Report PDF

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE
SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
By
ZENDE RUSHAB SOPAN
MIS No.111314062
Guide:
Dr. P.M.RAVAL SIR
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, B TECH PLANNING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE

(May, 2017)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled ‘Assessment of Physical density for the settlements in
Pune city’ submitted by Zende Rushab Sopan (MIS No.111314062), in the partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology Planning of College of
Engineering Pune, affiliated to the Savitribai Phule Pune University, is a record of his own work.
Dr. P.M.RAVAL SIR Dr. S.S.BHOSALE SIR
Guide Head of the Department
Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering Pune College of Engineering Pune
Date:
Place:
i
REPORT APPROVAL
This report entitled
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN

PUNE CITY
By
Zende Rushab Sopan

(111314062)
is approved for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
of
Department of Civil Engineering, B tech Planning
College of Engineering Pune
(An autonomous institute of Govt. of Maharashtra)
Examiners Name Signature
1. External Examiner
2. Internal Examiner
3. Supervisor (s)
Date:
Place:
ii
DECLARATION
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others'
ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I
also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand
that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also
evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.
ZENDE RUSHAB SOPAN
(111314062)
Date:
Place:
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The success of this research has become possible through the assistance of number of people.
Firstly, I am grateful to my thesis guide professor Dr. P.M.Raval Sir for encouraging me to select
this topic for thesis. I am extremely thankful and indebted towards him for sharing his expertise,
sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended to me during the thesis work. His
support, criticism and intellectual comments helped me to accomplish this study. He also provided
me with papers and books related to this topic.
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all the faculties in our panel for their help and
support to accomplish this study. I also thank my parents for their encouragement, support,
attention and their parental sacrifice which enabled me to study.
I am grateful to all the people who helped me by providing several important information during
the survey. I also extend collective thanks to my classmates for their special comments about my
work. I am grateful to ‘Google Earth software’ which enabled me to take all the required
measurements for the study.
I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or indirectly have lent
their hand in this venture.
Signature-
Date & Place-
iv
ABSTRACT
Zende Rushab Sopan- Assessment of physical density for the settlements in Pune city
Pune is a metropolitan city which is rapidly urbanizing due to increasing population and
migration by the people for employment and educational purpose. The rapid growth has led to the
inefficient use of land resource. The unavailability of affordable housing for the urban low income
people has resulted in growth of informal settlements on a large scale in the city. Hence there is a
need to study the intensity of use of land for proper utilization of the resources. There are very
efforts been applied by the planning authorities and professional to analyze and evaluate the
physical density of the housing settlements. There is also knowledge gap about the concept and
theories of physical density as a tool which can be used for the study of housing settlements. The
main focus of the study is the assessment of the physical density in the housing blocks. The
assessment of physical density includes its calculation, analysis, reasons for their development,
identify related problems and provide recommendations in all the housing blocks.
Physical density is the concentration of physical structures or individuals in any geographic

area. The housing block which is the study area for the calculation were selected based on
parameters like building typology and location of the site in the city. The total number of housing
blocks for the study were nine of which seven were formal settlements located in Magarpatta city,
Baner, Karvenagar, Kasba peth, Kharadi, Ambegaon Bk, AWHO Hadapsar and two informal
settlements in Yerawada and Bopodi gaothan. Ten types of physical densities like FAR, site
coverage, average height, occupancy density, residential density, average built up area per dwelling
unit, open space ratio, open space per person, side to side and back to back distance had been
calculated in these housing blocks. The spatial quality of the housing blocks based on parameters
like cross ventilation, shade and daylight have also been explored. The density is calculated by
using aerial photographs from Google Earth software. The study also involved data collection from
survey questionnaire during ground verification in the housing blocks.
The study showed that the physical density in the formal settlements was higher than that of
informal settlements. The formal settlements had good spatial qualities. The efficiency of use of
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space was more in formal settlements. Most of the formal settlements had vertical development
while the informal settlements had horizontal development. There was inefficient use of space and
lack of provision of open spaces in informal settlements.
The first and second chapter deals with the introduction and literature review necessary for the
study. The third chapter describes the methodology while the fourth chapter includes the analysis
of the data and calculation of density. The fifth chapter deals with the result and findings of the
study, sixth chapter includes identified problems and recommendations and the last chapter
describes the summary and overall conclusion of the study.
Keywords- Physical density, Spatial quality, Housing block.
vi
1 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Need of the study............................................................................................................................2
1.3 Lack of Knowledge ........................................................................................................................2
1.4 Aim of the study .............................................................................................................................4
1.5 Objectives of the study ...................................................................................................................4
1.6 Scope of the study ..........................................................................................................................4
1.7 Limitations of the study..................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................................................... 6
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Physical density ..............................................................................................................................6
2.2 Types of physical density ...............................................................................................................7
2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of high and low physical density ................................................10
2.4 Significance of physical density ...................................................................................................11
2.5 Spatial qualities ............................................................................................................................13
2.6 Previous case studies ....................................................................................................................14
2.7 Other major literature studied for this topic .................................................................................15
CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................................. 17
3 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Research methodology .................................................................................................................17
3.2 Study area .....................................................................................................................................18
3.3 Selection of housing blocks for the study ....................................................................................19
3.4 Details of housing blocks .............................................................................................................20
3.5 Data collection methods ...............................................................................................................26
3.6 Housing block ..............................................................................................................................26
vii
3.7 Method of measurement .............................................................................................................. 27
3.8 Quantifying the spatial qualities .................................................................................................. 28
3.9 Research design ........................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 30
4 FINAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 30
4.1 Data collected from the housing block ........................................................................................ 30
4.2 Calculation of the Physical density ............................................................................................. 48
4.3 Overall physical density .............................................................................................................. 58
4.4 Comparison of physical density in housing blocks ..................................................................... 59
4.5 Magnitude of physical density ..................................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................................ 66
5 RESULTS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................... 66
5.1 Physical density- Reasons ........................................................................................................... 66
5.2 Spatial qualities ........................................................................................................................... 72
5.3 Findings ....................................................................................................................................... 75
CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................................ 79
6 PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................... 79
6.1 Problems ...................................................................................................................................... 79
6.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 81
CHAPTER 7 ................................................................................................................................................ 83
7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 83
7.1 Summary...................................................................................................................................... 83
7.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 85
8 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................... 88
9 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 90
viii
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 Calculation of side to side and back to back distance in housing block .......................................9
Figure 2-2 Factors influencing density, Acioly and Davidson, 1996 ...........................................................10
Figure 2-3 Same density in different layouts- a) Multi storied buildings, b) Medium rise buildings and
c) Parallel rows of single storied buildings ..................................................................................................11
Figure 3-1 Map of Maharashtra showing Pune district
Figure 3-2 Map of Pune district showing Pune city .....................................................................................18
Figure 3-3 Map of Pune Municipal Corporation showing the selected Housing blocks for the study.........19
Figure 3-4 Housing block of Ambegaon Bk ................................................................................................20
Figure 3-5 Housing Block of Baner .............................................................................................................21
Figure 3-6 Housing block of Bopodi gaothan ..............................................................................................22
Figure 3-7 Housing block of Karvenagar .....................................................................................................22
Figure 3-8 Housing block of Kasba peth......................................................................................................23
Figure 3-9 Housing block of Kharadi ..........................................................................................................23
Figure 3-10 Housing block of Yerawada .....................................................................................................24
Figure 3-11 Housing block of AWHO, Hadapsar ........................................................................................25
Figure 3-12 Housing block of Magarpatta city ............................................................................................25
Figure 3-13 Housing block...........................................................................................................................27
Figure 4-1 Housing block of Ambegaon Bk showing building footprints and their elevation. ...................49
Figure 4-2 Housing block of Baner showing building footprints and their elevation ..................................50
Figure 4-3 Housing block of Bopodi gaothan showing building footprint and their elevation....................51
Figure 4-4 Housing block of Karvenagar showing building footprints and their elevation .........................52
Figure 4-5 Housing block of Kasba peth showing building footprints and their elevation ..........................53
Figure 4-6 Housing block of Kharadi showing building footprints and their elevation...............................54
Figure 4-7 Housing block of Yerawada showing building footprints and their elevation. ..........................55
Figure 4-8 Housing block of Awho, Hadapsar showing building footprints and their elevation .................56
Figure 4-9 Housing block of Magarpatta city showing building footprints and their elevation ..................57
ix
List of Tables
Table 4-1 Details of housing blocks of Ambegaon Bk................................................................................ 49
Table 4-2 Calculated physical density of Ambegaon Bk ............................................................................ 49
Table 4-3 Details of housing blocks of Baner ............................................................................................. 50
Table 4-4 Calculated physical density of Baner .......................................................................................... 50
Table 4-5 Details of Housing block of Bopodi gaothan .............................................................................. 51
Table 4-6 Calculated physical density of Bopodi gaothan .......................................................................... 51
Table 4-7 Details of housing block of Karvenagar ...................................................................................... 52
Table 4-8 Calculated physical density of Karvenagar ................................................................................. 52
Table 4-9 Details of housing block of Kasba peth ...................................................................................... 53
Table 4-10 Calculated physical density of Kasba peth ................................................................................ 53
Table 4-11 Details of housing block of Kharadi ......................................................................................... 54
Table 4-12 Calculated physical density of Kharadi..................................................................................... 54
Table 4-13 Details of housing block of Yerawada ...................................................................................... 55
Table 4-14 Calculated physical density of Yerawada ................................................................................. 55
Table 4-15 Details of housing block of AWHO Hadapsar .......................................................................... 56
Table 4-16 Calculated physical density of AWHO Hadapsar .................................................................... 56
Table 4-17 Details of housing block of Magarpatta city ............................................................................. 57
Table 4-18 Calculated physical density of Magarpatta city ........................................................................ 57
Table 4-19 Overall Physical density of all the housing blocks. .................................................................. 58
Table 4-20 Magnitude of Physical densities in all Housing blocks............................................................. 65
x
List of Graphs
Graph 4-1 Spatial qualities of Ambegaon Bk ..............................................................................................31
Graph 4-2 Spatial qualities of Baner ............................................................................................................33
Graph 4-3 Spatial qualities of Bopodi gaothan ............................................................................................35
Graph 4-4 Spatial quality of Karvenagar .....................................................................................................37
Graph 4-5 Spatial qualities of Kasba peth. ...................................................................................................39
Graph 4-6 Spatial qualities of Kharadi .........................................................................................................41
Graph 4-7 Spatial qualities of Yerawada .....................................................................................................43
Graph 4-8 Spatial quality of Awho, Hadapsar .............................................................................................45
Graph 4-9 Spatial quality of Magarpatta city ...............................................................................................47
Graph 4-10 Comparison of Residential density in all housing blocks .........................................................59
Graph 4-11 Comparison of Occupancy density in all housing blocks .........................................................60
Graph 4-12 Comparison of FAR in all housing blocks ................................................................................60
Graph 4-13 Comparison of Site coverage in all housing block....................................................................61
Graph 4-14 Comparison of Open space ratio in all housing blocks .............................................................62
Graph 4-15 Comparison of average height in all housing blocks ................................................................62
Graph 4-16 Comparison of average built-up area per dwelling unit in all housing blocks ..........................63
Graph 4-17 Comparison of open space per person in all housing blocks ....................................................64
Graph 4-18 Comparison of Side to side distance and Back to back distance in all housing blocks ............64
xi
List of Pie-Charts
Pie-chart 4-1 Building typology in Ambegaon Bk
Pie-chart 4-2 Width of street for accessibility in Ambegaon Bk ................................................................. 30
Pie-chart 4-3 Construction period of the houses in Ambegaon Bk
Pie-chart 4-4 Housing quality of the housing block .................................................................................... 31
Pie-chart 4-5 Orientation of houses in Ambegaon Bk
Pie-chart 4-6 Provision of open spaces in Ambegaon Bk ........................................................................... 31
Pie-chart 4-7 Building typology of Baner
Pie-chart 4-8 Construction period of the houses in Baner .......................................................................... 32
Pie-chart 4-9 Width of street for accessibility in Baner
Pie-chart 4-10 Housing quality in Bnaer ..................................................................................................... 32
Pie-chart 4-11 Orientation of the houses in Baner
Pie-chart 4-12 Provision of open spaces in Baner ....................................................................................... 33
Pie-chart 4-13 Building typology of Bopodi gaothan
Pie-chart 4-14 Housing quality of Bopodi gaothan ..................................................................................... 34
Pie-chart 4-15 Width of road for accessibility in Bopodi
Pie-chart 4-16 Construction period of Houses in Bopodi ............................................................................ 34
Pie-chart 4-17 Orientation of the house in Bopodi gaothan
Pie-chart 4-18 Provision of open space in Bopodi gaothan ......................................................................... 35
Pie-chart 4-19 Building typology of Karvenagar
Pie-chart 4-20 Width of street for accessibility in Karvenagar ................................................................. 36
Pie-chart 4-21 Construction period of houses in Karvenagar
Pie-chart 4-22 Housing quality in Karvenagar ............................................................................................ 36
Pie-chart 4-23 Orientation of the houses in Karvenagar
Pie-chart 4-24 Provision of open space in Karvenagar .............................................................................. 37
Pie-chart 4-25 Building typology in Kasba peth
Pie-chart 4-26 Width of street for accessibility in Kasba peth .................................................................... 38
Pie-chart 4-27 Housing quality in Kasba peth
Pie-chart 4-28 Construction period of houses in Kasba peth ...................................................................... 38
Pie-chart 4-29 Orientation of the houses in Kasba peth
Pie-chart 4-30 Provision of open space in Kasba peth ............................................................................... 39
Pie-chart 4-31 Building typology of Kharadi
Pie-chart 4-32 Construction period of the houses in Kharadi...................................................................... 40
Pie-chart 4-33 Housing quality of Kharadi
Pie-chart 4-34 width of street for accessibility in Kharadi .......................................................................... 40
Pie-chart 4-35 Orientation of the houses in Kharadi
Pie-chart 4-36 Provision of open space in Kharadi ..................................................................................... 41
Pie-chart 4-37 Building typology in Yerawada
Pie-chart 4-38 Construction period of houses in Yerawada ........................................................................ 42
xii
Pie-chart 4-39 Housing quality in Yerawada
Pie-chart 4-40 Width of street for accessibility in Yerawada.......................................................................42
Pie-chart 4-41 Orientation of the houses in Yerawada
Pie-chart 4-42 Provision of open space in Yerawada...................................................................................43
Pie-chart 4-43 Building typology of Awho, Hadapsar
Pie-chart 4-44 Housing quality of Awho, Hadapsar ....................................................................................44
Pie-chart 4-45 Width of street for accessibility in Awho
Pie-chart 4-46 Construction period of houses in Awho ...............................................................................44
Pie-chart 4-47 Orientation of the houses in Awho
Pie-chart 4-48 Provision of open spaces in Awho .......................................................................................45
Pie-chart 4-49 Building typology of Magarpatta city
Pie-chart 4-50 Construction period of houses in Magarpatta city ................................................................46
Pie-chart 4-51 Width of street for accessibility of Magarpatta city
Pie-chart 4-52 Housing quality of Magarpatta city ......................................................................................46
Pie-chart 4-53 Orientation of the houses in Magarpatta city
Pie-chart 4-54 Provision of open space in Magarpatta city..........................................................................47
xiii
List of Photographs
Photograph 5-1 Magarpatta city
Photograph 5-2 Magarpatta city .................................................................................................................. 66
Photograph 5-3 Karvenagar
Photograph 5-4 Karvenagar ......................................................................................................................... 67
Photograph 5-5 AWHO Hadapsar ............................................................................................................... 68
Photograph 5-6 Baner
Photograph 5-7 Baner .................................................................................................................................. 68
Photograph 5-8 Ambegaon Bk
Photograph 5-9 Ambegaon Bk .................................................................................................................... 69
Photograph 5-10 Kharadi
Photograph 5-11 Kharadi ............................................................................................................................ 70
Photograph 5-12 Yerawada
Photograph 5-13 Yerawada ......................................................................................................................... 71
Photograph 5-14 Bopodi gaothan
Photograph 5-15 Bopodi gaothan ................................................................................................................ 71
Photograph 5-16 Kasba peth
Photograph 5-17 Kasba peth ....................................................................................................................... 72
Photograph 5-18 Magarpatta city
Photograph 5-19 Baner ................................................................................................................................ 73
Photograph 5-20 Karvenagar
Photograph 5-21 Kharadi ............................................................................................................................ 74
Photograph 5-22 Ambegaon Bk
Photograph 5-23 Kasba peth ....................................................................................................................... 74
Photograph 5-24 Bopodi gaothan
Photograph 5-25 Yerawada ......................................................................................................................... 75
xiv
List of Appendix
Appendix 8-A Survey Questionnaire Format ...............................................................................................88
xv
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The focus of the study is on the assessment of physical density in the various parts of Pune city.
The total number of housing blocks selected for the study are nine which comprises of seven formal
settlements located in core city and suburban parts of the city. Pune is a metropolitan city which is
developing rapidly due to high urbanization and industrialization. The city is a cultural capital of
Maharashtra and an important educational center in the western part of India. The population of
the city is growing at a high rate and also the number of migration is high due to the availability of
job opportunities and educational purposes. The city is growing horizontally as well as vertically
for accommodating huge number of citizens which are increasing day by day.
The present study focuses on analysis of this horizontal and vertical development that took place
in some parts of the city. The study will investigate spatial attributes and physical densities of the
housing blocks. Ten type of physical densities will be calculated for all the settlements. The
variation of densities in the different parts of the city will be explored. The problems and issues of
the selected study areas will be identified related and will try to find the reasons behind the
development that took place in those areas. Spatial qualities of the housing blocks are also being
studied and appropriate spatial solution for the problems will be recommended. Physical densities
like FAR, Site coverage, Residential density etc. and spatial qualities like Provision of daylight,
cross-ventilation and shade in the housing block will be studied.
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

