhead can be to receive funding
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based on how the money is to be spent with overhead often needing to be less than 5-7%. While the
World Bank typically allows 37%. A high percentage of overhead to total expenditures can make it
more difficult to generate funds. High overhead costs may also generate criticism with some
claiming the certain NGOs with high overhead are being run simply to benefit the people working
for them.
While overhead costs can be a legitimate concern, a sole focus on them can be counterproductive.
Research published by the Urban Institute and the Center for Social Innovation at Stanford
University have shown how rating agencies create incentives for nonprofits to lower and hide
overhead costs, which may actually reduce organizational effectiveness by starving organizations of
the infrastructure they need to effectively deliver services. A more meaningful rating system would
provide, in addition to financial data, a qualitative evaluation of an organization’s transparency and
governance:
(1) an assessment of program effectiveness;
(2) and an evaluation of feedback mechanisms designed for donors and beneficiaries;
(3) such a rating system would also allow rated organizations to respond to an evaluation done by a
rating agency.
More generally, the popular discourse of nonprofit evaluation should move away from financial
notions of organizational effectiveness and toward more substantial understandings of
programmatic impact.
Monitoring and control
In the March 2000 report on United Nations Reform priorities, former U.N. Secretary General Kofi
Annan wrote in favor of international humanitarian intervention, arguing that the international
community has a "right to protect" citizens of the world against ethnic cleansing, genocide, and
crimes against humanity. On the heels of the report, the Canadian government launched the
Responsibility to Protect R2P project, outlining the issue of humanitarian intervention. While the
R2P doctrine has wide applications, among the more controversial has been the Canadian
government's use of R2P to justify its intervention and support of the coup in Haiti. Years after
R2P, the World Federalist Movement, an organization which supports "the creation of democratic
global structures accountable to the citizens of the world and call for the division of international
authority among separate agencies", has launched Responsibility to Protect – Engaging Civil
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Society (R2PCS). A collaboration between the WFM and the Canadian government, this project
aims to bring NGOs into lockstep with the principles outlined under the original R2P project.
The governments of the countries an NGO works or is registered in may require reporting or other
monitoring and oversight. Funders generally require reporting and assessment, such information is
not necessarily publicly available.
There may also be associations and watchdog organizations that research and publish details on the
actions of NGOs working in particular geographic or program areas.
In recent years, many large corporations have increased their corporate social responsibility
departments in an attempt to preempt NGO campaigns against certain corporate practices. As the
logic goes, if corporations work with NGOs, NGOs will not work against corporations. Greater
collaboration between corporations and NGOs creates inherent risks of co-optation for the weaker
partner, typically the nonprofit involved.
In December 2007, The United States Department of Defense Assistant Secretary of Defense
(Health Affairs) S. Ward Casscells established an International Health Division under Force Health
Protection & Readiness. Part of International Health's mission is to communicate with NGOs in
areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05, in 2005, requires DoD to regard
stability-enhancing activities as a mission of importance equal to combat. In compliance with
international law, DoD has necessarily built a capacity to improve essential services in areas of
conflict such as Iraq, where the customary lead agencies (State Department and USAID) find it
difficult to operate. Unlike the "co-option" strategy described for corporations, the OASD(HA)
recognizes the neutrality of health as an essential service. International Health cultivates
collaborative relationships with NGOs, albeit at arms-length, recognizing their traditional
independence, expertise and honest broker status. While the goals of DoD and NGOs may seem
incongruent, the DoD's emphasis on stability and security to reduce and prevent conflict suggests,
on careful analysis, important mutual interests.
History
International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least the late
eighteenth century. It has been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGOs. International NGOs
were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's suffrage, and reached
a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. However, the phrase "non-governmental
organization" only came into popular use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization
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in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter for a consultative
role for organizations which are neither governments nor member states—see Consultative Status.
The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on
February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international organization that is not founded by an
international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other "major groups" in sustainable development
was recognized in Chapter 27 of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative
relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. It has been observed
that the number of INGO founded or dissolved matches the general "state of the world", rising in
periods of growth and declining in periods of crisis.
Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result of the
processes of restructuring of the welfare state. Further globalization of that process occurred after
the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington consensus.
Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could
not be solved within a nation. International treaties and international organizations such as the
World Trade Organization were centered mainly on the interests of capitalist enterprises. In an
attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues,
developmental aid and sustainable development. A prominent example of this is the World Social
Forum, which is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in January in
Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was
attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs. In terms of environmental issues and
sustainable development, the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 was the first to show the power of
international NGOs, when about 2,400 representatives of NGOs came to play a central role in
deliberations. Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should
belong to popular movements of the poor. Whatever the case, NGO transnational networking is now
extensive.
Another issue which has brought NGOs to develop further is the inefficiency of some top-heavy,
global structures. For instance, in 1994, former UN envoy to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published
a book entitled "Somalia: The Missed Opportunities", in which he clearly shows that when the
United Nations tried to provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally outperformed by NGOs,
whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the United Nations' excessive caution
and bureaucratic inefficiencies, their main Somalia envoys operating from the safety of their desks
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in Nairobi. The refusal of Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then UN Secretary General to accept this
criticism led to the early end of Mohamed Sahnoun's mission in Somalia.
Legal status
The legal form of NGOs is diverse and depends upon homegrown variations in each country's laws
and practices. However, four main family groups of NGOs can be found worldwide:[44]
 Unincorporated and voluntary association

