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2) A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability to produce Dicer-2 protein. You might expect this strain to
be more susceptible to ________ infections.
A) viral
B) bacterial
C) fungal
D) protozoan
4) The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response
are ________.
A) phagocytes and cytokines
B) dendritic cells and interferons
C) mast cells and histamines
D) lymphocytes and interferons
6) ________ are receptor molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are
present in or on certain groups of pathogens.
A) Cytokines
B) Toll-like receptors
C) Interferons
D) Complement proteins
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7) Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response
to ________.
A) certain bacterial infections
B) specific forms of viruses
C) the presence of natural killer cells
D) increased production of neutrophils
8) ________ are cells of the mammalian innate immune response that help destroy tumors.
A) Cytotoxic T cells
B) Natural killer cells
C) Macrophages
D) B cells
The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that ________.
A) adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection
B) adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection
C) wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to
both fungal and bacterial pathogens
D) the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both fungal and bacterial
pathogens
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10) A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed
and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?
A) inflammatory response
B) lytic response
C) adaptive immune response
D) autoimmune response
12) The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by ________.
A) interferons produced by immune cells
B) the secretion of complement proteins
C) the release of slightly alkaline secretions
D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces
14) Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin ________.
A) inactivate the erythrocytes
B) stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells
C) stimulate release of interferons
D) activate a group of proteins called complement
15) Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological
function?
A) sweeping away debris
B) physically trapping of pathogens
C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic
D) increasing oxygen absorption
16) You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you
sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the
next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before
recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?
A) Your friend had antibodies to that virus.
B) You had an immunological memory of that virus.
C) Your friend had an autoimmune disorder.
D) Your friend had allergies.
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17) Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions
and joining regions is accomplished by a(n)________.
A) RNA polymerase
B) reverse transcriptase
C) telomerase
D) recombinase
18) Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the
production of ________.
A) large quantities of the antigen initially recognized
B) vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors
C) long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen
D) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
19) A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely
________.
A) lack innate immunity
B) be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors
C) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells
D) have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies
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23) Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
An otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with EBV (the virus that causes
infectious mononucleosis) when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a
mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. When she is exposed to EBV again later
in life, she does not get sick or have any symptoms of mononucleosis.
Which of the following statements explains why your class mate does not exhibit symptoms of
EBV infection?
A) She was likely infected with a weaker strain of EBV during her second exposure.
B) Complement proteins effectively controlled the EBV during the second infection.
C) Memory T cells quickly recognized the virus upon the second exposure and destroyed the
virally infected cells.
D) Her innate immune response was better at recognizing the EBV antigen during the second
infection.
25) Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________.
A) stimulates the complement system
B) triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes
C) promotes inflammation
D) enhances the activity of macrophages
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28) Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal selection theory of how the
adaptive immune system functions?
I) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.
II) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many
identical copies of itself.
III)Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they
do not bind an antigen.
IV)Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is
eliminated.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, II, and IV
D) only II, III, and IV
30) Which of the following are similarities between B cells and T cells?
I) They both recognize antigen using immunoglobulin receptors.
II) Both B cells and T cells undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen.
III) B cells and T cells both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered
antigens.
A) only III
B) only II
C) both II and III
D) both I and II
31) A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system
for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently
triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most
accurately describes this cell?
A) plasma cell
B) thyroid cell
C) memory cell
D) macrophage
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32) Which of the following statements about epitopes are correct?
I) B cell receptors bind to epitopes.
II) T cell receptors bind to epitopes.
III) There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen.
IV) There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, II, and III
D) only II, III, and IV
35) Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.
A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs
B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC
molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface
C) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines
released
D) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released
→ cell lysis
36) Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it
first responds to a pathogen.
I) Pathogen is destroyed.
II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
III) Antigens from a pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.
IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigens from a pathogen become numerous.
V) Only memory cells remain.
