Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
What is computer?
Computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving data in a
particular form and performs a sequence of operation in accordance with a
predetermined but variable set of procedural information or signals
History of Computer
History of computer can be considered from arise of human culture as
person known the calculation they used to something for this purpose like,
pebbles, stone etc. but as a device Roman’s abacus a first device used in B.C
for calculation Charles Babbage invented two machines Analytical engine
and different engine and Hollerith ‘s Census Machines (Tabulating .machine).
Howard Aiken (IBM) had designed Mark I, the first operational general-
purpose electro- mechanical computer. John Mauchley and Presper Eckert
make the electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) first
general purpose, digital electronic Computer used to compute a ballistic
firing. Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) , the first commercially
successful Computer. Two Era arises Mechanical Era (Before 1945) having
mechanical device and the electronic Era (From 1945) having electronic
processing technology .Electronic Era is divided in to four generation.
Generation of Computer
Computer are divided in these forms of generations have been described
time wise as well as technologies used.
First Generation (1945-1954)- In the very first generations of
Computer, it had been used Vacuum tube technologies which make a
computer possible to do calculation.
Second Generation (1955-1964)- In this generation segment of
computer, it had been used Transistors which made a computer a little
concise and faster to do the same.
Third Generation (1965-1974)- in the third generation of computer,
it had been used integrated circuits which made this faster comparatively
and reliable as well.
Fourth Generation (1975 Till Date) - In this generation of computers,
there had been used micro processors inside to work for better
comparatively. This is most reliable among and very concise in size to be
portable anywhere you want
Fifth generation (present and next)- This is the generation of
computers where computers are assigned automatic intelligence; they use
artificial intelligence where they will use their own I Q too to solve problem
at end
Characteristic of Computer
Characteristic Characters of computers are likely to be defined or tell the
capabilities of the computers. Here we see…
Speed: computers can carry out instruction in less than a millionth of a
second. As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few
seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. You will be
surprised to know that computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of
instructions and even more per second.
Accuracy: Computers can do the calculations without errors and very
accurately. The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every
calculation is perform with the same accuracy. The accuracy level is
determined on the basis of design of computer. The errors in are due
human and inaccurate data.
Diligence: Computers are capable of performing any task given to them
repetitively. A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration,
weakness, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error. If millions
of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every
calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this capability it over power
human is being in routine type of work.
Storage Capacity: Computers can store large volume of data and
information on magnetic media. The computer has an in-built memory
were it can store a large amount of data. You can also store data in
secondary storage device such as floppies, optical disks, which can kept
outside your and can be carried to other computers.
Versatility: Computer are versatile; they perform multiple different tasks
at the same time for e.g. playing music and drafting your document and
even you can print a page. It means the capacity to perform completely
different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips.
Next moment you my use it for inventory management or to prepare
electric bills.
Computer System-: A Computer system is an asset which include few
tangible assets peripherals, processing device, memory etc. they can either
be divided in system panels or as entities involved to make computer
system possible Here are some terms as system panel or system entities of
the computer system …
Power switch-: It is the switch button which is used to start the
computer system and you can even shut down the system by pressing and
holding it.
Reset button-: It is used to restart the computer system in case if during
run time you need any start
CD/DVD ROM drive-: It is the CD/DVD Rom drive which is used to access
optical disks like CD (Compact disk) and DVD (Digital video disk).
Floppy Drive-: This drive is used to access floppy disks.
Front USB port, Mic & Headphone slot-: This very slots are used to
accept any USBs, Mic & headphone. The slots of Mic & headphone are
called jack slot. It is located at the front panel of the CPU cabinet.
Indicator light-: It is the signal light which confirms that system is still
running and when you shut this down then it gets automatically turn off.
Power supply socket-: This slot is used to supply the power to the CPU.
In this You connect a power cable through which the power is supplied to
SMPS and that reaches to every part of the necessary component
Keyboard Socket -: This slot is used to connect the keyboard to the
computer system.
