Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
OF TH E
MOORISH E M PI R E
IN E UR O P E
S . P . SC OTT
A UT H OR OF “
T H R O UG H S P AI N
IN T H RE E V O LU M E S
VOL III . .
AP A Es LO ND O N
PH I L D E L H I
’
J . B
; L I P P I N C O TT C O M P A N Y
1 9 0 4
C O NT E NT S OF V O LU M E III .
CH A P T E R XX I I I
I N F L UE N C E OF T HE M OORS UR E T H R U H H M P I RE
ON E OP O G T E E OF
FR E D E R I C K II . AND T H E STA T S S U T H R N FR AN E
E OF O E C
P A GE
Pe rman en c e o f Ar b I d s i th e S uth f E ur p K— S i l
a ea n o o o oc a
o f th e H ly S d th e G m
o E m p i —C n lid
ee an er an re o so a
ti on of th e P p l P w r u d r I a t I I I — C ivi
a o e n e n n oc e n .
l i i n g Ag n i
z i S ic ily—I n flu en
e c es f th e N rm
n ce o o an s
a s H ir f th e Ar bs —B i rth f F d i c k I I
e s o Ch ra o re er -
a
f I n n oc en t I I I —
.
a ct r e o G en ius f th E mp —H i s . o e ero r
R f me or S y t m f J uri p ru d
s s C mm
e o s en c e o e rce
L gi l ti
e — Th U ivers ity of N p l s
s a on Th M di
e n a e -
e e
c l S h
a l f S l rn —Ch r ter of F red ri k—H i
c oo o a e o a ac e c s
— C m p li t n Ch r t r o f i t P p ul ti n — I t
os o o a a ac e s o a o s
We lth I t ll igen
a ,
n d P r fli g
n e y
— D eb d Conc e, a o ac as e
o sa s ea a a
a r enn ih il te d
a C ru lty f th e Crus d r — P r llel
a
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e o a e s a a
o f th e T hi rt n th C n tury ee e
CH A P T E R XX I V
TH S AN I S H E W S E P J
th e An ie t J ew s Th i E m i t T l t
c n Th i e r n en a en s e r
P w du i g th Middle Ag —Th i U iv l P
o er rn e es e r n e rs a ro
s cri pti n
—Thei C ditio u d th M
o f Sp i
r on n n er e oors o a n
Thei E xt di ry Att i m t
r T h i D v ti
ra or na a n en s e r e o on
to Le tt — T h i A d
e rsem i es — R bb i Amb d e r ca a s as ass a ors
K h lif L d M — P t Phys i i
f th e
o e a s -
a rn e en oe s , c ans ,
Vi C ON TE N T S OF VOL U M E III .
P AGE
an d H i s W rks — H i s Ch t —P po d
o ti g I n a ra c e r re n era n
fl u c e o f th e Sp n i h J ews i G v
en me t d S c i ty
a s n o e rn n an o e
b y Alfo s o X d P d o el C u l—Th i P ofi i c y
n . an e r r e e r r c en
i nM di c in e — Oblig ti o s f Med i
e l d M d er a n o aava an o n
S i e t th J w — Th i W d ful S u viv l u d
c en c o e e s e r on er r a n er
Opp es i r Th i E x ile f om th P en i s ul
s on e r Their r e n a
S u ff i g Th T i t of H b w B l d i th A is
er n s- e a n
r
e re oo n e r
toc c y ra f Sp i n od P rtug l a an o a
CH A P T E R XXV
T H E HR I STI AN S U N D E R M O S LEM R U LE
C
S rc ity f I f m ti
ca o c on e rn i g th e T i b ut
n or a y Chris
on c n r ar
ti s —S u p em c y
an f th Chu rch un de th e Vi s ig th
r a o e r o s
I d p de c e f th e S p i s h H ie
n e en n chy— I t
o We lth an ra r s a
C ivil O g i z ti f th e Ch i s ti s u d e th e M
r an a on os r an n r o or
— F d m o f Wo hip— Chu h