A) I → III → II → IV → V
B) II → I → IV → III → V
C) IV → II → III → I → V
D) III → IV → II → I → V
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37) A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable
to ________.
A) respond to circulating viral antigens
B) lyse tumor cells
C) stimulate a cytotoxic T cell
D) interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex
40) B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.
A) B cells produce IgE antibodies
B) B cells release cytokines
C) cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface
D) helper T cells release cytokines
41) When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from ________.
A) the antibody having at least two binding regions
B) disulfide bridges between the antigens
C) bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules
D) denaturation of the antibodies
43) Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from the ________.
A) injection of vaccine
B) ingestion of interferon
C) placental transfer of antibodies
D) absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes
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44) Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was due to
the fact that ________.
A) the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens
B) the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox
C) there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses
D) cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus
45) An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would
likely benefit from ________.
A) vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin
B) injection of antibodies to the toxin
C) injection of interleukin-1
D) injection of interferon
46) For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary
that ________.
A) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same
B) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified
C) the pathogen has only one epitope
D) the major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules are heterozygous
47) The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another class of antibody
that is responsive to the same antigen is due to ________.
A) the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells
B) a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response
C) a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells
D) the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA
48) The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given
population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited
array of MHC molecules because ________.
A) the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of
rearranging in a number of ways
B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II
C) each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for
each gene
D) once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories
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49) A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given
recipient (Jane's cousin, Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's
needed transfusions, because ________.
A) even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her major histocompatibility (MHC)
proteins may not be a match
B) a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is
more tolerant of change
C) for each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles
D) Jane's MHC class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow
transfusions輸血
50) An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium
because ________.
A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack
MHC molecules
B) the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an
immune response
C) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells
D) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient
51) Which of the following components of the immune system destroys cancerous cells by
punching holes in plasma membranes and triggering apoptosis?
A) toll-like proteins
B) macrophages
C) plasma cells
D) cytotoxic T cells
53) Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?
A) memory cells
B) presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface
C) activation of complement proteins
D) phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood
Answer: B
54) Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria by punching
holes in the wall of the bacteria?
A) complement protein
B) macrophages
C) plasma cells
D) major histocompatibility complex proteins
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55) Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because ________.
A) of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases
B) the flu can generate anaphylactic shock
C) surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year
D) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells
56) A patient who has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop
in blood pressure is likely suffering from ________.
A) an autoimmune disease
B) a typical skin allergy (contact dermatitis) that can be treated by antihistamines
C) an organ transplant, such as a skin graft
D) anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen
57) The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time is exemplified by
________.
A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or
emotional stress in the host
C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS but rarely in those not
infected by HIV
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their
lives
58) A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet
as a birthday gift should first be treated with ________.
A) a vaccine
B) sterile pollen
C) antihistamines
D) monoclonal antibodies
59) Which of the following would help a virus avoid triggering an effective adaptive immune
response?
I) having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins
II) building the viral shell from host proteins
III) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses
IV) infecting and killing helper T cells
A) only I and III
B) only I, II, and IV
C) only I, II, and III
D) only II, III, and IV
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60) Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?
A) a condition in which B and T cells trigger anaphylactic shock in response to an antigen
B) a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by
the same antigen
C) a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself (loss of self-tolerance)
D) a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered
by a specific antigen
61) If a person is prone to allergies, what treatment could redirect their immune response to help
prevent future allergic reactions?
A) stimulating activated B cells to switch antibody production from class IgE to class IgM
B) blocking the antigen recognition sites of IgM antibodies
C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body
D) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells
3) Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma
cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells?
A) B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity.
B) B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent
times.
C) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host
cells.
D) B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response.
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4) Which of the following statements is not true?
A) An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site.
B) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.
C) An antigen can have different epitopes.
D) A liver or muscle cell makes one class of MHC molecule.
7) Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?
A) having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins
B) infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules
C) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses
D) infecting and killing helper T cells
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