Mouse socket-: This very slot is used to connect the mouse to the
computer system.
Parallel port-: This is used to connect any parallel device to the computer
system. This parallel device may be a printer or something similar.
VGA Port -: This port is used to connect to visual display unit like monitor.
Rear USB Port-: This is called USB 2.0, used to connect USBs to the
computer system like any electronic device USB connector can be
connected to the computer system
Mic & Speaker jack slot-: These slots are used to connect Sounds in ,
Sound out and Microphone to the computer system so that you can store
the delivered sound to the system and can retrieve or play the music or
sound the through Sound Out slot with the help of speakers. You will need
to insert The jack of those to the appropriate jack slot.
Network Slot -: This slot is used connect to any network through the
network cable.
IEEE 1394 (Fire Wire): The IEEE 1349 interface is a serial bus interface
standard for high speed communication and isochronous (A sequence of
events) real time data transfer. It was named as fire Wire Its developed
Apple Inc. The 1394 interface is comparable to USB Though USB has more
market Share.
Mother Board-: This is main component of the computer system where all
electronic components integrated together and support to make computer
system run is situated and set There like RAM, ROM Processor and many
more.
Fan-: This is set inside and set the fan face to outside sot that whatever
heat generated by the
CPU (Central Process Unit)-: This is set inside the computer system
used to process the data for information taken as input by the user.
RAM-: This primary memory (volatile in nature) in the form of chips is
integrated with a slot.
Rom-: This is chips with BLOS information integrated with a slot in
motherboard. This is non- volatile and contains BLOS information booting
process
Display Adapter card (Graphics Card)-: This is adapter card used link
monitor to CPU. Whatever task a being performed in the CPU can be
viewed and displayed to monitor with the help of this
Expansion Slot -: These slots are used to connect any extra device or
interface with computer system you want to connect. This is used to
enhance the capability of a computer system in case if you connect any
extra interface or feature.
How to Start Up a Computer-: Here we will see and learn strting a
computer system in some simple steps
as follows Connect the cables . Connect the power cable with power socket
at the rear panel of the computer to get start. The Basic peripheral device
required to work on a computer must be connected with their ports like
mouse, Keyboard and Monitor etc.
Supply the power-: Supply the power/ Electricity to the computer
system connected to an electricity board through an UPS.
Press power button-: This is the switch button which does start the
computer after begin pressed.
Wait the Computer to boot up-: A screen showing a logo “Starting
windows “will appear – this is the initial ‘boot up’ screen.
Wait until everything is loaded-: The more program that are set to
load when the computer is started the longer it will take. You may not
want to attempt to start up programs or open files right away this create
more for the computer, and this will mean it takes more time before you
can be using the computer
How sit at a Computer-: Sitting at a computer for long periods of time
can take a toll on your body. By not sitting with correct posture, it is easy
to end up with back pain neck pain , knee pains and a tingling of the hands
and fingers. Here are some tips on a maintaining good ergonomics and
staying comfortable at your desk during the day .
Sit up tall to the computer seat and straight your posture toward the
computer screen
Sit close to your keyboard , stay close your keyboard
Adjust the keyboard height
Give your wrist rest after every half an hour 45 minutes
Position your monitor properly onto the desk
Take small breaker during your workday to release some of that
muscle tension
Exercise your hand by pushing top of your fingers, and using backward
resistance
Computer General Maintenance/ Important Suggestions
Here with you will learn the primary and important computer maintenance
that how a person computer (Laptop/Desktop) must me maintained and
used
Use computer under computer etiquettes (manners).
Always do proper shut down, never unplug or switch off the CPU directly.
Keep backups of the computer daily or atleast weekly basisso that the
valuable data of you may not be lost
You are recommended to keep a strong password for user login in case
of absence any one else may not login and disturb or interfere with your
valuable data.