 Trusts, charities and foundations
 Companies not just for profit
 Entities formed or registered under special NGO or nonprofit laws
The Council of Europe in Strasbourg drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the
Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets a common
legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the European Convention
on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for
NGOs.
How NGOs Influence World Affairs
Some argue that NGOs have great influence and power in global affairs. Service-delivery NGOs
provide public goods and services that governments from developing countries are unable to
provide to society, due to lack of resources. Service-delivery NGOs can serve as contractors or
collaborate with democratized government agencies to reduce cost associated with public goods.
Capacity-building NGOs influence global affairs differently, in the sense that the incorporation of
accountability measures in Southern NGOs affect "culture, structure, projects and daily operations."
Advocacy and public education NGOs affect global affairs in its ability to modify behavior through
the use of ideas. Communication is the weapon of choice used by advocacy and public-education
NGOs in order to change people's actions and behaviors. They strategically construct messages to
not only shape behavior, but to also socially mobilize communities in promoting social, political, or
environmental changes.
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Critiques
Issa G. Shivji is one of Africa's leading experts on law and development issues as an author and
academic. His critique on NGOs is found in two essays: "Silences in NGO discourse: The role and
future of NGOs in Africa" and "Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania: What we are, what we are not
and what we ought to be". Shivji argues that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders and
activists, he is critical of the "objective effects of actions, regardless of their intentions". Shivji
argues also that the sudden rise of NGOs are part of a neoliberal paradigm rather than pure altruistic
motivations. He is critical of the current manifestations of NGOs wanting to change the world
without understanding it, and that the imperial relationship continues today with the rise of NGOs.
James Pfeiffer, in his case study of NGO involvement in Mozambique, speaks to the negative
effects that NGO's have had on areas of health within the country. He argues that over the last
decade, NGO's in Mozambique have "fragmented the local health system, undermined local control
of health programs, and contributed to growing local social inequality".
He notes further that NGO's can be uncoordinated, creating parallel projects among different
organizations, that pull health service workers away from their routine duties in order to serve the
interests of the NGO's. This ultimately undermines local primary health care efforts, and takes away
the governments' ability to maintain agency over their own health sector. J. Pfeiffer suggested a new
model of collaboration between the NGO and the DPS (the Mozambique Provincial Health
Directorate). He mentioned the NGO should be 'formally held to standard and adherence within the
host country', for example reduce 'showcase' projects and parallel programs that proves to be
unsustainable.
Jessica Mathews wrote in Foreign Affairs in 1997: "For all their strengths, NGOs are special
interests. The best of them … often suffer from tunnel vision, judging every public act by how it
affects their particular interest". Since NGOs have to worry about policy trade-offs, the overall
impact of their cause might bring more harm to society.
Vijay Prashad argues that from the 1970s "The World Bank, under Robert McNamara, championed
the NGO as an alternative to the state, leaving intact global and regional relations of power and
production."
Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racialized
manner in third world countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during
the high colonial era. The philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of
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politics. He also points to the fact that NGOs like Action Aid and Christian Aid "effectively
condoned the [2004 US backed] coup" against an elected government in Haiti and argues that they
are the "humanitarian face of imperialism." Popular movements in the global South such as the
Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign in South Africa have sometimes refused to work with
NGOs arguing that this will compromise their autonomy. It has also been argued that NGOs often
disem power people by allowing funders to push for stability over social justice.
Another criticism of NGOs is that they are being designed and used as extensions of the normal
foreign-policy instruments of certain Western countries and groups of countries. Russian President
Vladimir Putin made this accusation at the 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy in 2007,
concluding that these NGOs "are formally independent but they are purposefully financed and
therefore under control." Also, Michael Bond wrote "Most large NGOs, such as Oxfam, the Red
Cross, Cafod and Action Aid, are striving to make their aid provision more sustainable. But some,
mostly in the US, are still exporting the ideologies of their backers."
NGOs have also been accused of using white lies or misinformed advise to enact their campaigns,
i.e., accusations that NGOs have been ignorant about critical issues because, as chief scientist at
Greenpeace Doug Parr said, these organizations appear to have lost their efforts in being truly
scientific and now seem to be more self-interested. Rather than operating through science so as to
be rationally and effectively practical, NGOs have been accused of abusing the utilization of
science to gain their own advantages. In the beginning, as Parr indicated, there was "a tendency
among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making tool … but political and
commercial interests are using science as a cover for getting their way." At the same time, NGOs
can appear to not be cooperative with other groups, according to the previous policy-maker for the
German branch of Friends of the Earth, Jens Katjek. "If NGOs want the best for the environment,
he says, they have to learn to compromise."
Challenges to legitimacy
The issue of the legitimacy of NGOs raises a series of important questions. This is one of the most
important assets possessed by an NGO, it is gained through a perception that they are an
“independent voice”. Their representation also emerges as an important question. Who bestows
responsibilities to NGOs or INGOs and how do they gain the representation of citizens and civil
society is still not scrutinized thoroughly. For instance, in the article, it is stated, "To put the point
22
starkly: are the citizens of countries of the South and their needs represented in global civil society,
or are citizens as well as their needs constructed by practices of representation? And when we
realize that INGOs hardly ever come face to face with the people whose interests and problems they
represent, or that they are not accountable to the people they represent, matters become even more
troublesome."
Moreover, the legitimacy and the accountability of NGOs on the point of their true nature are also
emerging as important issues. Various perceptions and images on NGOs are provided, and usually
implemented in an image as 'non-state actors' or 'influential representatives of civil society that
advocate the citizen.' Accountability may be able to provide this and also be able to assist activities
by providing focus and direction As non-state actors with considerable influence over the
governance in many areas, concerns have been expressed over the extent to which they represent
the views of the public and the extent to which they allow the public to hold them to account.
The origin of funding can have serious implications for the legitimacy of NGOs. In recent decades
NGOs have increased their numbers and range of activities to a level where they have become
increasingly dependent on a limited number of donors. Consequently, competition has increased for
funding, as have the expectations of the donors themselves. This runs the risk of donors adding
conditions which can threaten the independence of NGOs; for example, an over-dependence on
official aid has the potential to dilute “the willingness of NGOs to speak out on issues which are
unpopular with governments”. In these situations NGOs are being held accountable by their donors,
which can erode rather than enhance their legitimacy, a difficult challenge to overcome. Some
commentators have also argued that the changes in NGO funding sources has ultimately altered
their functions.
NGOs have also been challenged on the grounds that they do not necessarily represent the needs of
the developing world, through diminishing the so-called “Southern Voice”. Some postulate that the
North–South divide exists in the arena of NGOs. They question the equality of the relationships
between Northern and Southern parts of the same NGOs as well as the relationships between
Southern and Northern NGOs working in partnerships. This suggests a division of labour may
develop, with the North taking the lead in advocacy and resource mobilisation whilst the South
engages in service delivery in the developing world. The potential implications of this may mean
the needs of the developing world are not addressed appropriately as Northern NGOs do not
properly consult or participate in partnerships. The real danger in this situation is that western views
may take the front seat and assign unrepresentative priorities.
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The flood of NGOs has also been accused of damaging the public sector in multiple developing
countries, e.g. accusations that NGO mismanagement has resulted in the breakdown of public health
care systems. Instead of promoting equity and alleviating poverty, NGOs have been under scrutiny
for contributing to socioeconomic inequality and disempowering services in the public sector of
third world countries.
The scale and variety of activities in which NGOs participate has grown rapidly since the 1980s,
witnessing particular expansion in the 1990s. This has presented NGOs with a need to balance the
pressures of centralization and decentralization. By centralizing NGOs, particularly those that
operate at an international level, they can assign a common theme or set of goals. Conversely it may
also be advantageous to decentralize as this can increase the chances of an NGO responding more
flexibly and effectively to localized issues by implementing projects which are modest in scale,
easily monitored, produce immediate benefits and where all involved know that corruption will be
punished.
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HTML
Hyper Text Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the standard markup language
used to create web pages. Web browsers can read HTML files and render them into visible or
audible web pages. HTML describes the structure of a website semantically along with cues for
presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a programming language.
HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be
embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured
documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links,
quotes and other items.
The language is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets
(like <html>). Browsers do not display the HTML tags and scripts, but use them to interpret the
content of the page.
HTML can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of
HTML web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the look
and layout of text and other material. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both
the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational
HTML since 1997.
Elements
HTML documents imply a structure of nested HTML elements. These are indicated in the
document by HTML tags, enclosed in angle brackets thus: <p>
In the simple, general case, the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags: a "start tag"
<p> and "end tag" </p>. The text content of the element, if any, is placed between these tags.
Tags may also enclose further tag markup between the start and end, including a mixture of tags and
text. This indicates further (nested) elements, as children of the parent element.
The start tag may also include attributes within the tag. These indicate other information, such as
identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to the
25
presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the <img> used to embed images, the
reference to the image resource.
Some elements, such as the line break <br>, do not permit any embedded content, either text or
further tags. These require only a single empty tag (akin to a start tag) and do not use an end tag.
Many tags, particularly the closing end tag for the very commonly-used paragraph element <p>, are
optional. An HTML browser or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element from the
context and the structural rules defined by the HTML standard. These rules are complex and not
widely understood by most HTML coders.
The general form of an HTML element is therefore: <tag attribute1="value1"