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INTRODUCTION
1.2 Need of the study
Pune is a metropolitan city which is financial and educational center. The city has grown on a
large in the past few decades due to high rate of urbanization and industrialization. Development
of IT parks, automobile hub and educational institutes has led to the high rate of growth of the city.
The population of the city is growing at a large scale. It has a decadal growth rate of 25% in the
last two decades which is 25.38 lakh to 31.24 lakh from 2001 to 2011. Also the rural urban
migration of the population due to availability of employment opportunities and educational
purpose has substantially grown. This results in the increasing demand of housing in the city for
residence. The city is expanding horizontally and vertically due to the increasing housing demand
from the population. The private developers are constructing houses only for the upper income
group of the society and the poor people are being deprived of their housing demand. Provision of
affordable housing by the public sector is very low. This results in the growth of informal
settlements within the Pune city.
The haphazard growth of the city leads to the inefficient use of land resources and large scale
absorption of the open spaces which can alternatively be used for other activities for carrying out
development of the city. This also makes it difficult to provide basic infrastructure facilities and
services for the population residing in the city. There is need to analyze the physical density of the
city and study the spatial qualities in these places. The close distance among the houses hinders the
spatial quality of that place and lead to unhygienic and poor living conditions for the people. There
is a need to study the usability of spaces within the residential areas in terms of major physical
densities. The physical densities are helpful in determining the efficiency of use of land resources.
They help in land management.
1.3 Lack of Knowledge
There is lack of knowledge about the relevance of physical densities and spatial qualities in the
formal and informal housing settlements and their impacts on the residing population and

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INTRODUCTION
infrastructure in most of the cities all around the world. The study focuses on improving the
interpretation among the professionals, researchers and students who are working on theories of
physical densities and will help reduce the knowledge gap present in this field of study.
The knowledge of systematic analysis of physical densities and their impact on housing
settlements is very limited. The people are unaware about the use of space and transformation of
the city due to high rate of development. There is knowledge gap about the existing and emerging
housing types in the growing parts of the city. The optimum use of density and good spatial
qualities is not known to the people as well as professionals like architects and planners. Therefore,
it is difficult to identify the planning related problems in housing settlements. This lack of
knowledge may result in ineffective planning leading to degradation of social and economic
conditions of the people.
Most of the urbanizing cities in the Asian subcontinent has been inherently developed by the
westerner’s theories and concepts which are influenced by regulated patterns of city’s growth. But
due to increasing population, lack of planning and poverty, the cities are been developed in
unregulated ways. The study will help in exploring those aspects of planning. There is no proper
documentation about this topic whether for formal and informal settlements in many parts of the
world. The problems related to the physical density aspect of planning cannot be solved without
proper study and research in this field.
The present study will intend to explore the reasons behind the growth of the derived physical
densities in the selected housing blocks. The main focus of this study will be physical density in
formal and informal settlements, space usability and spatial qualities in the housing blocks. The
variation of this density in the different parts of the city will also be studied. Its impact on various
aspects of the city will be studied and spatial recommendations will be provided for identified
problems.

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INTRODUCTION
1.4 Aim of the study
To study the physical density of the settlements in Pune city.
1.5 Objectives of the study
To calculate the physical density of the housing block.
To analyze the physical density of the housing block.
To explore the reasons for the development of physical density in a housing block.
To study the variation of physical density between the housing blocks.
To identify the related problems and provide recommendations.
1.6 Scope of the study
The scope of the study is limited to the Housing block which is used as a basic unit for research of
physical density in any residential settlement. It would include calculation of ten types of physical
densities which are relevant for this study. The components of spatial quality are provision of
daylight, cross ventilation and shade within the area.
1.7 Limitations of the study
The analysis of all the settlements at the city level is relevant but not practical due to time
constraint. Therefore, only specific formal and informal settlement were selected for the study.

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INTRODUCTION
There may be minimal error in the measurement of physical density and its accuracy will depend
upon the efficiency of the software used during calculation which is a technological constraint.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The purpose of this study is to present the theoretical and conceptual framework that is
considered in this study which will help as a guide. The focus is on the concept of physical density
and spatial quality of the housing blocks. The definitions and formulae for various physical
densities are mentioned in this chapter. The significance of physical density is also emphasized.
2.1 Physical density
Density is a controversial term. Increased density is feared by those who imagine ugly buildings,
overshadowed open space, parking problems and irresponsible residents. It is promoted by those
who value urbane streetscapes, efficient infrastructure supply, walkable neighborhoods and
increasing housing options. The site density is always higher than the neighborhood density,
because at a neighborhood scale much land is included in the base land calculation that does not
have houses. Physical density is a numerical measure of the concentration of individuals or physical
structures within a given geographical unit. It is a quantitative and neutral spatial indicator of
intensity of land use. Physical density has to be related to a specified scale of reference.
It is important that the scales of geographical references should be defined in density

calculations, otherwise the comparison of density measures is difficult. In town planning, physical
density can be broadly divided into two categories which is People density and building density.
People density is the number of person or household per given area while building density is the
ratio of building structures to the unit of area.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2 Types of physical density
1) Residential density- Residential density is the ratio of a dwelling units to residential land
area which also refers to the number of units that can be developed per unit of land.
Residential area refers only to land covered by residential development, along with gardens
and other spaces that are physically included in it; this usually also takes into account half
the width of adjacent roads. It is an indicator of residential development per acre of land.
Its unit is Dwelling unit per acre
Formula- (Total number of dwelling unit / Total block area) x 4000
2) Occupancy density- It refers to the ratio of the number of occupants to the floor area of an
individual habitable unit. It is an important measure in building services design as it
provides an indicator of estimating the services required. Regulation of minimum
occupancy density is often used in building design to safeguard the health and sanitary
conditions of habitable spaces. Its unit is Sq.m per person.
Formula- Total built-up area of block / Total occupants
3) Floor Area Ratio (FAR) - It is the ratio of total built-up area of a development to its site
area. It usually takes into account the entire area within the perimeter of the exterior walls
of the buildings, which includes the thickness of internal and external walls, stairs, service
ducts and all circulation spaces. Site area refers to the total plot area of the development. In
planning practice, it is extensively adopted as the standard indicator for the regulation of
land use zoning and development control. Maximum FAR is often controlled in the master
plan in order to govern the extent of built-up and to prevent over development.
Formula- Total built-up area of block / Total block area