ree o M t ri drs rc es , on a s e es , an
th e L w s i th t I l
a d—An m ly i n th E c l es i s ti
n a s an o a e c a
l G v
ca m t f Sp i — Th
o e rn enKh lif th Virtu l
o a n e a e a
th e A b Occ u p ti ra f S ep ti mn i I c a d Au on o a a n rea s e
th i ty f th
or Sp is h H ier hy es ultin g f m i ts
o e an a rc r ro
I l tion—S oc i l L if o f th e Ch i s ti n T i but i es
‘
so a a e r a r ar
Th ir D ev tio t A b Le in g They
e o n em
o ra a rn a re
p l y d b y th e Kh lif i I mp t t Mi s s io s —J t
o e a s n or a n n nn a e
Ho s ti li ty f Mos l em d Ch i s ti n— Numb e
J
o nd I n an r a r a
fl ue c f th
n Re e g d es —Th
e o eM ty — C us es o f n a e ar rs a
P e s c uti —C t t b tw e th M x ims d P li c y
r e on on ra s e e n e a an o
f th e Tw R ligi
o —I mp edi me ts t R c i l Am l
o e on s n o a a a
J
ga ma ti on
CH A P T E R XXV I
T H E M OR I S COE S
S t t o f th e Kin gdom a fter th e C on ques t—S up erio ity o f
a e r
P AGE
th e Al p uj a rra s I b n - Ommey a h Op e ra ti on s o f D on
ohn o f A u s tri a —R emova l o f th e M oors o f G ra n a d a
J
—D eath o f I bn Ommey a h —I bn — Ab u ec omes Kin g
-
b
1 S i e ge o f G a l era —Atroc iti es o f th e a mp a ign — F a te o f C
I b n Ab u - —C
on di tion o f th e Mo ris coes i n Sp a in —The y
1 o f the i r B
a n i s hment u p on th e ros p e rity o f th e Ki n g P
d om
CHA P T E R XXVI I
G E N E RA L N I T I ON OF E UROP E F R OM T H E V I I TO T H E XV
CO D I . I .
E N T U RY C
f B rb i S up em c y th e N ti f E u pe
'
E fiect s o a ar a n r a on a on s o ro
R i s e f th P p l P ow r—Ch
o e ct a f th P p es
a e a ra er o e o
Th ir Vices d C im
e Th I t di t
an C orrupt
r es e n er c
I s titution f th e M s tic O d
n o Th i r G t on a r e rs e rea
I flu n e — T h i r F i n l D e ge e
en c c y — We lth
e f th ea n ra a o
te i s ti s
ac r P ower of th e E u uchs —Spl d
c -
f Con n en or o
st ti n op l e—D es tru ti
an of L i g—D eb s ed Co
c on e a rn n a n
—T y y f C st
ra n n d i ts E ffects —F eu d l Op p es
o a e an a r
d h i D eg d ti n— H i s H p l
an s ra E i t
a o T t o e es s x s e n ce
h
re a
ment f th e J ew — P v l c of E p id mi —R ligi us
a o s re a en e e cs e o
F e tiv l —G n l I g
s a s
—S c ity d V lue o f
e e ra n o ra n ce a rc an a
B ks —P e cution of L
oo rs ei g—Th E mp i f th e e a rn n e re o
CH A P T E R XXVI I I
TH E HI P S AN O A R AB -
A GE OF L I TE R AT U R E AN D SCI EN CE
P A GE
l
I n te l ec tu a l S t gn tion of E urope duri g th e P i d of
a a n er o
to Le rn in g— I ts I n fl uen c
a n th e C r er o f th e M h m e o a e o a
m d n —Th A b ic L n gu g —P e try o f th e Ar bs
e a s e ra a a e o a
—I t G en r l Ch r ct i s ti s
s e aTheol gy n d J uris a a er c o a
Li b r ri a R ti on li s m
es Averroe M thema tic s
a a s a
A t n omy s ro Al H z n G erb rt B ot n y -
a e e a
R ob ert Gr s s etet nd R o g er B on — Me di i n e
o e,nd a ac c a
o f V ri u D i s e s e — Th F m us M s l m F r c ti