attribute2="value2">content</tag>. Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and
take the form <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">. Empty elements may enclose no
content, for instance, the <br> tag or the inline <img> tag. The name of an HTML element is the
name used in the tags. Note that the end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, "/", and that in
empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default
values are used in each case.
Element examples
Header of the HTML document:<head>...</head>. The title is included in the head, for example:
<head>
<title>The Title</title>
</head>
Headings: HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags:
<h1>Heading level 1</h1>
26
Paragraphs:
<p>Paragraph 1</p> <p>Paragraph 2</p>
Line breaks:<br>. The difference between <br> and <p> is that "br" breaks a line without altering
the semantic structure of the page, whereas "p" sections the page into paragraphs. Note also that
"br" is an empty element in that, although it may have attributes, it can take no content and it may
not have an end tag.
<p>This <br> is a paragraph <br> with <br> line breaks</p>
This is a link in HTML. To create a link the <a> tag is used. The href= attribute holds the URL
address of the link.
<a href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">A link to Wikipedia!</a>
Comments:

Comments can help in the understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage.
Cascading Style Sheets
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a
document written in a markup language. Although most often used to set the visual style of web
pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any XML
document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in speech, or on
other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most
websites to create visually engaging web pages, user interfaces for web applications, and user
interfaces for many mobile applications.
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content from document
presentation, including aspects such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve
content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation
characteristics, enable multiple HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in
27
a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content, such as
semantically insignificant tables that were widely used to format pages before consistent CSS
rendering was available in all major browsers. CSS makes it possible to separate presentation
instructions from the HTML content in a separate file or style section of the HTML file. For each
matching HTML element, it provides a list of formatting instructions. For example, a CSS rule
might specify that "all heading 1 elements should be bold", leaving pure semantic HTML markup
that asserts "this text is a level 1 heading" without formatting code such as a <bold> tag indicating
how such text should be displayed.
This separation of formatting and content makes it possible to present the same markup page in
different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out
by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. It can also be
used to display the web page differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is being
viewed. Although the author of a web page typically links to a CSS file within the markup file,
readers can specify a different style sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their own computer, to
override the one the author has specified. If the author or the reader did not link the document to a
style sheet, the default style of the browser will be applied. Another advantage of CSS is that
aesthetic changes to the graphic design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be applied
quickly and easily, by editing a few lines in one file, rather than by a laborious (and thus expensive)
process of crawling over every document line by line, changing markup.
The CSS specification describes a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than
one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities (or weights) are
calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.
Syntax
CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various
style properties.
A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more selectors, and a
declaration block.
Selector
In CSS, selectors are used to declare which part of the markup a style applies to by matching tags
and attributes in the markup itself. Selectors may apply to:
28
 all elements of a specific type, e.g. the second-level headers h2
 elements specified by attribute, in particular:
 id: an identifier unique to the document
 class: an identifier that groups multiple elements in a document
 elements depending on how they are placed relative to others in the document tree.
Classes and IDs are case-sensitive, start with letters, and can include alphanumeric characters and
underscores. Any number of instances of any number of elements may have the same class.
Conventionally, IDs only apply to one instance of one element.
Pseudo-classes are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on information that is not
contained in the document tree.
Declaration block
A declaration block consists of a list of declarations in braces. Each declaration itself consists of a
property, a colon, and a value. If there are multiple declarations in a block, a semi-colon must be
inserted to separate each declaration.
Use
Before CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within
the HTML markup; all font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders and sizes had to
be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS allows authors to move much of
that information to another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML.
Before CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to, say, all h2
headings had to repeat HTML presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading type. This
made documents more complex, larger, and more error-prone and difficult to maintain. CSS allows
the separation of presentation from structure. CSS can define color, font, text alignment, size,
borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics, and can do so independently
for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual styles such as the speed and emphasis
with which text is read out by aural text readers. The W3C has now deprecated the use of all
presentational HTML markup.
29
Sources
CSS information can be provided from various sources. These sources can be the web browser, the
user and the author. The information from the author can be further classified into inline, media
type, importance, selector specificity, rule order, inheritance and property definition. CSS style
information can be in a separate document or it can be embedded into an HTML document.
Multiple style sheets can be imported. Different styles can be applied depending on the output
device being used; for example, the screen version can be quite different from the printed version,
so that authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium.
The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display. Declarations not set in the
highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority, such as the user agent style. This
process is called cascading.
One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater control over presentation. Someone who finds red
italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser and the
web site, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, or may remove all
added styles and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just the red italic
heading style without altering other attributes.
Advantages
1. Separation of content from presentation
CSS facilitates publication of content in multiple presentation formats based on nominal