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LITERATURE REVIEW
4) Site coverage - Site coverage represents the ratio of the building footprint area to its site
area. Therefore, site coverage is a measure of the proportion of the site area covered by the
building. Site coverage of individual development is often controlled in urban master
planning in order to prevent over-build and to preserve areas for greenery and landscaping.
Its unit is percentage.
Formula- (Total building footprint area / Total block area) x 100
5) Open space ratio - It is the inverse measure of site coverage, which indicates the amount of
open space available on the development site. It is a measure used by the planning authority
to safeguard a reasonable provision of outdoor space for the population. Its unit is
percentage.
Formula- 100- [(Total building footprint area / Total block area) x100]
6) Average height - It refers to the ratio of total height of all floors in a housing block to the
total number of houses. It is an indicator of vertical development in an area. Its unit is meter.
Formula- Total height of all floors / Total number of houses
7) Average built-up area per dwelling unit- It is the ratio of total built-up area to the total
number of dwelling units in an area. It measures the built-up area per dwelling unit in a
housing block. Its unit is Sq.m per dwelling unit.
Formula- Total built up area / Total dwelling units

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LITERATURE REVIEW
8) Open space per person- It is the ratio of total open space in an area to the total number of
occupants. It is an indicator of open space available per person in an area. Its unit is Sq.m
per person.
Formula- (Open space ratio x Total block area) / (100 x Total occupants)
9) Side to side distance and back to back distance- Side to side distance between buildings,
measured in meter and averaged across a block. Back to back distance between buildings,
measured in meter and averaged across a block. Distance between adjacent and opposite
houses are measured. They are used as an indicator to measure the average distance of all
sides of the house from the surrounding buildings. Its unit is meter.
Figure 2-1 Calculation of side to side and back to back distance in housing block

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LITERATURE REVIEW
2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of high and low physical density
High density assures the maximization of public investments including infrastructure, services
transportation and allows efficient utilization of land. But, high density settlement schemes can
overload infrastructure, utility services and put extra pressure on land and residential spaces,
producing crowded and unsuitable environments for human development. On the other hand, low
densities may increase per capita cost of land, infrastructure and services, affecting the
sustainability of human settlements and producing urban environment that constrain social
interactions. The advantages and disadvantages of high and low density have been considered to
identify the related problems in the housing block.
Figure 2-2 Factors influencing density, Acioly and Davidson, 1996
There are a lot of factors which influence density. The present study which explore the
prevailing densities in the housing blocks. It will also focus on the impacts of these densities on
the spatial qualities of the housing blocks.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
2.4 Significance of physical density
The relevance of physical densities in the field of urban planning are mentioned below. They
can be used for carrying out optimum use of land resource and to prevent over development in an
area.
1) Urban morphology - It plays an important role in the shaping of urban form. For instance,
different combinations of plot ratio and site coverage will manifest into a variety of different
built forms. In a similar way, urban developments of the same density can exhibit very
different urban forms. In the face of rapid urbanization, the relationship between building
density and urban form has attracted wide interest. Growing pressure of land scarcity as a
consequence of increasing urban population has initiated extensive investigation on the
spatial benefit of multi-storey buildings.
Figure 2-3 Same density in different layouts- a) Multi storied buildings, b) Medium rise buildings and c) Parallel rows of
single storied buildings

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LITERATURE REVIEW
2) Planning policy and Zoning regulations – It is associated with a variety of indicators of

environmental, physical and social sustainability. In planning practice, policy makers set
maximum densities in zoning bye-laws. The physical density plays a major role in shaping
the urban form. They are used as the measure for making the optimum use of the available
land resource and can be used to prevent the over development in an area. They are
described in planning documents like urban master planning and zonal planning for any
area prepared by the local authority.
3) Intensity of Land use and built form - It describes the physical volume of structures and the
intensity of use of space in an area. The building bulk can be measured by using these
densities. The quantifying of the physical structures makes it possible to compare the built
form in the various parts of the city to be compared with each other.
4) Quantify the perception of people - It measures an aspect of the urban fabric that is
analogous to human perception. The people of a city perceive the ‘level of density’ in terms
of the size and closeness of the buildings and structures around them. It can be used as a
measure to quantify the qualitative aspects of people’s nature towards any form of
development that had occurred in the housing block.
5) Impact of different types of densities in an urban area - Impact of the high and low density
development in an urban area can be determined by using this tool in the planning field.
The derived physical densities advantages and disadvantages can be identified. It can be
used as a tool for using proper utilisation of available resources.
6) Land Management - Land is a scarce resource. It cannot be created and its supply for the
utilization is limited. The growing population and migration of people from the rural areas
in the major cities have resulted into scarcity of this resource. It also leads to over-use and
misuse of the available land by the increasing population which gives rise to many problems
leading to poor quality of life and low standard of living. Hence, there is a need for proper
management of the available land resource and to carry out its optimum utilization, the
physical densities can be used. It can be used as a tool for land management in an urban
area.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
2.5 Spatial qualities
Physical densities have a wide impact on the spatial qualities of the housing blocks. The good
spatial qualities in a block will lead to hygienic and healthy environment of the people residing in
that area. It will also improve the quality of life of the people. Pune has a hot and humid climate
and the houses are been organized in such a way that they have maximum cross ventilation and
optimum use of spaces. The availability of breeze, shade, protection from rain are a part of good
spatial qualities. They also depend upon house forms and space available inside the block.
The study focuses on major spatial qualities like provision of daylight, cross ventilation and
shade in the housing block. The indoor comfort largely depends upon the air movement and radiant
heat. The structures should be designed in such a way that allow maximum cross ventilation and
use of daylight for lighting the house during daytime will help in reduce the energy levels.
The open spaces available inside the block also have a major impact on the spatial qualities.
There are a hierarchy of open spaces surrounding the house. The space which is closest to the
dwelling is Private space, the places where people interact and meet in the vicinity of the house are
semi-private spaces while in the communal spaces the people from the community gather
frequently and carry out recreational activities. These places are used for walking, gathering and
carrying out social events. Besides these open spaces, there are spaces which are left without
development in the vicinity of the houses. They are vacant plots and undeveloped areas which is
also needed to be studied as they have impact on the spatial qualities of the housing block.
The major components to study the spatial qualities are openings in the house, their size and
shape, the distance of the house from the surrounding buildings and the presence of open spaces
within the vicinity of the house in the housing block.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
2.6 Previous case studies
The study of physical density in the various parts of the city and its impact was carried out in
Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Shanghai (China) in the previous years. The summary of those research
is mentioned below. These research work has helped in the understanding of the process and
methodology for carrying out the study in the Pune city.
1) Dhaka, Bangladesh (Syful Islam, Stockholm, Department of Urban planning and

environment)-
The study was carried out in six formal and informal settlements. Google Earth software was
used for the study purpose and also photographs were analysed for determining spatial quality of
the settlements. It included study of FSI, Ground coverage and space usability. The analysis of the
physical densities was carried out and its relationship with the urban sprawl was identified. It
recommended design of affordable housing for Informal settlements with high density
development to combat urban sprawl.
2) Shanghai, China (Xian Zhang Pan, Institute of Social Science China)-
For study purpose, the area of the city was divided into inner and outer circle. FSI and BCR
were the two type of densities used for the study. Higher spatial resolution images were used for
the study. The density was calculated by using software's like SPSS and were mapped on ArcGIS.
The analysis and variation of the physical density was carried out by using the method of co-
efficient of variation. The older city had lower FSI and higher BCR while the newly developed city
had higher FSI and lower BCR. The study recommended high density development for efficient
use of land and proper land management.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
2.7 Other major literature studied for this topic
The following are the other major literature which are relevant for this thesis. The summary and
relevance of those literature which is useful in this study is mentioned below.
1) Space, Density and Urban Form (Meta Berghauser Pont and Per Haupt, Netherlands) -The
summary of the research work is the description of the pattern of city development and
Space consumption, density measures, qualities of densities were studied by using
multivariable approach. The relationship between density and urban sprawl was calculated
by using a method of space matrix. The variables to calculate physical density was known
from this research work. The parameters and selection criteria of the housing block was
identified. The types of physical densities like FAR, site coverage, residential density,
occupancy density and other major densities necessary for the study were described in this
research work.
2) Study on urban blocks (Radberge, Sweden 1988) -The summary of this research work is
that it gave relationship between physical density and urban sprawl. Housing blocks were
selected for the study of density and reasons for its variation among different settlements
was described in this research work. The manner for comparison of physical density of
urban block which is necessary for this study can be used from this research paper.
3) Measuring density- Working definition of residential and building density (Ann Forsyth,
University of Minnesota) -The literature had described the theories and concepts of physical
density required for this study. The density typology with their relevance in urban planning
was also mentioned. The definition and concepts of physical density with their significance
in the town planning which was described in the research work can be used in this study.
4) Understanding density and High density, (Vicky Cheng) -The research work described the
measures of physical density and the significance of physical density in urban planning.
The formulae for calculating different types of physical densities necessary for this study
were mentioned in this paper.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
5) Building densities- A physical volume approach -The summary of the research work is that
they carried out the study of the densities in the city of Randstad and Amsterdam. The
research work tried to quantify the perceptive nature of human toward the cities by using
the volumetric approach to measure density using the buildings height and size. The
changes in the density over the past two centuries were studied for the cities. The use of
various software as a tool for carrying out the research required for this study were
described.
6) Effect of increasing building density on urban physical-space structure (Case Study: region
one of Tehran municipality) Department of Urban Design, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, Iran -The impact of high density structures which were built due to the increasing
urbanization on the city was studied in this research. The effects of density on the physical
structure of the buildings in urban area with per capita use of space were studied. The
research described the impact of different types of densities on the urban areas. The benefits
and drawbacks of High density vs. low density were also focused and mentioned in this
paper

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METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3
3 METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the method and materials used in this study. The following aspects are
covered in this chapter viz. the research methodology, details of the study area, data sources,
research design, and survey questionnaire.
3.1 Research methodology
Various method were applied to fulfil the objectives of the study. The methodology includes the
selection of housing blocks based on certain criteria including the building typology and location
of the site in the city. The survey questionnaire was prepared for the ground verification of the
housing block. The data collection method included survey of the housing block. Photographs were
used for the analysis of the spatial quality of the house and identifying the related problems. The
details of each house located in the housing block were collected during the survey. For the
calculation of the physical density ‘Google Earth’ software was used. The land covered by the
building footprint were marked using ‘AutoCad’ software. The vertical development of the housing
block including the height of the houses were identified during the survey. The measurement of
the houses, plot areas for calculating the density was done by using the ‘Ruler’ tool in the Google
earth software. Previous personal observations, expert assessment and photographs were applied
to analyse the spatial qualities of the housing block. The density was calculated using the
appropriate formulae. Literature review and other relevant documents were also studied to gain
knowledge about the variation and reasons for the development of specific physical density in all
the housing blocks.

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METHODOLOGY
3.2 Study area
Pune is a rapidly expanding prosperous city and the second largest urban agglomerate in the
state of Maharashtra. The city has become a major centre for industry over the last three decades
and is now also emerging as a key location for information technologies. Pune is the cultural capital
of India and is known as ‘Oxford of the East’ due to the presence of well-known educational
institutes in the city. The city is administered by the Pune municipal corporation. The population
of the Pune according to the 2011 census was 31.24 lakh in 2011 which was 25.4 lakh in 2001.The
decadal growth rate of population was 24%. According to the Pune municipal corporation 40% of
the population lived in slums in 2001. The migration of the population from other parts of the
nation is increasing rapidly as it is a major industrial metropolis. The city is expanding horizontally
as well as vertically by the formal and informal settlements due to the increasing population.
Figure 3-1 Map of Maharashtra showing Pune district Figure 3-2 Map of Pune district showing Pune city

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METHODOLOGY
BOPODI GAOTHAN
YERAWADA
KHARADI
BANER
KASBA PETH
MAGARPATTA CITY
AWHO, HADAPSAR
KARVENAGAR
AMBEGAON BK
Figure 3-3 Map of Pune Municipal Corporation showing the selected Housing blocks for the study
3.3 Selection of housing blocks for the study

Both the formal and informal settlements have been selected for the study of physical density
and spatial qualities. The densities will be derived and compared among these housing blocks. They
are considered as the basic unit of analysis for this study in order to study at lower level of scale.
The houses along with roads and open spaces needed to be studied to get the desired outcome in
the form of good spatial quality and optimum physical density. Analysis of the study at the city
level is relevant but not practical. The criteria’s taken into consideration during the selection of
housing blocks from formal and informal settlements included building typology and average age
of the houses, planned and unplanned areas , accessibility to that block, level of development and
location of the block in Pune city.