a o s a s e a o o e a
m d n S y s t ms —E n duri n g E ffe t o f Ar b S c i e
e a e c s a nce
I ts E x m p l e n d B en fits
a th e C re tiv I n fl uen c
a f e a e e o
M d o C ivili z ti n
e rn a o
CH A P T E R XX I X
M OOR S H A T N S U T H E R N E UROP E I R I O
Abs l ut I gn
o e c f A t mo g th e O igi l Ara b s
o ra n e o r a n r na
n os
Th Alh mb ra i ts C lm i ti — Rep r s e t ti
e a of
a a n an ra
C mi s —Th e L th
a s
A m — E n grave d G em
r s s e ra c ea e rn
T p s t y o f C ordov — T e xtile F b i cs
a e r C a llig phy
a a r ra
of th e Mo ors
CH A P T E R XXX
A GRI U L T U R E M AN U F A C TURE S AND C OMME R CE OF TH E U R E AN
C , , E OP
M O S L M S ; T H E I R M ANN E RS C U ST OM S AN D A M U S M N TS
E , , E E
D is pp an ce o f th e Memori l o f A r b C ivili z ti
a ea r a s a a on
d f ul P erfec tion
er I igati g A p p a r tus Th e T i
rr n a r
Uni v s l Cultiva ti o
er a f th e S o il—Min er l R e u e
n o a so rc s
E mp iums o f th e Me dite
or e —Commerce—I t E rra n an s x
t n s ive R mi fica ti on s —A ti l s
e a f Tra ffic—C omme i l r c e o rc a
f th Kha li fs — D m li z ti n o f th e P eopl e — Th
B th —G neral P reva l e f S up ers tition—
o e e ora a o e
a e S i l Life
en c o oc a
f th e Mos lems of E u op e
o P rivile ges of Women r
E qu s t i n S p orts
e r a T ilt f e o
R ds ee Th e C ours e of th e R in gs
- H wki g—P e u -
a n c
f th e Moo s i E u p —
e r r s o a e
OF TH E
M O ORI S H E M P I RE IN E URO P E
C H AP TE R XXIII
I NFL UE N CE OF TH E M OORS ON UROPE T HROUGH
E
T H E E M P I RE OF FRE D E RI CK II . AN D TH E STATE S OF
SOU T HE RN FRAN CE
1 1 9 4—1 2 50
P erma n en c e A b I d i th S uth f E ur p —
of ra ~S i lCr
ea s n e o o o e oc a o
rup ti — R v lt
on g i t th P p y— A t g i m f th
e o s a a ns e a ac n a on s o e
H ly S
o n d th G m E mp i —C
ee a lid ti e f th er an re on s o a on o e
P p l P w u d r I nn nt I I I —C ivili z i g Ag i i
a a o er n e oce n e n c es n
S i ily—I fl u
.
c f th N mn H i f th A b
en c e o e or an s as e rs o e ra s
B i th f F r d ri k I I —Ch t r f I
r o e e nt I I I — G
c iu . a ra c e o n n oc e en s
of th E m p e r— H i R f rm — S y t m f J u i p u d
e ro s e o s s e r s r en c e
—L gis l ti —Th Un iv ity f N p l —Th
o
M di l S h l f S l n —Ch r t f F d i k— H i
C u rt— Th S uth f F r —I t E ly C ivili z ti — C
e ca c oo o a er o a a c er o re er c s
o e o o ance s ar a on os
m p l i t n Ch r c t
o o f i t P p u l ti n— I t W lth I n t ll i
a a a er o s o a o s ea ,
e
gn e d P fli g y — D b
c e, an d C diti ro f th C l gy
ac e as e on on o e er
Th Un iver i ty f M tp lli — Th Tr u b d u — Th Al
e s o on e er e o a o rs e
bi g — Th i D fi
e n s es f R m —A C u d i p
e r e hd an ce o o e r sa e s re a c e
ag i s t Th m— They
a n ihil t d— Cru lty f th C u
e a re an n a e e o e r
sa d er — P r ll l b tw
s tha C ivili z ti
a e f S i ily e d een e a on o c an
Op i i n f th Thi t
n o s oth C ntu y e r e en e r .