parameters. Nominal parameters include explicit user preferences, different web browsers, the type
of device being used to view the content (a desktop computer or mobile Internet device), the
geographic location of the user and many other variables.
2. Site-wide consistency
When CSS is used effectively, in terms of inheritance and "cascading", a global style sheet can be
used to affect and style elements site-wide. If the situation arises that the styling of the elements
should need to be changed or adjusted, these changes can be made by editing rules in the global
style sheet. Before CSS, this sort of maintenance was more difficult, expensive and time-
consuming.
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3. Bandwidth
A stylesheet, internal or external, specifies the style once for a range of HTML elements selected by
class, type or relationship to others. This is much more efficient than repeating style information
inline for each occurrence of the element. An external stylesheet is usually stored in the browser
cache, and can therefore be used on multiple pages without being reloaded, further reducing data
transfer over a network.
4. Page reformatting
With a simple change of one line, a different style sheet can be used for the same page. This has
advantages for accessibility, as well as providing the ability to tailor a page or site to different target
devices. Furthermore, devices not able to understand the styling still display the content.
5. Accessibility
Without CSS, web designers must typically lay out their pages with techniques such as HTML
tables that hinder accessibility for vision-impaired users.
CSS frameworks
CSS frameworks are pre-prepared libraries that are meant to allow for easier, more standards-
compliant styling of web pages using the Cascading Style Sheets language. CSS frameworks
include Foundation, Blueprint, Bootstrap, Cascade Framework and Materialize. Like programming
and scripting language libraries, CSS frameworks are usually incorporated as external .css sheets
referenced in the HTML <head>. They provide a number of ready-made options for designing and
laying out the web page. Although many of these frameworks have been published, some authors
use them mostly for rapid prototyping, or for learning from, and prefer to 'handcraft' CSS that is
appropriate to each published site without the design, maintenance and download overhead of
having many unused features in the site's styling.
Positioning
CSS defines three positioning schemes:
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Normal flow
Inline items are laid out in the same way as the letters in words in text, one after the other across the
available space until there is no more room, then starting a new line below. Block items stack
vertically, like paragraphs and like the items in a bulleted list. Normal flow also includes relative
positioning of block or inline items, and run-in boxes.
Floats
A floated item is taken out of the normal flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible in the
space available. Other content then flows alongside the floated item.
Absolute positioning
An absolutely positioned item has no place in, and no effect on, the normal flow of other items. It
occupies its assigned position in its container independently of other items.
Position: top, bottom, left, and right
There are four possible values of the position property. If an item is positioned in any way other
than static, then the further properties top, bottom, left, and right are used to specify offsets and
positions.
Static
The default value places the item in the normal flow
Relative
The item is placed in the normal flow, and then shifted or offset from that position. Subsequent flow
items are laid out as if the item had not been moved.
Absolute
Specifies absolute positioning. The element is positioned in relation to its nearest non-static
ancestor.
Fixed
The item is absolutely positioned in a fixed position on the screen even as the rest of the document
is scrolled
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Float and clear
The float property may have one of three values. Absolutely positioned or fixed items cannot be
floated. Other elements normally flow around floated items, unless they are prevented from doing
so by their clear property.
Left
The item floats to the left of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around its
right side.
Right
The item floats to the right of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around
its left side.
Clear
Forces the element to appear underneath ('clear') floated elements to the left (clear:left), right
(clear:right) or both sides (clear:both).
33
CHAPTER-2
WORKDONE AND OBJECTIVE
34
To work for the welfare of the poor and helpless women and children for making their good future
in education, social and other fields. To open and run, educational and vocational schools or
institutions to bring education within the reach of poor & backward children and women in the
national capital territory of Delhi. To run programmes of environment and pollution control. To
provide libraries publish books on educational, cultural & social subjects.
About us
Change the world works towards Education for All and promotes child rights, thereby lifting
thousands of children from the state of misery and scarcity to a position of dignity and happiness.
change the world helps children to get the knowledge and life skills they need to realise their full
cognitive potential.
Education is one of the most powerful tools in breaking the cycle of poverty. Padho aur Badho is
change the world ‘s pioneering effort in collaboration with GAIL India, to provide education
opportunities to deprived children in urban slums. So far we have reached out to 10,000 poor and
out-of-school children living in urban slums".
What we do
Education
Change the world works towards Education for All and promotes child rights, thereby lifting
cognitive potential. Education is one of the most powerful tools in breaking the cycle of poverty.
Padho aur Badho is change the world ‘s pioneering effort in collaboration with GAIL India, to
provide education opportunities to deprived children in urban slums. So far we have reached out to
30,000 poor and out-of-school children living in urban slums.
Economic Empowerment
Change the world runs various programmes for economic empowerment of poverty-stricken rural
and urban youth in various states under the schemes of government of India and corporate social
responsibility initiatives. change the world works with communities to ensure that families in
extreme poverty have the skills they need to increase their income. We have designed programmes
like UDAAN and UTKARSH with an objective of enhancing the skill sets of poor people for
35
different income-driven trades, such as agriculture, farm and non-farm, IT and ICT, Hospitality,
Sales and Retail and textiles and garments, manufacturing industry workers, etc.
Change the world Foundation implements Government of India’s SGSY Programme for livelihood
opportunities and job-placement for BPL rural youth and women through Public-Private Partnership
Approach and attempts to bridge the ever-widening divide between those who have access to
opportunities and those who are increasingly being marginalized from the new jobs in the new
economy.
The on-going project envisages socio-economic transformation of the underprivileged youth &
women from a status of unemployment and vulnerability to a product of employability in the
market. It aims to create opportunities to the disadvantaged youth & women in rural areas for
quality flexible skills training and placement services in consonance with the employers needs and
demands and prepare them for new economic jobs.
Women’s Empowerment
Change the world works with a special focus on women’s empowerment and provides skills
development and employment linkages to thousands of women across the nation. Project GARIMA
has been designed for skill development of women in various trades such as garment making,
embroidery and handicraft making, beauty culture, dried foods and namkeen making, etc.
Health
Change the world Foundation has been successfully conducting various community development
programmes in health sector which include the operation of a mobile health van for poor and
disadvantaged in the slums of Delhi and NOIDA, awareness generation activities health camps,
vaccination programmes, etc.
Our health interventions works for reproductive and child health, aiming to reduce maternal,
neonatal and child mortality. Its aim is to improve overall immunization coverage, raise awareness
about the indispensable role played by routine immunization in protecting a community’s health,
improve the quality of emergency obstetric care and promote an integrated management of early
childhood illnesses. We work to support the existing community health facilities.
36
Gender mainstreaming is of special concern to us. Due to their lower social status, girls are far more
at risk of malnutrition than boys their age. Partly as a result of this cultural bias, up to one third of
all adult women in India are underweight. The project seeks to provide the healthcare facilities to
girl children and to create awareness about equal status and facilities for both girls and boys.
Water and Sanitation
37 per cent of the developing world’s population 2.5 billion people lack improved sanitation
facilities, and over 780 million people still use unsafe drinking water sources. Inadequate access to
safe water and sanitation services, coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills and sickens thousands
of children every day, and leads to impoverishment and diminished opportunities for thousands
more.
67 per cent of Indian households do not treat their drinking water, even though it could be
chemically or bacterially contaminated. Only a quarter the total population in India has drinking
water on their premises and women, who have to collect the drinking water, are vulnerable to a
number of unsafe practices. Only 13 per cent of adult males collect water.
Change the world works with people and communities in various states to improve access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation and to raise awareness of the importance of hand washing and
waste management.
Change the world works to save and conserve water through rainwater harvesting and optimising
the usage of water because water is natural resource which is fast depleting from the ground. The
Foundation also strives to ensure that people consume safe water and adopt good hygiene and
sanitation practices.
Renewable Energy Resource
India’s consumption of energy is today the fifth largest in the world, exceeding own production by
12.7%. Rapid domestic economic and population growth will keep the need for energy growing in
the future, and so the challenge is how to increase both energy production and energy efficiency.
One of the major challenges is the restricted availability of electrical power; more than 400 million
Indians have no access to electricity. The situation is most serious in scarcely populated areas. In
addition, there are frequent interruptions in local electricity distribution, due to poor condition of the
power grids.
37
Lakhs of poor families having inadequate electrical supply use kerosene lamps for lighting and
kerosene or firewood for cooking. A kerosene lamp spews out an average of a ton of CO2 in less
than 10 years. To make matters worse, families generally cook indoors on wood fires. The health
effects of burning kerosene, coal and wood are staggering, toxic smokes cause respiratory diseases
that kill 1.6 million women and children every year and cause severe respiratory problems for tens
of millions.
Major NGO Campaigns
In order to achieve a common goal, NGOs combine their expertise and resources to maximize their
advocacy efforts. Networks of international NGOs usually come under one umbrella organization
and can combine thousands of groups. Movements sometimes start off from the grassroots, with
little financial resources. Campaigns aim at raising public awareness, lobbying governments and
mobilizing citizens. Very successful campaigns achieve international change by laying groundwork
for new treaties, standards or institutions.
Girls' Education - It takes care of girls education, gender discrimination, health and nourishment,
girls rights, etc.
War on Want - War on Want is a UK-based non-governmental organisation, which campaigns