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METHODOLOGY
The total number of housing blocks selected for the study includes seven formal settlements and
two informal settlements. They are located in the peth area which is in the core part of the city,
Suburban area of the Pune city and an urban village. The housing block include formal settlements
like Kasba peth which is located in the core part of the city, Kharadi, Ambegaon bk, Awho
Hadapsar are the suburban areas of the city which are growing rapidly. Magarpatta city, Karvenagar
and Baner are well developed areas. Yerawada is an informal settlement which is selected for the
study while Bopodi gaothan is an urban village consisting of compact development.
3.4 Details of housing blocks
1) Ambegaon Bk- It is located in the southern part of Pune city. Ambegaon Bk is one of the
fastest growing suburb due to the proximity of NH4 (National highway4) and Katraj By-
pass. The major housing typology in this area are of high rise apartments and plotted
housing mainly by the medium income group population. The area is growing rapidly as
many educational and industrial centres are located near this area. It also consist of vacant
plots and undeveloped land. The total number of houses in this block are 79.
Figure 3-4 Housing block of Ambegaon Bk

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METHODOLOGY
2) Baner- It is located in the North western part of Pune city. The area is well developed and
properly planned. It consist of multi-storey row houses and plotted housing. This is one of
the elite areas in the city having higher property values. The area has lot of open spaces
including landscaped sites. The roads are wide and the houses of this block are mainly
occupied by the high income group population of the city. The area has proximity to many
educational institutes, IT parks and industrial centres. The total number of houses in this
block is 55.
Figure 3-5 Housing Block of Baner
3) Bopodi Gaothan- It is located at the northern boundary of Pune city near the Pawana River.
This is an urban village and consist of dense development of informal settlements near the
railway track. The area is located near old Mumbai highway and is rapidly growing due to
its proximity to Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial area. The area has small tenement houses
most of which are single storey. The area is occupied mostly by the low income group
population. The distance between the houses is very low and there is absence of open space
in this area. The total number of houses are 171.

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METHODOLOGY
Figure 3-6 Housing block of Bopodi gaothan
4) Karvenagar- It is located in the western part of the Pune city which is well developed in the
past few years. The housing block mainly consist of plotted housing and row houses of
which most of them are multi-storey. They are owned by the medium income group
population. The area is well developed due to its high connectivity with the core part of the
city and have proximity to many educational institutes. The area is also close to the national
highway. The block has open spaces and wide roads. The total number of houses are 75.
Figure 3-7 Housing block of Karvenagar
5) Kasba peth- It is located in the core part of the city. The evolution of Pune city radially has
started from this place which is densely developed. The area is located near CBD having

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METHODOLOGY
compact development, mixed land use and narrow streets. This is the oldest residential
centre of the city. The block includes multi storey housing. The block has high connectivity.
It includes many old structures and wada’s. It have less open spaces and have high
commercial value of the property. The total number of houses in this block are 128.
Figure 3-8 Housing block of Kasba peth
6) Kharadi- It is located in the eastern part of Pune city. The suburb is growing at a high rate
due to proximity to airport, presence of IT parks and industrial areas in the vicinity of the
block. The major reason for the development is Pune-Nagar Road. The area has a lot of
commercial and industrial development. It contains plotted houses and high rise apartments.
There are open spaces within the block. The total number of houses in the block are 108.
Figure 3-9 Housing block of Kharadi

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METHODOLOGY
7) Yerawada- It is the developing suburb located in the eastern part of Pune city which has
high number of informal settlements. The slums are dense and compact. Some of the
informal settlements have been redeveloped. The slum is growing due to the proximity to
industrial centres. This is the housing block consisting of informal settlements. The houses
are single storey and the distance between them is very low. The block is mostly occupied
by the low income group population. There are no open spaces within the block. The total
number of houses are 157.
Figure 3-10 Housing block of Yerawada
8) AWHO, Hadapsar- AWHO (Army welfare housing organisation) is a housing society

developed in the recent years which is located in Hadapsar. It is located in south-eastern
part of the Pune city. The block consist of high rise apartments for the defence people. It is
mostly occupied by the medium income group population. There are open spaces within
the block and the roads are wide. The suburb is developing on a large scale due to proximity
to IT parks and industrial centres. The block is close to national highway 9. The total
number of houses in this block are 16.

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METHODOLOGY
Figure 3-11 Housing block of AWHO, Hadapsar
9) Magarpatta city- It is located in Hadapsar. Magarpatta city is one of the first developed
large township project in the Pune city. The block consist of high rise apartments and row
houses. The block has open spaces in the form of landscaped sites and the roads are wide
within the township. It is mostly occupied by the high income group population. The area
is well developed due to proximity to airport, educational institutes, industrial centres and
IT parks. It is one of the largest township in the State. The total number of houses in this
block are 39.
Figure 3-12 Housing block of Magarpatta city

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METHODOLOGY
3.5 Data collection methods
The study included application of both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative
method included measurement of houses, plot areas, calculation of densities, personal observations,
photographs, analysis of maps and site plans while the qualitative method included findings from
previous observations, analysis of documents related to the topic and literature study. The data
collection method included ground verification of the spatial aspects of the houses in the study
area. The survey was carried out for all the houses in the housing block. The spatial quality of the
block was studied with the help of personal observations and photographs. The questionnaire
included questions related to the building typology, housing quality, construction period of the
houses, distance between the houses, orientation of the house, width of street for accessibility to
the house, provision of open spaces and the reason for open space in the housing block. The spatial
qualities were studied by quantifying those components. Photographs of the housing block were
taken during the survey which help in the analysis of the block, study spatial quality, space usability
and helps in identifying the problems.
Plans and maps were collected from the several secondary sources and official websites of
organisations which help in analysis of the layout of plots. Aerial photographs are the main sources
to calculate the physical density. They are collected from the ‘Google Earth’ software. The
measurement of plot sizes, block area, land covered by the buildings, number of storey and height
of buildings, setbacks and open spaces were carried out using the Ruler tool of the Google earth
software.
3.6 Housing block
Housing block is the study area delineated for the measurement of any type of physical density.
It is a polygon generally, a rectangular shaped block which also includes half of the width of
surrounding roads. The housing block includes land covered by the buildings, open space, internal

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METHODOLOGY
roads and any other type of development within the block. It is selected in a such a way that all the
characteristic of that area viz. building typology, provision of open space, roads etc. are been
included in the block to derive the most exact physical density of that area.
Figure 3-13 Housing block
3.7 Method of measurement
The procedure for the measurement of the components used for the calculation of the physical
density is described in this section.
The dimensions of the plot and houses, building footprint, land covered by the building, total
block area, open space area in the block, distance of the house from the surrounding houses in the
block and number of storey are required to be measured for the calculation of physical density. All
the dimensions are calculated from the aerial photographs available in the Google Earth software
by the help of Ruler tool which helps to derive the dimensions required for calculating physical
density.
The data of the number of floors and building height of the houses in the housing block were
collected during the surveys of the study area. The number of floors are required to calculate the

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METHODOLOGY
total built-up area of the block. The height of each floor is minimum 3 m according to the Indian
building codes which would help in calculation of the vertical development.
The total block area of the housing block is calculated by including half of the width of
surrounding roads. The calculation of the building footprint area of the houses in the block was
carried out by measuring the dimensions of all the houses. The measured dimensions of the
individual house were multiplied to derive the building footprint area of that house. The addition
of the building footprint area of all the houses inside the block will give the total building footprint
area of that housing block.
The built-up area of the house was calculated by multiplying the number of floors of the house
with their respective building footprint area which included the wall thickness of the house. The
building footprint area is assumed to be constant on all the floors for the houses in that block. The
total built-up area of the housing block is the addition of built-up area of all the houses inside the
block.
3.8 Quantifying the spatial qualities
The study of the spatial qualities like provision of sunlight, cross ventilation and shade have
been carried out in the housing blocks. The spatial qualities were analysed by photographs, personal
observations and from the survey questionnaire. The questionnaire had qualitative measures for
evaluating the spatial qualities of the housing block. It is also based on the orientation of the houses
and the distance between the houses which was included in the survey questionnaire. These
qualitative measures are been quantified based on the parameters which were taken into
consideration while surveying the study area. The parameters are opening in the form of window,
door etc. in the house. The number of sides of the house having the provision of opening and the
distance of the house from the surrounding buildings were observed for collecting the spatial
quality information in the housing blocks.

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METHODOLOGY
3.9 Research design

Literature review and Background study
Formulation of Aim and Objectives
Selection of Study area
Preparation of Questionnaire
Site survey and Data collection
Primary data- Personal observations,

photographs and spatial information
Secondary data- Higher spatial resolution

images, Map and site plans
Calculation of physical density
Analysis of physical density
Variation of physical density
Reasons of physical density and

spatial quality
Problems and Recommendations

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FINAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 4
4 FINAL ANALYSIS
This chapter describes the analysis of the data collected from the housing blocks. It includes the
calculation of the physical density from the housing blocks. The variation of the physical density
among the housing blocks has also been included in this section.
4.1 Data collected from the housing block
The data collected from the housing block is been described in the form of graphs and pie charts.
The analysis of the data is carried out which is described in this section for all the housing blocks.
1) Ambegaon Bk-
Pie-chart 4-1 Building typology in Ambegaon Bk Pie-chart 4-2 Width of street for accessibility in Ambegaon Bk
The prominent building typology is plotted housing-detached in this block and most of the
houses have less than 3m width of road for accessibility to the house.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Pie-chart 4-3 Construction period of the houses in Ambegaon Bk Pie-chart 4-4 Housing quality of the housing block
Most of the houses were constructed in the last 5 years within the block. The housing quality
of most of the houses is permanent in this housing block.
Pie-chart 4-5 Orientation of houses in Ambegaon Bk Pie-chart 4-6 Provision of open spaces in Ambegaon Bk
The prominent orientation of the houses is east-west while all the houses have provision to open
spaces in the housing block
Graph 4-1 Spatial qualities of Ambegaon Bk

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Moderate provision of daylight ,cross ventilation and shade i.e. most of the houses have opening
at all sides/any two sides and have less than 3m distance at all sides from the surrounding houses.
The housing block is partially shaded by trees and buildings.
2) Baner-
Pie-chart 4-7 Building typology of Baner Pie-chart 4-8 Construction period of the houses in Baner
About 40% of the houses have attached plotted housing in the block. Most of the houses were
constructed between the last 6 to 10 years.
Pie-chart 4-9 Width of street for accessibility in Baner Pie-chart 4-10 Housing quality in Baner
Most of the houses have 3m-5m road width for accessibility in the block while all the houses
have permanent housing quality within the block.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Pie-chart 4-11 Orientation of the houses in Baner Pie-chart 4-12 Provision of open spaces in Baner
All the houses have north-south orientation with respect to the façade while about 84% of the
houses do not have provision of open spaces.
Graph 4-2 Spatial qualities of Baner
Good provision of daylight, cross ventilation and shade i.e. most of the houses have opening at
all sides and have distance between 3m to 10m at all sides from the surrounding houses. The
housing block is well shaded by trees and buildings.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
3) Bopodi gaothan-
Pie-chart 4-13 Building typology of Bopodi gaothan Pie-chart 4-14 Housing quality of Bopodi gaothan
The prominent building typology is plotted house-detached in the block. Both permanent and
semi-permanent houses are found within the block.
Pie-chart 4-15 Width of road for accessibility in Bopodi Pie-chart 4-16 Construction period of Houses in Bopodi
About 97% of the houses have road width of less than 3m for accessibility. Most of the houses
were constructed before more than 10 years in this block.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Pie-chart 4-17 Orientation of the house in Bopodi gaothan Pie-chart 4-18 Provision of open space in Bopodi gaothan
The prominent orientation in the block is east-west with respect to façade and 60% of the house
do not have open space provision in the housing block.
Graph 4-3 Spatial qualities of Bopodi gaothan
Poor provision of daylight, cross ventilation and shade i.e. most of the houses have opening at
any two sides/ one side and have distance less than 2m at all sides from the surrounding houses.
The housing block is partially shaded by buildings.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
4) Karvenagar-
Pie-chart 4-19 Building typology of Karvenagar Pie-chart 4-20 Width of street for accessibility in Karvenagar
The prominent building typology in the block is detached plotted houses. About 59% of the
houses have road width of than 5m for accessibility.
Pie-chart 4-21 Construction period of houses in Karvenagar Pie-chart 4-22 Housing quality in Karvenagar
Most of the houses were constructed in the last 10 years within the block. All the houses have
permanent housing quality in the block.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Pie-chart 4-23 Orientation of the houses in Karvenagar Pie-chart 4-24 Provision of open space in Karvenagar
The prominent orientation of the houses is North-south and 63 % houses provision of open
space.
Graph 4-4 Spatial quality of Karvenagar

