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1. The word ‘Biology’ comes from the Greek words ‘bios’ which means life and ‘logos’ which means study.
2. Thus, Biology is the study of living things, their life processes as well as their interactions with the
environment.
3. The study of Biology is very wide. It comprises the study of the biosphere to the study of the microscopic
world of cells and molecules.
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Scientific Skills
Identifying a problem
1. All scientific investigation begins with an observation of a specific phenomenon.
2. Observations enable scientists to formulate questions which lead to problem statements such as ‘Does
light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?’
3. This will lead to arrive of an inference (a logical conclusion or possible interpretation for an
observation). Inference is not a fact, it is only one of the many possible interpretations derived from an
observation.
Forming a hypothesis
1. Hypothesis is a general statement about an observed phenomenon, the validity of which has not been
proven yet.
2. It provides a clear link between a manipulated variable and responding variable.
3. Hypotheses are tested in laboratory by carry out experiments.
Planning an investigation
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1. An investigation involves collecting relevant information about an experiment, determining apparatus
and materials needed, identifying variables and planning the procedures of the experiment.
b) Responding variable – is the dependent variable which is the outcome of an experiment. It is the
result obtained due to the changes in the manipulated variable. It can be observed or measured and
recorded in the form of data.
c) Fixed or constant variables – are factors which have significant effects on the outcome of
investigation and must be kept constant throughout the experiment.
Conducting the experiment
1. Experiment is repeated a three times to obtain a more precise and reliable average or mean reading.
2. When conducting experiments, apparatus, materials and specimens used must be handled correctly and
safely.
3. The experimental design should include a control experiment for comparison. The control experiment
is similar in every aspect to the test experiment except that the manipulated variable is kept constant.
Recording data
1. Data can be presented in the form of tables, graphs, charts or diagram.
Analysing data
1. Analysing data may include calculations of a result. Proper workings of the calculations should also be
included.
Making conclusions
1. At the end of the experiment, the results must be interpreted. A rational conclusion is drawn as to
whether the results support or refute the hypothesis. An inaccurate hypothesis does not mean that failed
in the investigation. It just means that the prediction of the outcome is probably incorrect. New
hypotheses can be formulated and tested.
Writing a report
1. Results of experiment must be presented in writing.
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Being objective
Being systematic
Being cooperative
Daring to try
Being confident and independent
Having critical and analytical thinking
Thinking rationally
Appreciating the balance of nature
Being thankful to God
Being kind-hearted and caring
Realising that science is a means to understand nature
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(a) (i) Based on the Diagram 1, record the maximum height in each measuring cylinder. [3m]
(ii) Draw a bar graph of the height of the mixture (ml) against the types of sugars. [3m]
(ii) State one inference for each of the observations made in (b)(i). [3m]
(i)_________________________________________________________________________________
(ii)________________________________________________________________________________
(c)
Variables: Method to handled:
a) Manipulated
b) Responding
c) Constant
[3m]
(f) If the apparatus set up is left for 5 hours, predict what will happen to the height of the foam in cylinder A.
Explain why. [3m]
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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