against poverty, inequality and injustice across the world. It focuses on what it considers to be the
social and economic root causes of global poverty.
Child Nutrition - They work to end child hunger, and also check if malnutrition still exists.
How You Can Help
On one hand, there are people who live their life lavishly. They are not only enjoying the joy of
essentials but also have what they want and desire; a luxurious living providing them an extra
comfort. On the other hand, there are people who cannot even afford the basic requirements of
living. They do not have shelter to live, food to eat, and clothes to wear.People who have extra are
living a comfortable and a posh life. While those who have barely the vitals are fighting each day
for life. They fail to meet the basic requirements.
There are people who have much more than they need to live while others have barely enough to
survive.
38
Poor people do not have enough clothing, food, education and healthcare. Being poor means
deprived economically, politically and socially. They hardly get opportunities. They have
inadequate nutrition, higher risk of diseases and lack access to healthcare and basic essentials for
living resulting in low achievement.
One cannot make such people opulent but can at least help them achieve the essentials of life and
lead a prosperous life. Helping the poor and needy people is a good deed. Caring for the poor and
needy people and helping them is a noble endeavor. The more you give to poor and needy people,
the more you strengthen their dependency. If you give them the chance or opportunity, you’ll see an
effective and long-lasting improvement in their lives. Create a new system built on inter-
dependency which motivates them to work and move forward and their dignity is maintained.
Tossing out money or other kinds of donation do help the poor and needy people but the need is to
direct your energies and efforts in raising them, building relationship, teaching them and moreover,
regaining their self-confidence and self-esteem to work for themselves.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
 To promote love and affection
 Take responsibilities of small blossoms like kids
 Gives children the form of life style they need survive
 Educate them
 Making social changes more implementing
 Dove them self blessing
39
CHAPTER-3
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

REQUIREMENT
40
HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
VIRTUAL MEMORY
PROCESSOR : Intel(R) Core(TM) I3 – 2350M CPU
RAM : 2.00 GB
HARD DISK : 500 GB
SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
OPERATING SYSTEM : Windows 7
FRONT END : HTML, CSS, Photoshop
MIDDLEWARE : Notepad
41
CHAPTER-4
RESULTS AND CODING
42
RESULTS
Home Page
Figure: 1
Figure: 2
43
CODING:
Home Page
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>NGO Website Template</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<div>
<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png" widh="250" height="80"

alt="logo"></a>
<ul>
<li class="current">
<a href="index.html">Home</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="about.html">About</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a>
</li>
44
<li>
<a href="getinvolved.html">Get Involved</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="news.html">News & Blog</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<marquee behavior="alternate" direction="left">Save life save tree save water save