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FINAL ANALYSIS
5) Kasba peth-
Pie-chart 4-25 Building typology in Kasba peth Pie-chart 4-26 Width of street for accessibility in Kasba peth
Most of the houses are plotted-detached with some apartments in the block. The road width for
accessibility is less than 3m for most of the houses.
Pie-chart 4-27 Housing quality in Kasba peth Pie-chart 4-28 Construction period of houses in Kasba peth
Most of the houses have permanent housing quality in this block with some semi-permanent
structures. Most of the houses are old and were constructed before more than 10 years.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Pie-chart 4-29 Orientation of the houses in Kasba peth Pie-chart 4-30 Provision of open space in Kasba peth
Almost 66% of the houses have North-south orientation while 82% of the houses do not
provision to open spaces in the housing block.
Graph 4-5 Spatial qualities of Kasba peth.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
6) Kharadi-
Pie-chart 4-31 Building typology of Kharadi Pie-chart 4-32 Construction period of the houses in Kharadi
The prominent building typology is plotted house-detached in this block. Most of the houses
were constructed in the last 6 to 10 years.
Pie-chart 4-33 Housing quality of Kharadi Pie-chart 4-34 width of street for accessibility in Kharadi
Most of the houses have permanent housing quality in the block. Most of the houses have less
than 3m road width for accessibility within the block.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Pie-chart 4-35 Orientation of the houses in Kharadi Pie-chart 4-36 Provision of open space in Kharadi
The prominent orientation of the house with respect to façade is north-south and 55% of the
house do not have provision of open space in the housing block.
Graph 4-6 Spatial qualities of Kharadi

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FINAL ANALYSIS
7) Yerawada-
Pie-chart 4-37 Building typology in Yerawada Pie-chart 4-38 Construction period of houses in Yerawada
Most of the houses have slum typology i.e. small tenements in the block. Most of the houses
were constructed before more than 10 years.
Pie-chart 4-39 Housing quality in Yerawada Pie-chart 4-40 Width of street for accessibility in Yerawada
The housing quality of most of the houses is permanent in the block. 98% of the houses have
road width of less than 3m for accessibility.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Pie-chart 4-41 Orientation of the houses in Yerawada Pie-chart 4-42 Provision of open space in Yerawada
The prominent orientation of the houses is North-south with respect to the façade of the house
and 96% of the houses do not provision of open spaces.
Graph 4-7 Spatial qualities of Yerawada
Poor provision of daylight, cross ventilation and shade i.e. most of the houses have opening at
any two sides/ one side and have distance less than 2m at all sides from the surrounding houses.
The housing block is partially shaded by buildings.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
8) AWHO, Hadapsar-
Pie-chart 4-43 Building typology of Awho, Hadapsar Pie-chart 4-44 Housing quality of Awho, Hadapsar
The prominent building typology is High rise apartments in this block. The housing quality of
all the houses is permanent within the block.
Pie-chart 4-45 Width of street for accessibility in Awho Pie-chart 4-46 Construction period of houses in Awho
All the houses have road width of more than 5m for accessibility. All the houses were
constructed in the last 5 years within the block.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Pie-chart 4-47 Orientation of the houses in Awho Pie-chart 4-48 Provision of open spaces in Awho
All the houses have north-south orientation with respect to the façade of the house and all the
houses have provision to open space in the housing block.
Graph 4-8 Spatial quality of Awho, Hadapsar
Good provision of daylight, cross ventilation and shade i.e. most of the houses have opening at
all sides and have distance between 3m to 10m at all sides from the surrounding houses. The
housing block is well shaded by trees and buildings.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
9) Magarpatta city-
Pie-chart 4-49 Building typology of Magarpatta city Pie-chart 4-50 Construction period of houses in Magarpatta city
Most of the houses are plotted houses detached in the block. Most of the houses were
constructed before more than 10 years.
Pie-chart 4-51 Width of street for accessibility of Magarpatta city Pie-chart 4-52 Housing quality of Magarpatta city
The road width for accessibility is between 3m-5m for most of the houses. All the houses have
permanent housing quality in the block.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Pie-chart 4-53 Orientation of the houses in Magarpatta city Pie-chart 4-54 Provision of open space in Magarpatta city
Most of the houses have north-south orientation in the housing block and all the houses have
provision of open space in the block.
Graph 4-9 Spatial quality of Magarpatta city
Very good provision of daylight, cross ventilation and shade i.e. most of the houses have
opening at all sides and have distance more than 10 m at all sides from the surrounding houses.
The housing block is well shaded by trees and buildings.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
4.2 Calculation of the Physical density
The main focus of the study is the calculation of physical density in the housing blocks. The
density is been calculated according to the formulae described in the Chapter 2 of this research
work. The data collected from the survey viz. total occupants, total dwelling units etc. were also
used during the calculation of the physical density of the housing blocks. The components for the
calculation of the density include total occupants, total houses, total dwelling units, total block area,
total building footprint area, total built-up area of the housing block, total floors and its height. The
side to side and back to back distance was calculated for all the houses. It was then averaged across
the block. In this section the detailed calculation of the physical density in the housing block is
mentioned.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
1) Ambegaon Bk-
Figure 4-1 Housing block of Ambegaon Bk showing building footprints and their elevation.
Table 4-1 Details of housing blocks of Ambegaon Bk
Details of housing blocks

Total Houses 79
Total Dwelling units 229
Total Occupants 905
Total Floors 201
Height of Floors (in m) 603
Total Building Footprint Area 6725 Sq.m
Total Built-up Area 22363 Sq.m
Total Block area 19500 Sq.m
Table 4-2 Calculated physical density of Ambegaon Bk
Calculated physical density

Residential density 117 Dwelling unit per Hectare
Occupancy density 25 Sq.m per person
Floor Area Ratio 1.15
Site Coverage 34 %
Open space ratio 66 %
Average height 7.63 m
Average built-up area per dwelling unit 98 Sq.m
Open space per person 14 Sq.m per person
Side to side distance 3.55 m
Back to back distance 4.73 m

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FINAL ANALYSIS
2) Baner-
Figure 4-2 Housing block of Baner showing building footprints and their elevation
Table 4-3 Details of housing blocks of Baner

Total Houses 55
Total Occupants 254
Total Floors 107
Table 4-4 Calculated physical density of Baner

Site Coverage 38 %

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FINAL ANALYSIS
3) Bopodi gaothan-
Figure 4-3 Housing block of Bopodi gaothan showing building footprint and their elevation
Table 4-5 Details of Housing block of Bopodi gaothan

Total Houses 171
Total Occupants 711
Total Floors 194
Table 4-6 Calculated physical density of Bopodi gaothan

Site Coverage 43 %

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FINAL ANALYSIS
4) Karvenagar-
Figure 4-4 Housing block of Karvenagar showing building footprints and their elevation
Table 4-7 Details of housing block of Karvenagar

Total Houses 75
Total Occupants 357
Total Floors 151
Table 4-8 Calculated physical density of Karvenagar

Site Coverage 36 %

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FINAL ANALYSIS
5) Kasba peth-
Figure 4-5 Housing block of Kasba peth showing building footprints and their elevation
Table 4-9 Details of housing block of Kasba peth

Total Houses 128
Total Occupants 1138
Total Floors 311
Table 4-10 Calculated physical density of Kasba peth

Site Coverage 58 %

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FINAL ANALYSIS
6) Kharadi-
Figure 4-6 Housing block of Kharadi showing building footprints and their elevation.
Table 4-11 Details of housing block of Kharadi

Total Houses 108
Total Occupants 617
Total Floors 177
Table 4-12 Calculated physical density of Kharadi

Site Coverage 51 %

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FINAL ANALYSIS
7) Yerawada-
Figure 4-7 Housing block of Yerawada showing building footprints and their elevation.
Table 4-13 Details of housing block of Yerawada

Total Houses 157
Total Occupants 730
Total Floors 216
Table 4-14 Calculated physical density of Yerawada

Site Coverage 61 %

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FINAL ANALYSIS
8) AWHO, Hadapsar-
Figure 4-8 Housing block of Awho, Hadapsar showing building footprints and their elevation
Table 4-15 Details of housing block of AWHO Hadapsar

Total Houses 16
Total Floors 100
Table 4-16 Calculated physical density of AWHO Hadapsar

Site Coverage 35 %

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FINAL ANALYSIS
9) Magarpatta city-
Figure 4-9 Housing block of Magarpatta city showing building footprints and their elevation
Table 4-17 Details of housing block of Magarpatta city

Total Houses 39
Total Floors 130
Table 4-18 Calculated physical density of Magarpatta city

Site Coverage 24 %
Average height 10 m

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FINAL ANALYSIS
4.3 Overall physical density

The following table shows the overall calculated physical density of all the housing blocks.
Table 4-19 Overall Physical density of all the housing blocks.
Physical Magarpatta AWHO, Ambegaon Bopodi Kasba

Karvenagar Baner Kharadi Yerawada
density City Hadapsar Bk Gaothan Peth
Residential
49 36 99 18 117 72 402 148 149
density
Occupancy
68 58 55 94 25 32 6 10 29
density
FAR 1.32 0.78 2.18 0.71 1.15 0.88 0.93 0.54 1.71
Site coverage 24 36 35 38 34 51 61 43 58
Open space
76 64 65 62 66 49 39 57 42
ratio
Average
10.00 6.04 18.75 5.84 7.63 4.92 4.13 3.40 7.29
height
Average built
up area per 272 215 221 404 98 123 23 36 115
dwelling unit
Open space
39 47 16 82 14 18 2 11 7
per person
Side to side
21.40 3.40 15.78 7.70 3.55 2.45 1.15 1.20 2.16
Distance
Back to back
16.55 7.46 4.91 8.98 4.73 5.33 1.60 2.16 3.34
Distance
Units-
1) Residential density- Dwelling unit per hectare,

2) Occupancy density and Open space per person- Sq.m per person,
3) Site coverage and Open space ratio- Percentage,
4) Average height, Side to Side and Back to Back distance- Meter,
5) Average built-up area per dwelling unit- Sq.m per dwelling unit and
6) FAR- No unit.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
4.4 Comparison of physical density in housing blocks

The physical density in all the housing blocks is compared with the help of graphs which is
described in this section.
1) Residential density-
It is highest in Yerawada as the per unit built up area is very low due to the presence of small
tenements while it is very low in Baner as the per unit built up area is higher due to large row
houses present in that area. It is found to be similar in gaothan and peth area comprising of
compact development. Recently developed high rise townships and suburban areas have
moderate residential density.
Graph 4-10 Comparison of Residential density in all housing blocks
2) Occupancy density-
Occupancy density is highest in Baner (18 times more than Yerawada), recently developed
townships like Magarpatta and AWHO also have higher occupancy density while Suburban
areas of Kharadi and Ambegaon Bk, peth areas located in the core city have lower occupancy
density. It is found to be lowest in the gaothan areas like Bopodi and informal settlements in
Yerawada.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Graph 4-11 Comparison of Occupancy density in all housing blocks
3) Floor Area Ratio-
It is found to be highest in the vertically developed township of Awho, Magarpatta city and
densely developed Kasba peth located near the CBD. Suburban areas like Kharadi, Ambegaon
Bk have moderate FAR. Informal settlement of Yerawada also have moderate FAR. Plotted
housing comprising of high open spaces in the Baner and Karvenagar areas have lower FAR.
It is lowest in the gaothan area consisting of single storey houses.
Graph 4-12 Comparison of FAR in all housing blocks