Update necessary application upto date by downloading its update files
antivirus program operating system etc.
Do cleaning of your peripherals of computer daily or atleast in a week .
Place and use your computer only where this may stay dust and heat
free.
Run diagnostics program daily or weekly for better computer
performance for e.g. Disk cleanup, Disk defragmenter etc.
Never disturb, delete or do interface with system related files.
Avoid installing unnecessary software your computer system.
Basic application of Computer -: Computer is very useful in our day to
day working. The basic applications of computer are … In banking: As we
know that banking now a days has be
online to be accessed with a computer for transitions using computer
followed with internet service.
Light pen-: This is an input device which is used to draw lines or figures on
a computer screen. Its touched to the CRT screen where it can detect raster
on the screen as it passes.
OCR (Optical Character Reader)
It’s a device which detects alphanumeric charters printed or written on a
paper. The text which is to be scanned is illuminated by a low frequency
light source. The light is absorbed by the dark areas but reflected from the
bright Areas. The but reflected from the bright areas. The reflected light is
absorbed by the dark areas but reflected from the bright areas. The
reflected light a received by the photocells.
Microphone-: it is a kind of input device which is used to take sound as
input. We do connect it with the jack port of the computer system at the
front or rear panel of the system and use it.
Bar Code Reader-: This device reads bar codes and converts them in to
electric pulses to be processed by a computer. A bar code is nothing but
data coded in form of light and dark bears.
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader/Recognizer)
It is kind of input device which is used to read magnetic characters from a
page like on a bank cheque Some magnetic characters are used which can
only be read by MICR.
Output-: Output is a later process of input and & processing which a later
user know his/her output information via different output medium.
Whenever you give instruction to computer process a data then After
processing what result you see that is known as output.
The example of output device is as follows ….
Monitor Printer Projector Plotter Speaker
Monitor-: This is an output device. VDU is a visual soft output device and
used for getting soft visual output on screen. VDU can be categorized into
two types on the basis of technology he first one is CRT and second is LCD.
The details are as under:
(i) CRT (Cathode ray tube ): This is television –like screen where the
result of a computer’s tasks are displayed. In this technology cathode ray
falls on florescence screen and by deflecting ray make picture. There are
two types of CRTs:
Monochrome: Also called black and white.
Color: It has three different phosphors which emit red, green, and blue
light respectively and do you the RGB color picture appears in colored view.
(i) LCD (Liquid Cristal Display): This VDU is thin; flat and having light
modulating technology .It is of two types:
TFT (Thin Film Transistor) it is a variant of LCD and makes matrix but
not self lighting
LED (Light Emitting Diode) it is self back light emitting technology
picture quality better.
Printer-: A printer is an output device that printers text document, images
spread Sheet etc. As hard copy printer quality is a measured is don’t per inch
(DPI). The two most common types of printers are impact printers and non
impact.
Impact printer: These types of printers strike against the link ribbon and
make impression on the paper there is metallic or plastic head having pins
(nine pin or 24 pin. Head in dot matrix) or symbol and character (in daisy
wheel printers). These printers are noisy, slow, cheap and poor quality
Output.
Dot matrix-: A dot matrix printer creates characters by striking pins against
link ribbon. Each pin makes a dot and combination of dots from characters
and illustration. This is much like a typewriter.
Non-impact printers-: In this technology there is not any hammer to strike
against ribbon. This is a latest technology. The two main types of non impact
printers are;
Inject Printer-: In this technology ‘lionized Ink” spraying thorough magnetic
plates on the sheet and making the symbol, image or document. These
printers produce high quality printings. It can print up to 300 DPI or more.
Laser printers-: In this technology as paper passes through the printers.
The laser beam fall at the surface of a cylindrical drum called a
photoreceptor. This drum has an electrical positive charge, by reversing the
charge in certain areas of the drum, the laser beam print patterns (such as
text and image) onto photoreceptor.