world</marquee>

<div id="body">
<div class="header">
<div>
<img src="images/p.jpg" alt="Image">
<div id="tagline">
<h1>Save Lives</h1>
<h3> </h3>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2>To work for the welfare of the poor and helpless women and children for making their good
future in education, social and other fields.To open and run, educational and vocational schools or
institutions to bring education within the reach of poor & backward children and women in the
45
national Capital Territory of Delhi.To run programmes of Environment and pollution control.To
provide libraries publish books on educational, cultural & social subjects. </h2>
</div>
<div class="body">
<div>
<div class="figure">
<a href="campaigns.html"><img src="images/hands.jpg" alt="Image"></a>
<h2><a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a></h2>
</div>
<div class="news">
<h2>News & Blog</h2>
<ul>
<li>save the world (NGO) द्वारा न िःशुल्क नित्रकला प्रनियोनििा का आयोज </li>
<li>Drawing competition on 15th of May 2015</li>
<li>व महोत्सव के मौके पर Change the WorldNGO द्वारा वृक्षारोपण</li>
</ul>
<span class="link"><a href="news.html">Go To News</a></span>
</div>
<div class="help">
<h2>How To Help</h2>
<a href="getinvolved.html"><img src="images/finger.jpg" alt="Image"></a>
<h3>the real tragedy of the poor is the poverty of their aspiration</h3>
<span class="link"><a href="getinvolved.html">Get Involved</a></span>
46
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div>
<form action="index.html">
<h2>Send A Message</h2>
<label for="name"><span>Your Name:</span>
<input type="text" id="name">
</label>
<label for="emailad"><span>Email Address:</span>
<input type="text" id="emailad">
</label>
<label for="message"><span class="message">Message:</span>
<textarea name="message" id="message" cols="30" rows="10"></textarea>
</label>
<input type="submit" class="send" value="Send">
</form>
<div>
<h2>Contact Details</h2>
<ul>
<li>
47
<b>Location</b>
<span>:</span>
<p>H.NO-195 SITE 1 VIKAS PURI NEW DELHI 110018</p>
</li>
<li>
<b>Phone</b>
<span>:</span>
<p>9871225437, 9711406079, 7827141155</p>
</li>
<li>
<b>Email</b>
<span>:</span> <b>Email</b> <span>:</span>

JANARIMPA@GMAIL.COM,MUKESHTANWAR@GMAIL.COM,PARAS007@GMAIL.COM,
HARMEETSINGH@GMAIL.COM </li>
<li>
<b>Social</b>
<span>:</span>
<div>
<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/facebook/" id="facebook"

target="_blank">facebook</a>
<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/twitter/" id="twitter" target="_blank">twitter</a>
<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/googleplus/" id="googleplus"

target="_blank">google+</a>
</div>
48
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p>© Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
About Us
Figure: 3
49
Figure: 4
CODING:
About Us
<html>
<head>
<title>About - NGO Website Template</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<div>
<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png" alt="logo" widht="200" height="80"

></a>
50
<ul>
<li>
</li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="body">
<div id="about">
<h1>About us</h1>
<div class="aside">
<div>
51
<p>
<span>“change the world works towards Education for All and promotes child rights,
thereby lifting thousands of children from the state of misery and scarcity to a position of dignity
and happiness. change the world helps children to get the knowledge and life skills they need to
realise their full cognitive potential.<br>
change the world & lsquo;s pioneering effort in collaboration with GAIL India, to provide
education opportunities to deprived children in urban slums. So far we have reached out to 10,000
poor and out-of-school children living in urban slums & quot;.</span>
</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div>
<h3>What we do</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p><strong>Education </strong><br>
change the world works towards Education for All and promotes child rights, thereby lifting
cognitive potential.<br>
change the world ‘s pioneering effort in collaboration with GAIL India, to provide education
opportunities to deprived children in urban slums. So far we have reached out to 30,000 poor and
out-of-school children living in urban slums.</p>
<p><strong>Economic Empowerment</strong><br>
change the world runs various programmes for economic empowerment of poverty-stricken rural
and urban youth in various states under the schemes of government of India and corporate social
52
responsibility initiatives. change the world works with communities to ensure that families in
extreme poverty have the skills they need to increase their income. We have designed programmes
like UDAAN and UTKARSH with an objective of enhancing the skill sets of poor people for
different income-driven trades, such as agriculture, farm and non-farm, IT and ICT, Hospitality,
Sales and Retail and textiles and garments, manufacturing industry workers, etc.<br>
change the world Foundation implements Government of India’s SGSY Programme for
livelihood opportunities and job-placement for BPL rural youth and women through Public-Private
Partnership Approach and attempts to bridge the ever-widening divide between those who have
access to opportunities and those who are increasingly being marginalized from the new jobs in the
new economy.<br>
The on-going project envisages socio-economic transformation of the underprivileged youth &
women from a status of unemployment and vulnerability to a product of employability in the
market. It aims to create opportunities to the disadvantaged youth & women in rural areas for
quality flexible skills training and placement services in consonance with the employers needs and
demands and prepare them for new economic jobs.</p>
<p><strong>Women ’s Empowerment</strong><br>
change the world works with a special focus on women ’s empowerment and provides skills
development and employment linkages to thousands of women across the nation. Project GARIMA
has been designed for skill development of women in various trades such as garment making,
embroidery and handicraft making, beauty culture, dried foods and namkeen making, etc.</p>
<p><strong>Health</strong><br> change
the world Foundation has been successfully conducting various community development
programmes in health sector which include the operation of a mobile health van for poor and
disadvantaged in the slums of Delhi and NOIDA, awareness generation activities health camps,
vaccination programmes, etc.<br>
Our health interventions works for reproductive and child health, aiming to reduce maternal,
neonatal and child mortality. Its aim is to improve overall immunization coverage, raise awareness
about the indispensable role played by routine immunization in protecting a community’s
health, improve the quality of emergency obstetric care and promote an integrated management of
early childhood illnesses. We work to support the existing community health facilities.<br>
53
Gender mainstreaming is of special concern to us. Due to their lower social status, girls are far more
at risk of malnutrition than boys their age. Partly as a result of this cultural bias, up to one third of
all adult women in India are underweight. The project seeks to provide the healthcare facilities to
girl children and to create awareness about equal status and facilities for both girls and boys.</p>
<p><strong>Read more about our ongoing health projects</strong></p>
<p><strong>Water and Sanitation</strong><br>
37 per cent of the developing world’s population 2.5 billion people lack improved sanitation
facilities, and over 780 million people still use unsafe drinking water sources. Inadequate access to
safe water and sanitation services, coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills and sickens thousands
of children every day, and leads to impoverishment and diminished opportunities for thousands
more.</p>
<p>67 per cent of Indian households do not treat their drinking water, even though it could be
chemically or bacterially contaminated. Only a quarter the total population in India has drinking
water on their premises and women, who have to collect the drinking water, are vulnerable to a
number of unsafe practices. Only 13 per cent of adult males collect water.<br>
change the world works with people and communities in various states to improve access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation and to raise awareness of the importance of hand washing and
waste management.<br>
change the world works to save and conserve water through rainwater harvesting and optimising the
usage of water because water is natural resource which is fast depleting from the ground. The
Foundation also strives to ensure that people consume safe water and adopt good hygiene and
sanitation practices.<br>
We have initiated water and sanitation projects in Meghalaya, Assam, Chandigarh, Delhi/NCR, UP,
Rajasthan and Jharkhand.</p>
<p><strong>Read more about our water security project</strong></p>