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FINAL ANALYSIS
4) Site Coverage-
Site coverage is highest in horizontally developing informal settlement of Yerawada (double

than Magarpatta city) and Kasba peth. It is moderate in suburban area of Ambegaon and
Kharadi and Bopodi gaothan. Developed areas of Baner and Karvenagar also have moderate
site coverage. Vertically developed townships consisting of high rise apartments like
Magarpatta and Awho have lower site coverage.
Graph 4-13 Comparison of Site coverage in all housing block
5) Open Space Ratio-
Open space ratio is the found to be highest in vertically developed townships. Developed areas
of Karvenagar and Baner also have higher open space. This is due to landscaped areas and wide
roads. Suburban areas like Ambegaon, Kharadi and Bopodi gaothan have moderate open spaces
while the informal settlement of Yerawada and densely developed Kasba peth have lower open
spaces. This is due to the lack of open spaces in these housing blocks.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Graph 4-14 Comparison of Open space ratio in all housing blocks
6) Average Height-
High rise apartments of Magarpatta city and Awho have highest vertical development.
Karvenagar, Baner, Kasba peth and Ambegaon Bk have higher average height of houses while
Kharadi, informal settlements of Yerawada have lower vertical development. Urban village of
Bopodi comprising of single storey houses have lowest average height of houses.
Graph 4-15 Comparison of average height in all housing blocks

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FINAL ANALYSIS
7) Average built-up area per dwelling unit-
Average built up area per dwelling unit is highest in the developed area of Baner comprising
of large plotted row houses. High rise townships of Magarpatta city, Awho and Karvenagar
also have higher built up area per dwelling unit. Suburban areas of Kharadi, Ambegaon bk
and Peth area have moderate built-up area. Bopodi gaothan and Yerawada comprising of
small tenements have lowest built-up area per dwelling unit.
Graph 4-16 Comparison of average built-up area per dwelling unit in all housing blocks
8) Open space per person-
Open space per person is found to be highest in elite area of Baner, Karvenagar and Magarpatta
city comprising of landscaped areas and wide roads. Suburban areas of Ambegaon, Kharadi
and Hadapsar have moderate open space per person. Dense and compact developed Kasba peth
and slum of Yerawada have lowest open space for people.

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FINAL ANALYSIS
Graph 4-17 Comparison of open space per person in all housing blocks
9) Side to Side and Back to Back distance-
Distance between the buildings is highest in High rise apartments of Magarpatta city (which is
18 times more than the slum area of Yerawada) followed by Awho due to high vertical
development. It is moderate in Baner and Karvenagar having well plotted development.
Distance between surrounding buildings is lower in Suburban area of Kharadi and Ambegaon
while it is lowest in Kasba peth having compact development, Bopodi gaothan and informal
settlement of Yerawada having small tenements.
Graph 4-18 Comparison of Side to side distance and Back to back distance in all housing blocks

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FINAL ANALYSIS
4.5 Magnitude of physical density

The following table shows the magnitude of calculated physical density in a qualitative manner
in all the housing blocks.
Table 4-20 Magnitude of Physical densities in all Housing blocks

Physical
Very High High Moderate Low Very low
density
Bopodi gaothan, Awho
Residential Magarpatta city
Yerawada Kasba peth Hadapsar Baner
density Karvenagar
Ambegaon Bk Kharadi
Magarpatta city Ambegaon Bk
Occupancy
Baner Karvenagar Kharadi Bopodi gaothan Yerawada
density
Awho Hadapsar Kasba peth
Kasba peth
Awho Yerawada Karvenagar Bopodi
FAR Magarpatta city
Hadapsar Kharadi Baner gaothan
Ambegaon Bk
Karvenagar
Site Kharadi Bopodi Awho Hadapsar Magarpatta
Yerawada
Coverage Kasba peth gaothan Baner city
Ambegaon Bk
Karvenagar
Open Space Magarpatta Awho Hadapsar, Bopodi Kharadi
Yerawada
Ratio city Baner gaothan Kasba peth
Ambegaon Bk
Ambegaon
Baner
Average Awho Bk, Bopodi
Magarpatta city Kharadi
Height Hadapsar Kasba peth gaothan
Yerawada
Karvenagar
Average
Magarpatta city
built-up area Kharadi, Ambegaon Bk
Baner Awho Hadapsar Yerawada
per dwelling Kasba peth Bopodi gaothan
Karvenagar
unit
Bopodi gaothan
Open space Karvenagar Kasba peth
Baner Kharadi Yerawada
per person Magarpatta city Ambegaon Bk
Awho Hadapsar
Baner Kharadi,
Side to Side Magarpatta
Awho Hadapsar Ambegaon Bk Bopodi gaothan, Yerawada
distance city
Karvenagar Kasba peth
Kharadi
Back to Back Magarpatta Baner, Awho Bopodi gaothan,
Yerawada
distance city Karvenagar Hadapsar Kasba peth
Ambegaon Bk

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RESULTS OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER 5
5 RESULTS OF THE STUDY
This chapter contains the reasons of the physical density and spatial quality in the housing
blocks. The relation between the data collected from the survey questionnaire containing various
aspects and the calculated physical density have also been explored in this chapter.
5.1 Physical density- Reasons
1) Magarpatta city- Most of the houses in this block consist of plotted house-detached and
high rise apartments. The width of street for accessibility is between 3m-5m for majority
of the houses. Also there is a provision of open space for all the houses in the form of
landscaped area within the block. The housing block consist of parks and playground. The
apartments have consumed higher FAR with low site coverage. This is the reason for
highest open space ratio and highest distance from the surrounding buildings. Also the
housing block have high FAR, average height and average built-up area per dwelling unit.
The site coverage is the lowest among all the housing blocks. The occupancy density and
open space per person is also high because of the less population as compared to other
housing blocks.
Photograph 5-1 Magarpatta city Photograph 5-2 Magarpatta city

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2) Karvenagar- Most of the houses are plotted house-detached and the block is well developed.
The width of street for accessibility is more than 5m. There is open space in the housing
block due to undeveloped plots. This is the reason for high open space ratio and high open
space per person in this block. The housing quality is permanent having high built up area.
Due to the larger plot size and moderate vertical development, the FAR is low. The
residential density is low as most of the houses have high built-up area. The occupancy
density is high as most of the houses have less occupants. Due to the larger plot sizes and
high road width, the distance of the houses from the surrounding development is also higher
as compared to other housing blocks.
Photograph 5-3 Karvenagar Photograph 5-4 Karvenagar
3) AWHO, Hadapsar- The housing block comprises of high rise apartments. The width of the
roads is more than 5m and there is provision of open spaces in the form of landscaped area.
This resulted into high open space ratio. The high vertical development is the reason for
highest average height among all the housing blocks. Due to the larger built-up area of the
houses, the occupancy density is high. The residential density is moderate as the number of
dwelling units in the block is high. The site coverage is low due to the high rise apartments.
The FAR is the highest among all the housing blocks as the area is vertically developed.
Because of low site coverage and high road width, the distance of the houses from the
surrounding development is high.

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Photograph 5-5 AWHO Hadapsar
4) Baner- The housing block comprises of plotted house-detached as well as attached with
permanent housing quality. The width of street for accessibility is between 3m-5m. There
is less provision of open spaces within the block. The block has highest occupancy density
and average built up area per dwelling unit due to the larger plot sizes having high built up
area containing moderate number of occupants. The open space per person is high as all the
spaces other than the built up area is considered as open space including roads. The distance
of the houses from the surrounding building is high due to low site coverage and most of
the houses surrounded by roads from all the sides. The residential density is the lowest
among all the housing blocks as the number of dwelling units are very less. The FAR is low
as most of the houses are single-storied.
Photograph 5-6 Baner Photograph 5-7 Baner

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5) Ambegaon Bk- Most of the houses are plotted house-detached with some apartments. The
width of roads for accessibility is less than 3m. There is provision of open spaces in the
form of vacant plots and undeveloped land. The housing quality is permanent for maximum
houses. The residential density is high as the number of dwelling units are more compared
to other housing blocks. The FAR is high as most of the houses are multi-storied. The open
space ratio is high as there are vacant plots but open space per person is low as the occupants
per dwelling unit is comparatively higher than other housing blocks. The occupancy density
is moderate as the population is higher, average height is moderate due to multi-storied
houses and the distance between the houses is less. The site coverage of the housing block
is low as there are open spaces within the block. The average built-up area is low since the
number of dwelling units are higher.
Photograph 5-8 Ambegaon Bk Photograph 5-9 Ambegaon Bk
6) Kharadi- Most of the houses are plotted house-detached having permanent housing quality
with some semi-permanent structures. The provision of open space is less in the housing
block containing undeveloped plots. Hence there is low open space ratio. The width of
roads for accessibility is less than 3m for most houses. The site coverage is high as most of
the houses have utilized full plot size with less distance from the surrounding buildings
which also resulted in low side to side and back to back distance. The occupancy density

P a g e | 69
and open space per person is moderate as the number of occupants within the block are
high. The number of dwelling units are more and most of the houses are single or double
storied which resulted in moderate FAR, moderate residential density and low average
height. The average built up area is moderate due to higher built up area.
Photograph 5-10 Kharadi Photograph 5-11 Kharadi
7) Yerawada- The housing block is an informal settlement comprising of slum dwellers. The
block has permanent as well as non-permanent structures. The road width for accessibility
is less then 3m and there is no provision of open space. The distance between the houses is
very low due to which the side to side and back to back distance is the lowest. The housing
block has single storied development. The horizontal development with less distance from
surrounding houses has resulted into highest site coverage among all housing blocks. The
FAR is moderate as the built up area is high as compared to the block. The average height
is low as most of the houses are single storied. The residential density is the highest as the
block has highest number of dwelling units. The occupancy density is the lowest as the
number of occupants are high compared to built up area. The average built up area is the
lowest. The open space ratio and open space per person is the lowest since there is no
provision of open space in the block.

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Photograph 5-12 Yerawada Photograph 5-13 Yerawada
8) Bopodi gaothan- Most of the houses are plotted house detached with permanent as well as
semi-permanent structures. There is less provision of open space within the block. The
width of road for accessibility is less than 3m. The residential density is high as the number
of dwelling units are more due to the low built up area in the housing block. The site
coverage is moderate due to the horizontal development. The open space ratio is moderate
since there are vacant plots. The occupancy density is low as the built up area is less in the
housing block comprising of single-storied development which also resulted in low average
built up area per dwelling unit. The open space per person is low as the population is more
compared to the availability of open space. The distance between the surrounding buildings
is less and the road width for accessibility are also small which resulted in low side to side
and back to back distance. The FAR is the lowest among all the housing blocks due to low
built area and single storied houses.
Photograph 5-14 Bopodi gaothan Photograph 5-15 Bopodi gaothan

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9) Kasba peth- The houses in this block comprises of plotted house attached and detached as
well as apartments. The housing quality is permanent. The width of street for accessibility
is less than 3m as well as 3m-5m for some houses. There is no provision of open space
within the housing block. The residential density is high since the number of dwelling units
are more. The FAR is high due to the large number of multi storied buildings within the
housing block. The site coverage is high and the side to side and back to back distance is
low since the distance of the house from the surrounding development is very low and the
utilization of land is very high. The average height is moderate since there are single storied
as well as multi-storied houses. The average built up area is moderate due to the large
number of dwelling units. The open space ratio and open space per person is low as there
is no provision of open space and the distance between the buildings is less.
Photograph 5-16 Kasba peth Photograph 5-17 Kasba peth
5.2 Spatial qualities
The spatial qualities of the housing blocks are described in this section. The parameters like
provision of daylight, cross ventilation and shade were used for analysis.

