Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Shanghai World
Beijing
DubaiOlympic Stadium
Rotating Tower Financial Center
(492m)
828 m (2,716 ft)
• Foundation
– As a structural member that connects the superstructure
with the ground
– As a system member transferring loads to soils/rocks
• Foundation types
– Shallow foundations
– Deep foundations
– Offshore foundations
Shallow Foundations
• Square
• Rectangular
• Circular
• Continuous
• Combined
• Ring
Shallow Foundations
Shallow foundations,
where applicable, are
often the most economic.
Eiffel Tower
Each of the four legs of
Eiffel Tower is supported
by a footing. Once the
tallest structure in the
world (1889), its
foundation has not
experienced any
HKUST Enterprise Center excessive settlement.
Shaft
friction f s
Toe resistance qb
Electricity
Transmission
towers (due
to wind and
broken cable)
Deep Foundations – Driven Piles
• Prefabricated members driven into ground
Deep Foundations - Jacked Piles
Deep Foundations – Bored Piles/Drilled Shafts
• Drill cylindrical hole, install reinforcement cage, and pour concrete
Bored Pile Construction: Flight Auger
Bored Pile Construction: Grab and Chisel
15
Bored Piles in Rocks: Bellout of Pile Toe
D D
f s Soil
Bedrock
< 30
The shaft resistance in soil layers
is often ignored in Hong Kong,
but is the primary resistance for
qb = 5 –10 MPa < 1.5D piles when bedrock cannot be
reached.
Without bellout With bellout, 1.5D
Bored Piles: Reinforcement Cage
Offshore Foundations vs. Water Depth
Anchors
Jacket
Risers
Vertical
risers
Wellheads
Manifold
Pipeline
Subsea wellhead
Offshore Piles for Wind Turbines
• Strength requirements
• Geotechnical strength: the ability of the soil or rock to accept the
loads imparted by the foundation without failing (bearing failure)
• Structural strength: the foundation’s structural integrity and its
ability to safely carry the applied loads
• Serviceability requirements
• Both total settlement and differential settlement must be smaller
than their allowable values
• Constructability requirements
• The foundation must be designed such that a contractor can build
it without having to use extraordinary methods or equipment
• Economic requirements
• Economic, but more conservative than superstructures
Consequences of failure
(to future engineers like you?)
If a builder builds a house for a man and does not make its
construction firm, and the house he has built collapses and
causes the death of the owner of the house, that builder shall be
put to death.
http://ihouse.hkedcity.net/~hm1203/li
nks/hk-yu-chui.htm
Short Pile Scandal at Tin Shui Wai, 1999
• Short piles found in 1999
• Foundation retrofitted
• Over HK$100 million for maintenance
• Vacant for 13 years, sold in 2013
• Loss of over HK$500 million +
reputation
天頌苑兩幢大廈在九九年被揭發出現短樁問
題,房署其後斥資一億五千萬元為兩幢大廈
進行加固地基工程,當年房委會亦要賠償訂
金和利息開支予有關居屋的準買家,以及承
擔一千二百八十個單位延遲出售的損失,加
上七千萬元的訴訟費,涉及的金額高達六億
二千多萬元,但房署早前只獲保險公司賠償 5 Feb. 2013
兩億多元,因此事件令房署損失四億多元。
The Sun, 25 Jan. 2007
房委會推出這批居屋貨尾單位,主要集中於
當年爆出短樁醜聞的天水圍天頌苑的兩幢居
屋,事隔至今已十多年,房委會一直未有推
售這批單位.
東方電視, 5 Feb. 2013
Limit States
(a) Uniform
(c) Distortion
Global Factor of Safety
Rn
Geotechnical resistance Qi
FS
Deformation di dn
D D
≤ 1.5D
A. Strength
B. Founding on bedrock
C. Constructability
D. Serviceability
In the Shatin short pile scandal, what was the major reason that
threatened the safety of the buildings concerned?
Total settlement
Isolated foundation 25 mm
Raft foundation 50 mm
Differential settlement between adjacent columns
Open frames 20 mm
Frames with flexible cladding or finishes 10 mm
Frame with rigid cladding or finishes 5 mm
Relative rotation (angular distortion) 1 / 500
Allowable Post-construction Settlement for High-speed
Railways (Chinese Ministry of Railways 2007)
200-250 100 50
250-300 50 20
300-350 15 5
Ballast
Subbase I
Subbase II
Roadbed
The Leaning
Tower of Pisa
project
1173-1178: 19.6 m diameter
ring-shape footing & 3.5-story
tower. Tilting started.
1360-1370: constructed to the
belfry, about 56 m tall, tilting
3 toward south
°
37
Correcting the Tower Using Soil Extraction
Main column
Wall
Drainage
Basement
Diaphrag
wall
Grouting
Grouting Caisson
• Tower
A B C D E F G H H.5 J K L M N P Q R S T
1.6
3
– 380 bored piles
4 – 1.5 m diameter
– 62 – 81 m length
5
10 • Podium
– 167 bored piles
11
12
13 – 2.0 m diameter
14
– 57 – 81 m length
15
16
– Socket into bedrock
17
– 5 -29 m (Avg. 15 m)
18
19
Tower
Burj Khalifa, Dubai 2004-2010
Height: 828 m
Tower area
• 196 bored piles
• D = 1.5 m, L = 47.45 m
• Raft at -7.55 m, thickness = 3.7 m
Podium Area
• D = 0.9 m, L = 30 m
• Raft at -4.85 m, thickness = 3.7 m
Introduction to the Geotechnical Engineering
Laboratory Session
Building collapse due to liquefaction in
1964 Niigata earthquake
Water table
Shaking intensity
Frequency Duration
Water content
Soil density
Geotechnical Lab Session