<p><strong>Renewable Energy Resource</strong> <br>
India ’s consumption of energy is today the fifth largest in the world, exceeding own
production by 12.7%. Rapid domestic economic and population growth will keep the need for
energy growing in the future, and so the challenge is how to increase both energy production and
54
energy efficiency. One of the major challenges is the restricted availability of electrical power;
more than 400 million Indians have no access to electricity. The situation is most serious in scarcely
populated areas. In addition, there are frequent interruptions in local electricity distribution, due to
poor condition of the power grids.<br>
Lakhs of poor families having inadequate electrical supply use kerosene lamps for lighting and
kerosene or firewood for cooking. A kerosene lamp spews out an average of a ton of CO2 in less
than 10 years. To make matters worse, families generally cook indoors on wood fires. The health
effects of burning kerosene, coal and wood are staggering, toxic smokes cause respiratory diseases
that kill 1.6 million women and children every year and cause severe respiratory problems for tens
of millions.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sidebar">
<h2>Be Part of Our Community</h2>
<p>
If you're experiencing issues and concerns about ou NGO, join the us and meet other people
in the community who share the same interests with you.
</p><div>
<img src="images/ppt.jpg" alt="Image" width="229" height="268" length="100"></div>
<h2> </h2>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div>
55
</label>
</label>
</label>
</form>
<div>
<ul>
<li>
<b>Location</b>
<span>:</span>
</li>
<li>
<b>Phone</b>
56
<span>:</span>9871225437, 9711406079, 7827141155</li>
<li>
<b>Email</b>
<span>:</span>
<p>JANARIMPA@GMAIL.COM,MUKESHTANWAR@GMAIL.COM,PARAS007@GMAIL.C
OM,HARMEETSINGH@GMAIL.COM</p>
</li>
<li>
<b>Social</b>
<span>:</span>
<div>


</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p> © Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.
</p>
</div>
57
</body>
</html>
Campaigns
Figure: 5
CODING:
Campaigns
<html>
<head>
<title>Campaigns - NGO Website Template</title>
58
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<div>
<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png" alt="logo"widh="200" height="80"

></a>
<ul>
<li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
</ul>
59
</div>
</div>
<div id="body">
<div id="campaigns">
<div class="header">
<div>
<h2><br>
Major NGO Campaigns</h2>
<p>In order to achieve a common goal, NGOs combine their expertise and resources to maximize
their advocacy efforts. Networks of international NGOs usually come under one umbrella
organization and can combine thousands of groups. Movements sometimes start off from the
grassroots, with little financial resources. Campaigns aim at raising public awareness, lobbying
governments and mobilizing citizens. Very successful campaigns achieve international change by
laying groundwork for new treaties, standards or institutions.</p>
<p><ahref="http://www.campaignforeducation.org/en/campaigns/girls-education" rel="noreferrer
nofollow" target="_blank" onmouseover="return require('qtext').tooltip(this,
'campaignforeducation.org')" data tooltip="attached">Girls' Education</a> - It takes care of girls
education, gender discrimination, health and nourishment, girls rights, etc. </p>
<p><br>
<a href="http://.../" rel="noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">War on Want</a> - War on Want is

a UK-based non-governmental organisation, which campaigns against poverty, inequality and
injustice across the world. It focuses on what it considers to be the social and economic root
causes of global poverty. </p>
<p><br>
<a href="http://www.care.org/work/world-hunger/child-hunger" rel="noreferrer nofollow"

target="_blank" onmouseover="return require('qtext').tooltip(this, 'care.org')" data-
60
tooltip="attached">Child Nutrition</a> - They work to end child hunger, and also check if
malnutrition still exists. </p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<img src="images/srk.jpg" alt="Image">
</div>
<div class="body"></div>
<div class="footer"><em>“I would rather die of passion than of boredom.”</em><a

href="getinvolved.html">Get Involved</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div>
</label>
<input type="text" id="emailad"></label>
</label>
61
</form><div>
<ul>
<li>
<b>Location</b>
<span>:</span>H.NO-195 SITE 1 VIKAS PURI NEW DELHI 110018</li>
<li>
<b>Phone</b>
<span>:</span><span>:</span>9871225437, 9711406079, 7827141155</li>
<li><b>Email</b>
<span>:</span>
JANARIMPA@GMAIL.COM,MUKESHTANWAR@GMAIL.COM,PARAS007@GMAIL.COM,
HARMEETSINGH@GMAIL.COM
</li><li></li>
<li>
<b>Social</b>
<span>:</span>
<div>


62
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p>
© Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
63
Get Involved
Figure: 6
Figure: 7
64
CODING:
Get Involved
<html>
<head>
<title>Get Involved - NGO Website Template</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<div>
<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png"widht="200" height="80