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The housing blocks of Magarpatta city, Baner and AWHO Hadapsar have very good provision
of daylight and cross ventilation. Most of the houses have openings in the form of window and
door on all the sides. The distance between the buildings is also high which help in cross ventilation.
These housing blocks are well shaded by trees and tall buildings. The roads in these blocks are
wide for accessibility. There are open spaces in the form of parks and playground. Most of the
houses have north-south orientation with respect to façade which help in natural lighting and cross
ventilation of the house. The provision of open spaces help people to carry out recreational and
social activities. The quality of life is good and standard of living is high.
Photograph 5-18 Magarpatta city Photograph 5-19 Baner
The housing blocks of Ambegaon Bk, Karvenagar, Kasba peth and Kharadi has moderate
provision of daylight and cross ventilation since most of the houses does not have openings in the
form of window or door on all the sides. The distance between the houses is adequate for cross
ventilation. Most of the houses are single or double storied. Hence, the housing block is partially
shaded by trees and some tall buildings. The provision of open spaces is low and only consist of
vacant land and undeveloped plots. There are no places for people to carry out recreational and
social activities within these housing blocks. Except Ambegaon Bk, the orientation of the houses
in remaining housing blocks is north-south which helps in increased natural lighting. The quality
of life is better of the people and the standard of living is high.

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Photograph 5-20 Karvenagar Photograph 5-21 Kharadi
Photograph 5-22 Ambegaon Bk Photograph 5-23 Kasba peth
The housing blocks of Yerawada and Bopodi gaothan which are informal settlements have poor
provision of daylight and cross ventilation since most of the houses have least openings in the form
of window or door. The distance between the houses is very low which result in less air movement
and cross ventilation. The provision of natural daylight is also less as the houses are built very close
to each other. There are no provision of open spaces. Roads are very narrow. They can only be
considered as open space within these blocks. People are unable to carry out recreational activities
due to the lack of open spaces. The quality of life is poor and standard of living is very low.

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Photograph 5-24 Bopodi gaothan Photograph 5-25 Yerawada
5.3 Findings
This section includes the findings form the housing blocks. The relation between the data
collected from the survey questionnaire and calculated physical density from aerial photographs is
been described in this section. The findings are based on the analysis which is carried out in this
study.
The building typology is an important factor which shapes the physical density in an area. Most
of the housing blocks having plotted houses (detached or attached) and apartments (low rise or
high rise) had high FAR and less site coverage as compared to the blocks having slum, wada or
chawl while the blocks having slum typology had less FAR and high site coverage. The distance
between the houses was found to be more in the housing blocks having plotted houses and
apartments while the housing blocks having slum typology had less distance between the houses.
The plotted houses and apartments also had higher built up area per dwelling unit and average
height of the buildings compared to the slum, chawl or wada typology. The slum typology generally
have less built up area per dwelling unit which results in higher residential density since more
dwelling units of lower built up area can be accommodated while the plotted houses and apartment
have high built up area per dwelling unit which leads to low residential density. The plotted houses
and apartments have high built up area due to which they have higher occupancy density while

P a g e | 75
slum typology having less built up area have lower occupancy density. Thus, it can concluded that
housing blocks having plotted houses or apartments had given rise to vertical development while
the slum typology had increased the horizontal development in an area.
The housing quality is also an important factor in deciding the physical density of an area. Most
of the housing blocks having permanent housing quality had higher physical densities. Semi-
permanent and temporary housing structures will have comparatively lower physical densities.
Since, there were very few semi-permanent housing structures in some housing blocks, they did
not had much impact on the overall physical density. No temporary housing structures were found
in the selected housing blocks.
The number of floors or height of building will have direct impact on the physical density. It is
an important factor in shaping the vertical development of an area. The housing blocks having
multi storied buildings will have higher FAR and built up area per dwelling unit. But with the
increase in the height of a building, its ground coverage has to be reduced. Hence, the housing
blocks with higher vertical development had lower site coverage and more open space. This also
results in higher side to side and back to back distance between the buildings. The housing blocks
having houses with lower height had maximum site coverage and less distance between the
buildings which increases horizontal development. The vertically developed housing blocks have
comparatively low residential density and high occupancy density. The horizontally developed
housing blocks have high residential density and low occupancy density. However, there are
housing blocks of formal settlement which are horizontally developed but still have low residential
density and high occupancy density.
The distance of the house from the surrounding buildings help to identify the type of
development in an area. It is directly related to side to side and back to back distance which is one
of the type of physical density. However, it will not help in shaping other type of densities like
FAR, Site coverage, built up area and height in an area. Generally, the houses with maximum
distance from the surrounding buildings will have high vertical development while the houses with
minimum distance from the surrounding buildings will have horizontal development. Although,

P a g e | 76
there are few housing blocks having houses with maximum distance from the surrounding
buildings but still are horizontally developed.
The orientation of the building with respect to the façade is related to spatial quality rather than
physical density of the housing block. The houses having North-South orientation have better
provision of natural daylight while the houses with East-West orientation with respect to façade
have comparatively less effective provision of daylight. The average wind direction in Pune city is
from South-West to North-East. Hence, North-South orientation of the buildings have effective
cross ventilation and air movement compared to East-West orientation. However, this also depend
upon the site conditions, openings in the form of window, door and the distance between the houses.
The housing blocks with tall buildings and trees are well shaded.
The width of street for accessibility does not affect the physical density of the individual house.
But, at block level the internal roads are included while calculating the physical density. Also half
of the width of the roads surrounding the housing block is considered for calculation. The width of
street have impact on the spatial quality of the housing block as they are a form of open space. The
housing blocks with more road width have higher open space ratio and open space per person when
calculated at block level. Generally, the road width was found to be more in vertically developed
blocks. Although, there are housing blocks which are horizontally developed but still have higher
road width for accessibility. The informal settlements have less road width which are inadequate
for accessibility resulting in low open space ratio and low open space per person at block level.
While studying the physical density, the years before houses were constructed in a housing
block is a parameter which can interpret the type and intensity of development which took place in
recent years. The difference between the types of development that occurred in the past years with
the recent development can be identified with the help of this parameter. The study concluded that
most of the houses which were constructed in the last five years had high vertical development.
The housing blocks with houses constructed in the last six to ten years had mixed type of
development which includes horizontal as well as vertical development. The houses constructed
before ten years had comparatively more horizontal development. Although, there are some
housing blocks which have houses been constructed before the past ten years but still have high

P a g e | 77
vertical development since it also depend upon the location of the block. However, overall it can
be concluded that the trend is shifting from horizontal development to vertical development in the
recent years.
The provision of open space is directly related to the open space ratio and open space per person
in the housing block. Most of the housing blocks have private open space which is undeveloped
land or vacant plot. The communal open space includes parks and playgrounds within the housing
blocks. Generally, the housing blocks with the provision of any type of open space have high open
space ratio and higher open space per person. It is also necessary for the study of spatial quality of
the block. The housing block with less provision of open space have low open space ratio and low
open space per person. However, there are housing blocks which lacks open space but still have
higher open space per person since while calculating this type of physical density the width of
roads are also been considered at block level.
The number of dwelling units and number of occupants are the significant factors for shaping
the physical density in an area. The housing blocks with more dwelling units have higher residential
density while the housing blocks with less dwelling units have lower residential density. The
housing blocks which have more number of occupants have less occupancy density and less open
space per person while the housing blocks with less number of occupants have higher occupancy
density and more open space per person.
The spatial quality of the housing blocks was analyzed by using parameters like provision of
daylight, shade and cross ventilation. The spatial qualities is directly based on the factors like
openings in the form of window, door etc. and the distance between the buildings. Although it also
depend upon the site conditions. Generally, the houses with more openings in the form of window,
door and high distance from the surrounding buildings had good spatial qualities. On the other
hand, the houses with less openings in the form of window, door and low distance from the
surrounding buildings had poor spatial qualities.

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PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 6
6 PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Problems
The problems associated with the physical densities in the housing blocks are described in this
section.
1) Ambegaon Bk- This housing block is located in the sub-urban area which has high growth
rate. The area has high residential density. The number of occupants are comparatively
more than other housing blocks which can result in infrastructure overload. The existing
basic services and amenities cannot fulfill the needs of the rapid growing population. The
width of roads for accessibility is narrow.
2) Baner- This housing block is already well developed. The land available for future
development in this block is limited. The average height of the houses are comparatively
low. There is moderate utilization of land. The housing development in this area is mostly
carried out for high income group people. The FAR at block level is low though the average
built up area is high.
3) Karvenagar- The residential density and FAR at block level is low which leads to horizontal
development and low utilization of land. The high average built up area may lead to
infrastructure overload.
4) Kharadi- The housing block has narrow width of roads. The distance between the houses
are low which can cause cross ventilation problem. The FAR is moderate while the site
coverage is high which results into improper utilization of land. The housing block lacks
provision of open spaces.

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5) Magarpatta city- This housing block is already well developed. There are no problems
related to physical density and spatial quality. The residential density is low which results
in high land utilization. More land is required for this type of housing development.
6) AWHO, Hadapsar- The open space per person is low. There are no other problems related
to physical density and spatial quality in this housing block.
7) Kasba peth- This housing block has high residential density, high FAR and site coverage
which results in high utilization of land. There is lack of open space. The distance between
the houses is narrow. There are some semi-permanent structures. The road width for
accessibility is very low. The number of occupants are high which results in infrastructure
overload and difficulty in the provision of basic services. The block has compact and dense
development due to high built up area and high vertical development.
8) Bopodi gaothan- This is an informal settlement with compact development. The low built
up area and high residential density results in horizontal expansion of the area. The
occupancy density is very low which indicates that the built up area is less per person. The
FAR is the lowest and the site coverage is high which results in horizontal development
and urban sprawl. There is no provision of open space. The road width is narrow. The
average height is also lowest which indicates that there is low vertical development. The
distance between the buildings is low which causes problems of cross ventilation. There is
difficulty in provision of basic services.
9) Yerawada- This is also an informal settlement. The residential density is the highest among
all the housing blocks due to low built up area which results in horizontal expansion of the
area. The occupancy density is the lowest which indicates that the built up area available
per person is very small causing poor quality of life of people. The FAR is moderate and
site coverage is highest which leads to horizontal development and can cause urban sprawl.
The housing block lacks the provision of open space. The houses in this block are not
vertically developed and have high utilization of land. The side to side and back to back
distance between the buildings is the lowest among all the housing blocks which results
into poor spatial quality and low standard of living. The road width for accessibility is
narrow. The provision of basic services is very difficult.

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6.2 Recommendations
The recommendations for resolving the problems in the housing blocks are mentioned in this
chapter.
1) Ambegaon Bk- The block has vacant plot and undeveloped land. The area is developing at
a high rate and is emerging as one of the fastest growing suburban area in Pune city. The
vacant plot and undeveloped land can be utilized for high density residential development.
The vertical development of the area will lead to the accommodation of increasing
population since most of the people can afford to buy house in this area. The infrastructure
and provision of basic services shall also have to be developed simultaneously.
2) Baner- The growth potential of this block is limited. The FAR of the area at block level can
be increased by promoting vertical development. The open space in this area in the form of
parks and playgrounds should be maintained in future. The housing development in this
area should incorporate the needs of the low income group population. The existing
infrastructure and access to services should be maintained in the future.
3) Karvenagar- The area is developing at a rapid rate. The high density housing development
should be promoted since the area has good connectivity. The FAR at block level can be
increased by high vertical development in future. The open spaces in the form of parks and
playground should be maintained. The infrastructure and provision of basic services for the
growing population should be improved.
4) Kharadi- There should be provision of open spaces in the nearby area for the people to carry
out recreational and social activities. The opening of the houses should be improved to
allow cross ventilation. The future housing development to be carried out in this area should
have high density with low site coverage.
5) Magarpatta city- This type of high density and vertically developed townships should have
more provision of affordable housing which can accommodate increasing population.
6) AWHO, Hadapsar- There should be provision of open space in the form of parks and
playground which will increase open space per person. The access to basic services and
infrastructure can be improved for the increasing population in this suburban area.

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7) Kasba peth- As this housing block is located in the core part of the city, there is no further
scope for housing development within this block. The semi-permanent structures in this
block should be redeveloped with high density housing. The provision of basic services
should be improved. The open space cannot be developed within this housing block but
people can use the nearby parks and garden for recreational activities and social gathering
purposes. The internal roads can be used as open space. The vehicular traffic through these
streets should be banned. These streets should be designed for pedestrians. The housing
block has potential for commercial development and hence mixed land use should be
promoted.
8) Bopodi gaothan- This housing block is a part of urban village which includes informal
settlement. The surrounding area is well developed with high rise buildings. There are
vacant plot and undeveloped land which can be utilized for high density housing
development with provision of open space and basic services. The compact houses can be
redeveloped by using community participation. Multi-storied houses which can
accommodate increasing population should be developed by using cheap labor, local
technologies and construction method, earth materials etc. which can reduce the
construction cost for redevelopment of houses. This will help develop affordable houses for
the local people. The space usability within the block can be improved.
9) Yerawada- This informal settlement should be undertaken for ‘In-situ’ slum
redevelopment. The slum redevelopment is high density housing development which
includes vertically developed affordable housing for slum dwellers. The slum
redevelopment should include proper layout of the high rise buildings with open spaces and
wide internal roads. There should be provision of basic services. The housing block with
good spatial quality and high physical density can accommodate increasing slum population
in this area which will help improve quality of life and standard of living of people.