Vox I I I
. .
2 H I ST ORY OF TH E
fl u en ce up on o th er n a ti on s h a d b een s l o w an d im
p erc e ptible Th e philo s o phic a l idea s a n d prin ciples
.
o f th e F a th ers to th e i n s pi ra ti on o f a n i n f a llible
,
do va a n d P a lermo in s pi re d th os e a uda ci o u s m ed i mv al
re fo rm ers f a r i n a dv a n c e o f th ei r a g e W h o s e a s pi ra
, ,
n ot s p on ta n eo u s ly e ff e c te d ; th e c a u s es o f th e i r d e
Th e s ch oo l s o f M o s lem S p a in a n d S icily h a d l on
g
been th e res ort o f s tuden ts a mbiti ou s o f litera ry ,
a n d p ow e r h a d p ro duc e d a c orres p on di n g e ff e c t l es s ,
a n d l ed to h i s a s s a s s i n a ti on by p o i s o n , w a s e duc a te d
p r a v ed by s en s u a l in dulg en c e h a d a b a n d on e d th e
,
a s c etic h a bi ts o f th e Cl o i s te r th e i n fid el w o rk s o f th e
,
w a s p ro v erbi a l th e c a s e w a s even w o rs e
, Whil e c on .
o f th e i r p ro f e s s i o n th e f a ct th a t th o s e p ri n cipl e s w ere
,
M os t Chri s ti a n Kin g o f F ra n c e .
th ei r c a lli n g a s n ot e v en to a ro u s e th os e f eelin g s o f
res en tm en t which w oul d n a tu ra lly a ri s e fro m a c c u s a
a b s o luti o n N o e p o ch in Eu ro p ea n hi s to ry p res en ts
.
a w a k en e d a m o n g th e m a s s e s a s pi ri t o f i n tell e ctu a l
re v o lu ti o n which s ub s e qu en tly ch e ck e d a n d
,
a lm o s t
o v erwh e lm e d by th e p o w e r o f th e P a p a cy a n d d i s
s ixteen th c en tu ry an d th e p e rm a n en t triumph o f
,
a u th ori ty .
B u t i t w a s n o t o n ly by th e re mo v a l o f s up ers titi ou s
prejudice thro ugh th e c o mp a ri s on o f cree ds th e j u
, ,
c ompli s he d Th e commerc e o f th e Eu ro p ea n M os
.
o f th e i r w a re s un equ a lle d by th o s e o f a n y o th er
,
th e m ea n es t ci tiz en w a s i n th e d a ily en j o ym en t o f
c o mfo rts u n a tta in a ble a s luxu ri es by th e grea tes t
p otenta tes o f Chri s ten do m ; e difices wh o s e d e c ora ti on s
s u rp a s s e d i n rich n es s th e wild e s t c o n c e p ti o n s o f Ori
v a n s a ri es a n d m a rk ets cro wd e d wi th a p ro fu s i on o f
th e mi n d s o f th e fierc e w a rri o rs o f th e W es t Th e ir .
re s p e c t h a d b e en i n s pi re d by th e e qu a l v a l or a n d s up e
ri o r i n tellig en c e o f th e ir M o h a mm e da n a dve rs a ri es ;
a n d a S a ra c en w a s n o lo n g er a s fo rm erly c o n s id ere d
, ,
a d em on in c a rn a te d es titute o f h on or in s a ti a ble o f
, ,
Th es e v a ri ou s mo ra l a n d phys ic a l a g en ci es a ctin g ,
c ei v e d a n d u n a pp re ci a te d by th e cl a s s wh o s e m a teria l
Th e d a wn o f th e thi rteen th c en tu ry wi tn es s e d th e
o u tb re a k a n d th e a rres t o f tw o m o s t Sig n ific a n t m o ve
.
s un n y l a n d s o f P rov en c e a n d L a n gu e do c b etw ee n th e
,
o ve rrun a n d c ol on iz e d by th e S a ra c en h a d l on g re,
w a s p ra cti s e d wi th ou t c on c ea l men t o r re p ro a ch ;
s c a rc e ly a ca s tl e o f c ou n t o r b a ron w a s with o ut
its n um ero u s s era gli o Educ a ti on w a s g en era l a n d
.
