Escolar Documentos
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3#
Pressure Measurement Terms
• Absolute Pressure
Measured above total vacuum or zero absolute. Zero absolute represents total lack of
pressure.
• Atmospheric Pressure
The pressure exerted by the earth’s atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is
14.696 psia. The value of atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude.
• Barometric Pressure
Same as atmospheric pressure.
• Gauge Pressure
The pressure above atmospheric pressure. Represents positive difference between
measured pressure and existing atmospheric pressure. Can be converted to absolute
by adding actual atmospheric pressure value.
• Differential Pressure
The difference in magnitude between some pressure value and some reference
pressure. In a sense, absolute pressure could be considered as a differential
pressure with total vacuum or zero absolute as the reference. Likewise, gauge
pressure (defined above) could be considered as Differential Pressure with
atmospheric pressure as the reference.
4#
Pressure Measurement
Pressure Units
psi 100
bar 6.895
mbar 6895
mm of Hg 5171
mm of WC 70358
in of WC 2770
Kg/cm2 7.032
Pascal 689476
kPa 689.5
atm 6.805
5#
Pressure Instruments
PRESSURE
SWITCH
PRESSURE
GAUGE
6#
Pressure Gauge
PRESSURE GAUGES:
• A Pressure Gauge is used for measuring the
pressure of a gas or liquid.
• A Vacuum Gauge is used to measure the
pressure in a vacuum.
• A Compound Gauge is used for measuring
both Vacuum and Pressure.
• Pressure Gauges are used for Indication only.
7#
Pressure Gauge
8#
Pressure Gauge
Measuring Principle
Bourdon tube measuring element is made of a thin-walled C-shape tube or
spirally wound helical or coiled tube. When pressure is applied to the measuring
system through the pressure port (socket), the pressure causes the Bourdon
tube to straighten itself, thus causing the tip to move. The motion of the tip is
transmitted via the link to the movement which converts the linear motion of the
bourdon tube to a rotational motion that in turn causes the pointer to indicate the
measured pressure.
Helical Bourdon
Coiled Bourdon
“C” Type Bourdon
9#
Differential Pressure Gauge
Measuring Principle:
• Differential pressure gauges have
two inlet ports, each connected to
one of the volumes whose pressure
is to be monitored.
• In cases where either input can be
higher or lower than the other, a bi-
directional differential range should
be used.
10#
Differential Pressure Gauge
11#
Pressure Gauge - Accessories
Snubber
Used for dampening and filtering and reducing the damaging effects of
pulsation on a gauge. The snubber has a metal disc available in standard
grades of porosity.
12#
Pressure Gauge - Accessories
Siphon Tubes
Used to dissipate heat by trapping condensed liquid to
keep high temperature steam or condensing vapor
from damaging the pressure gauge.
13#
Diaphragm Seals
14#
Diaphragm Seals
15#
Pressure Gauge Selection Guideline
16#
Pressure Gauge Ranges
17#
Pressure Gauge Installation
• Top connection preferred for gas installations & side connection preferred
for liquid installations.
• The pressure gauge can be connected to the pipe by individual block and
bleed valves or a two way manifold.
Liquid Service
Gas Service
18#
Pressure Switch
Measuring Principle:
19#
Pressure Switch
20#
Pressure Switch
• The switch housings can meet any of the NEMA standards from
Type 1 (General Purpose) to Type 7 (Explosion Proof), or Type 12
(Dust Proof) or Type 4 (Water Proof).
21#
Pressure Transmitter
22#
Pressure Transmitter
23#
Transmitter Measuring Principle
24#
Pressure Transmitter
• Typical Outputs
–4 to 20 milliamp (mA). analog signal
–Smart HART digital signal (superimposed on
analog signal)
–Fieldbus digital signal
–3 to15 psi pneumatic signal
25#
Diaphragm Seal System
26#
Diaphragm Seal System
27#
Pressure Transmitter Selection Guideline
28#
Pressure Transmitter installation
• Mounting above tap is typical for gas service and mounting below
tap typical for liquid and steam services.
• Direct mount is possible for low temperature services.
29#
Diaphragm Seal installation
30#
Pressure Instruments
31#
Pressure Instruments
32#
Pressure Instruments
33#