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7
7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This chapter includes the summary of the thesis in brief. The conclusions drawn out from the
study are also described in this section.
7.1 Summary
Pune is a metropolitan city which has high growth of urbanization. The city is expanding
horizontally due to increasing population and migration of people for education and employment
purposes. The shortage of affordable housing supply for the low income people has led to the
growth of informal settlements which causes inefficient use of land and resources. This study was
carried out to analyze the horizontal and vertical development in the city by using the tool of
physical density which will help in land management and understanding the intensity of use of land
resource in the various parts of the city. There is lack of knowledge about the use of physical
density to analyze housing settlements. In Indian context, there are very few efforts made by the
professionals or planning authorities to analyze and evaluate the physical densities and spatial
qualities.
Physical density is the numerical measure of the concentration of individuals or physical

structures within any geographical area. Housing block is the study area delineated for the
measurement of density which is usually rectangular shaped polygon. The study was carried out in
nine housing blocks out of which seven were formal settlements and two were informal settlements.
The parameters such as building typology, developed/undeveloped area, location of the site in the
city, time period of development etc. were considered for the selection of housing block. The study
involved ten types of physical densities such as residential density, occupancy density, FAR, site

P a g e | 83
coverage, open space ratio, open space per person, average height, average built up area per person,
side to side and back to back distance. The spatial quality of the housing blocks were also studied
for which cross ventilation, shade and provision of daylight were the parameters used. The main
aim of the study was to analyze the physical density in all the housing blocks. It also focused on
reasons, problems and variation of physical density in different housing blocks. Questionnaire was
prepared for the study. The study was based on data collected from survey questionnaire and
ground verification in all housing blocks. Personal observations and photographs were also used
for analysis. The physical density was calculated with the help of aerial photographs from ‘Google
Earth’ software. The density was calculated by their respective formulae in all the housing blocks.
The spatial quality was analyzed by the help of photographs and survey questionnaire.
The analysis of the study included comparison of physical and spatial quality among all the
housing blocks. The physical density in formal settlements was higher than that of informal
settlements. The spatial quality in formal settlements was good as compared to the informal
settlements. The formal settlements located in the suburban areas had high vertical development.
The informal settlements were horizontally developed. The formal settlement which were located
close to the city had higher physical density but compared to other formal settlements had lower
vertical development. The core part of the city and an urban village had dense and compact
development. There were provision of open spaces in developed housing blocks. The informal
settlements lacked the provision of open spaces. The width of street for accessibility was more in
formal settlements. The relation between data collected from housing blocks and calculated
physical density was also described. The magnitude of physical density was based on its variation
among all the housing blocks. The reasons for growth of specific type of physical density in various
housing blocks were building typology, housing quality, width of road, provision of open space,
number of occupants, number of dwelling unit, built up area of dwelling units and number of floors
present in that block. The reasons for spatial quality included the distance between the buildings,
openings in the houses, orientation of the houses, width of road and access to open spaces. The
problems in the high density formal settlements related to physical density were less as compared
to informal settlements. The dense formal settlements may result in infrastructure overload and
difficultly in provision of basic services. The formal settlements lacked affordable housing

P a g e | 84
development for the low income people. The informal settlements had poor spatial quality. They
were horizontally developed which may cause urban sprawl. The recommendation of the study
were based on the problems faced by the housing blocks and the potential of growth in those blocks.
The formal settlements should sustain the existing physical density. The utilization of land should
be efficient in Pune city. The access to basic services should be improved. The undeveloped land
should be utilized for high density vertical development which can accommodate more population.
The In-situ redevelopment and reconstruction of the houses by the use of cheap labor, cheap
materials, local technologies and construction method for the houses were recommended for
provision affordable housing of informal settlements. There should be provision of open space and
proper layout of the buildings in the informal settlements.
7.2 Conclusion
The study was carried out for the assessment of physical density in various parts of Pune city.
The main focus of the study was the analysis of physical density and spatial quality, the reasons
behind their growth and problems associated with it in the housing block. From the study it can be
concluded that the formal settlements had higher physical densities than that of informal
settlements.
The physical density in seven formal settlements-
1) High density vertical development in suburban area of south-east Pune- The housing blocks
of Magarpatta city and AWHO Hadapsar had high physical density and good spatial
qualities. This part of the city is rapidly growing due to good connectivity, proximity to
industrial areas, IT Park etc. and comparatively cheap land price. The land is efficiently
used in these blocks. There is proper land management. The built form mainly includes
high rise apartments. The impact of high density involves good provision of basic services
and transportation network but have traffic congestion problem. The people have more
access to social and recreational activities.

P a g e | 85
2) Moderate density in suburban area of north eastern and southern part of Pune- The housing
blocks of Kharadi and Ambegaon Bk have moderate physical density as compared to other
formal settlements and good spatial qualities. These areas are horizontally as well as
vertically developed. This part of the city has highest potential of future growth due to good
connectivity, availability of affordable houses and presence of vacant land for development.
The built form mainly consist of plotted houses. The land utilization is moderate and can
be improved in future for accommodation of increasing population.
3) High density horizontal development in suburban area of western and north-western Pune-
The housing blocks of Baner and Karvenagar are well developed having high density but
horizontal development. The built form mainly consist of bungalows and row houses. The
area is mostly consist of high income group housing societies. The utilization of land is
high. The impact of high density involves good provision of services and transportation.
The vertical development of undeveloped land may help in accommodation of more
population.
4) High density compact development in core part of Pune city- The housing block of Kasba
peth has high density housing which is vertically developed and has moderate spatial
quality which can be improved. The utilization of the land is one of the highest and has
more demand due to proximity to CBD. The built form mainly consist of compact high rise
apartments and some old housing structures. The area has good connectivity. There is no
potential for further housing development due to the absence of vacant plots.
The physical density in two informal settlements-
1) Low density horizontal development in northern and eastern part of Pune- The housing
block of Bopodi gaothan which is an urban village and Yerawada has low dense horizontal
housing development with poor spatial quality. The built form mainly consist of single
storey houses of slum typology and some semi-permanent structures. The land is not
efficiently used and has improper land management. The utilization of land is low though
the surrounding area is highly developed. There is difficulty in provision of services. The

P a g e | 86
people have less access to recreational and social activities. There is scope for affordable
housing development in this area for low income people.
Based on the study of housing blocks, the metropolitan city of Pune should have high density
vertical housing development which can accommodate increasing population. The affordable
housing should be promoted for low income people which will help in reducing the informal
settlements of Pune city. The land is a scarce resource and hence there should be high utilization
of land. The use of land should also be efficient. There should be provision of open spaces for the
citizens to carry out social activities. There should be high width of roads for accessibility and more
distance between the houses from surrounding development for good spatial quality. This will
improve the quality of life and standard of living of the people in Pune city.

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APPENDIX
8 APPENDIX
Appendix 8-A Survey Questionnaire Format
Ground verification and spatial information of the Housing block
House no-
Location-
Q. Number of dwelling unit-
Q. Number of occupants-
Q. Housing Quality- a) Permanent b) Semi-permanent c) Temporary
Q. Building Typology- a) Apartment – 1.High Rise/2.Low Rise b) Chawl

c) Wada d) Plotted House – 1.Attached / 2.Detached e) Slum
Q. Number of Floors and its height (in m)-
Q. Distance between the surrounding buildings
Left side Right side Front side Back side

a) Less than 2m
b) 2m-5m
c) 5m-10m
d) More than 10 m
Q. Orientation with respect to façade of the house- a) North-South b) East-West

c) North East-South West d) North West-South East

P a g e | 88
APPENDIX
Q. Width of street for accessibility to the house- a) Less than 3m b) 3m-5m c) More than 5m
Q. House was constructed before - a) Less than 1 year b) 1-5 years c) 6-10 years
d) More than 10 years
Q. Provision of open space in the vicinity of the building- a) Yes b) No
Q. Type of open space- a) Private b) Semi-private c) Communal space
Q. Reason for open space- a) Landscaped area b) Vacant plot
Q. Spatial qualities of the locality around the house-
Daylight Cross ventilation Shade

a) Very good
b) Good
c) Moderate
d) Poor
e) Very poor
Q. Comment of the respondent-

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REFERENCES
9 REFERENCES
1) Aysan Atashbeigi, Masoomeh Shemshad- Effect of increasing building density on urban

physical-space structure (Case Study: region one of Tehran municipality), Department of
Urban Design, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Retrieved on 27/09/2016 from
http://bepls.com/march_2015/21.pdf
2) Vicky Cheng- Understanding density and High density.

Retrieved on 22/08/2016
https://arhitectura2tm.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/understanding-density-and-high-density.pdf
3) Ann Forsyth- Measuring density- Working definition of residential and building density,
University of Minnesota.
http://www.corridordevelopment.org/pdfs/from_MDC_Website/db9.pdf
4) Syful Islam -Physical Density and Urban Sprawl: A Case of Dhaka City. Stockholm
2007, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan
(KTH).
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/8780781/physical-density-and-urban-sprawl-a-case-
of-dhaka-city-kth
5) Richard Peter Kaufholz- Building densities- A physical volume approach.

https://spinlab.vu.nl/websites/unigis/downloads/msc/Richard%20Kaufholz.pdf

P a g e | 90
REFERENCES
6) Xian Zhang Pan -Analysing the Variation of Building Density Using High Spatial
Resolution Satellite Images: the Example of Shanghai City. (Institute of Soil Science,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673430/
7) Meta Berghauser Pont and Per Haupt -Space, Density and Urban Form, Netherlands.
http://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:0e8cdd4d-80d0-4c4c-97dc-
dbb9e5eee7c2?collection=research
8) Radberge -Study on urban blocks, Sweden, 1988.

http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:37326/FULLTEXT01.pdf

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ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE

SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

ZENDE RUSHAB SOPAN

Dr. P.M.RAVAL SIR

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, B TECH PLANNING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE

Dr. P.M.RAVAL SIR Dr. S.S.BHOSALE SIR

Guide Head of the Department

Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering Department

College of Engineering Pune College of Engineering Pune

This report entitled

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN

Zende Rushab Sopan

is approved for the degree of

Department of Civil Engineering, B tech Planning

College of Engineering Pune

(An autonomous institute of Govt. of Maharashtra)

Examiners Name Signature

ZENDE RUSHAB SOPAN

Date & Place-

Physical density is the concentration of physical structures or individuals in any geographic

Keywords- Physical density, Spatial quality, Housing block.

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

1.2 Need of the study

1.3 Lack of Knowledge

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

1.4 Aim of the study

To study the physical density of the settlements in Pune city.

1.5 Objectives of the study

To calculate the physical density of the housing block.

To analyze the physical density of the housing block.

To study the variation of physical density between the housing blocks.

To identify the related problems and provide recommendations.

1.6 Scope of the study

1.7 Limitations of the study

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

2.1 Physical density

It is important that the scales of geographical references should be defined in density

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

2.2 Types of physical density

Formula- (Total number of dwelling unit / Total block area) x 4000

Formula- Total built-up area of block / Total occupants

Formula- Total built-up area of block / Total block area

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

Formula- (Total building footprint area / Total block area) x 100

Formula- Total height of all floors / Total number of houses

Formula- Total built up area / Total dwelling units

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of high and low physical density

Figure 2-2 Factors influencing density, Acioly and Davidson, 1996

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

2.4 Significance of physical density

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

2) Planning policy and Zoning regulations – It is associated with a variety of indicators of

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

2.5 Spatial qualities

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL DENSITY FOR THE SETTLEMENTS IN PUNE CITY

2.6 Previous case studies