alt="logo"></a>
<ul>
<li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
<li><a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a>
</li>
65
</li>
<li>
</li>
</ul>
</div></div>
<div id="body">
<div id="getinvolved">
<div>
<div class="aside">
<div>
<h1>How You Can Help</h1>
<p>On one hand, there are people who live their life lavishly. They are not only enjoying the joy of
essentials but also have what they want and desire; a luxurious living providing them an extra
comfort. On the other hand, there are people who cannot even afford the basic requirements of
living. They do not have shelter to live, food to eat, and clothes to wear.People who have extra are
living a comfortable and a posh life. While those who have barely the vitals are fighting each day
for life.They fail to meet the basic requirements.</p>
<p>There are people who have much more than they need to live while others have barely enough
to survive.</p>
<p>Poor people do not have enough clothing, food, education and healthcare. Being poor means
deprived economically, politically and socially. They hardly get opportunities. They have
inadequate nutrition, higher risk of diseases and lack access to healthcare and basic essentials for
living resulting in low achievement.</p>
66
<p>One cannot make such people opulent but can at least help them achieve the essentials of life
and lead a prosperous life. Helping the poor and needy people is a good deed. Caring for the poor
and needy people and helping them is a noble endeavor. The more you give to poor and needy
people, the more you strengthen their dependency. If you give them the chance or opportunity,
you’ll see an effective and long-lasting improvement in their lives. Create a new system built on
inter-dependency which motivates them to work and move forward and their dignity is maintained.
Tossing out money or other kinds of donation do help the poor and needy people but the need is to
direct your energies and efforts in raising them, building relationship, teaching them and moreover,
regaining their self-confidence and self-esteem to work for themselves.</p>
<p>Change your perspective. Instead of considering them as a project to help, view them as people
to love and respect. Following are the few ways to help the poor and needy people</p>
</div>
<div>
<p>
</p>
<img src="images/p.jpg" alt="Image" width="229" height="268" length="100"></div>
<img src="images/finger2.jpg" alt="Image">
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="campaigns.html"><img src="images/hands2.jpg" alt="Image"></a>
<h2><a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a></h2>
</div>
67
</div>
</div>
<div>
<h1> </h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div>
</label>
</label>
</label>
</form>
<div>
68
<ul>
<li>
<b>Location</b>
<span>:</span>
</li>
<li>
<b>Phone</b>
<span>:</span>
<p>9871225437, 9711406079, 7827141155</p>
</li>
<li>
<b>Email</b>
<span>:</span>
<p>JANARIMPA@GMAIL.COM,MUKESHTANWAR@GMAIL.COM,PARAS007@GMAIL.C
OM,HARMEETSINGH@GMAIL.COM C</p>
</li>
<li>
<b>Social</b>
<span>:</span>
<div>

69

</div>
</li></ul>
</div></div>
<p>© Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
70
News and Blogs
CODING:
News
<html>
<head>
<title>News & Blog - NGO Website Template</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<div>
<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png" alt="logo" width="180" height="59"

length="100"></a>
71
<ul>
<li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
<li>
</li>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="body">
<div id="newsblog">
<div class="aside">
<div>
72
<h2>NEWS</h2>
<p> </p>
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<h1>Change the world (NGO) द्वारा न िःशुल्क नित्रकला प्रनियोनििा का आयोज </h1>
</li>
<li>
<h2> </h2
<h1>व महोत्सव के मौके पर Change the WorldNGO द्वारा वृक्षारोपण</h1>
<p> </p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<img src="images/122.jpg" alt="Image" height="250" width="500">
</div>
<div>
<img src="images/poverty.jpg" alt="Image" height="300" width="295">
</div>
</li>
</ul>
73
</div>
</div>
<p>
© Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
74
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
75
According to us the NGO’S should be establish in various areas so that there is no child begging for
his survival or crying at the footpath. NGO at least provide the basic emetics to all the orphanage ,
widows and to all the kids whose parents leave them. Government is trying to deduct the pathetic
and the worst side the India has created.
76
CHAPTER-5
BIBLIOGRAPHY
77
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References
Various sites referred to during making of the project are as follows:
1. https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_website.asp
2. https://www.kv2langjingimphal.org/admin/downloads/1627901613html-_i_notes.pdf
3. file:///C:/xampp/htdocs/ngowebsitetemplate/about.html
4. file:///C:/xampp/htdocs/ngowebsitetemplate/index.html
Books
1. Head first HTML with CSS by Chris Schalk (author), Ed Burns (author), James Holmes.
2. HML and XHTML by Chuck Musciano and Bill Kennedy.
3. The best-practice guide to XHTML by Patrick Griffith.
78

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Computer Application Project

Bachelor of Business Admisnistration (GENERAL) programme of

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. DAVINDER SINGH RIMPA JANA

Kamal Institute of Higher Education and Advanced Technology

K-1 Extension, Mohan garden,

It is to certify that the html website on “Non-Governmental Organisation” has

Signature of the Guide

Harmeet Singh Mokha

S. No. Topic Page No.

2. Work done and Objective 34-39

3. Hardware and Software Requirements 40-41

4. Results and Coding 42-74

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a government

City-wide organizations include organizations such as chambers of commerce and industry,

'National NGOs include national organizations such as the YMCAs/YWCAs, professional

Governmental related organizations / non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group.

BINGO: 'Business-friendly international NGO' or 'Big international NGO'

TANGO: 'Technical assistance NGO'

TSO: 'Third-sector organization'

GONGO: 'Government-operated NGOs' (set up by governments to look like NGOs in order to

DONGO: 'Donor organized NGO'

INGO: 'International NGO'

QUANGO: 'Quasi-autonomous NGO,' such as the International Organization for Standardization

CSO: 'Civil Society Organization'

ENGO: 'Environmental NGO,' such as Greenpeace and WWF

NNGO: 'Northern NGO'

SNGO: 'Southern NGO'

SCO: 'Social change organization'

GSO: Grassroots Support Organization

MANGO: 'Market advocacy NGO'

NGDO: 'Non-governmental development organization'

Track II dialogue, or Track II diplomacy, is transnational coordination that involves non-official

Both operational and campaigning

(1) an assessment of program effectiveness;

Monitoring and control

 Unincorporated and voluntary association

How NGOs Influence World Affairs

The general form of an HTML element is therefore: <tag attribute1="value1"

<h1>Heading level 1</h1>

<h2>Heading level 2</h2>

<h3>Heading level 3</h3>

<h4>Heading level 4</h4>

<h5>Heading level 5</h5>

<p>Paragraph 1</p> <p>Paragraph 2</p>

<p>This <br> is a paragraph <br> with <br> line breaks</p>

<a href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">A link to Wikipedia!</a>

Cascading Style Sheets

1. Separation of content from presentation

CSS facilitates publication of content in multiple presentation formats based on nominal

CSS defines three positioning schemes:

Position: top, bottom, left, and right

The default value places the item in the normal flow

WORKDONE AND OBJECTIVE

Water and Sanitation

Renewable Energy Resource

Major NGO Campaigns

War on Want - War on Want is a UK-based non-governmental organisation, which campaigns

How You Can Help

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To promote love and affection

<a href="news.html">News & Blog</a>

<h2>News & Blog</h2>

<p>© Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.

<a href="news.html">News & Blog</a>

<p><strong>Women ’s Empowerment</strong><br>

<p> © Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.

<a href="news.html">News & Blog</a>