,
th e p ro g res s a n d erudi ti on o f th e i n h a bi ta n ts o f L a n
o f th e c a pi ta l s o f M o ori s h S p a i n f o un d h ere i ts m o s t
,
th e h o rro r o f th e p ri es t H i s e le g an t m an n ers a n d
.
fu rn i s h ed c a u s e f o r ridicule a n d c en s u re With hi m .
10 H I ST ORY OF TH E
th e c en s u re o f th e M o h a mm e d a n s o ci ety o f th e G u a
d a l qu ivi r little in clin e d to di s pl a ys o f p rudi s h m ora l
,
a n d p erf ec t th e l a n gu a g e o f F ra n c e I t w a s th e s a m e
.
res en ta ti o n s o f th e dra m a ti s t a n d th e m el o di o u s v er
,
s i fic a ti o n o f th e p o et to a ra c e f oreig n i n a l l i ts ch a r
,
s o i t w a s wi th o th e r m a n ife s ta ti o n s o f g e n iu s Much .
o f th e a rchite c tu re o f S o u th ern Eu ro p e a n d es p e
,
a ble to th e p re c e p ts o f a religi on b a s e d up on p ea c e
a n d goo d will to m e n
-
Wi th d ee p dis gu s t they threw
.
o ff th ei r a ll e gi a n c e to th e Church o f R o m e Wom a n .
,
n ot th e e qu a l o f h er l ord
, S emi b a rba ro u s Eu ro p e
.
-
four c en tu ri es to o s o o n Th e fea rs o f th e P a p a cy
.
n e ith e r ra n k a g e s ex ,
n o r i n firmity
, ,
was pub li s h e d ,
o f on e o f th e m os t re fin e d s o ci eties th a t h a d a ri s en
to in s truct m a n k in d s in ce th e d a y s o f A th en i a n g rea t
n es s a s o ci ety which e mb o di e d a ll th a t w a s in teres tin g
, ,
e re cted th e I n qui s i ti on th e b a n e o f s ci en c e a n d th e
, ,
empl o ym en t o f th e Bi s h o p o f R o m e as a rb iter o f th e
th ei rs by th e righ t o f i n h eri ta n c e Th ey in s i s te d
.
,
a pp ea l e d wi th i rre s i s tibl e fo rc e to th e fe a rs o f a
s up ers titi ou s a g e .
Th e b a rb a ri a n in v a s i on s which s w e p t a wa y th e l a s t
,
li g i ou s a n ta g o n i s m re s ultin g fro m th e i n ce s s a n t cl as h
o f a dv ers e O pi n i on s w a s p e rp etu a te d by th e mutu a l
to th e P a p a cy . Th e cl a im to i ts en j oyme n t w a s n e v er
a fterw a rd s s ucc e s s fully u rg e d by a n y m on a rch w h o
n as ti e s a n d th e d o mi n a ti on o f th ei r c on que ro rs T rib a l .
s ta n c e th e mo th er o f F re derick II
, with H en ry VI .
, .
,
g u i s h e d th e l u xu ri o u s c o urt o f th e emi rs I n th es e .
a c teri s ti c s o f th e N o rm a n a s wh en
, with a h an dful ,
el m in g di s a s ters
j e c te d t o s uch re p e a te d a n d o v e rwh
a s fell to th e l o t O f th e s ubj e cts Of th e O mm ey a d e
I n th e f o rm er in s ta n c e th ere w a s b u t little o f th a t in
di s crimin ate fero city which w a s ch a ra cteri s tic Of th e
c on flicts O f th e Middle Ag es an d e s p e ci a lly o f th e s e
,
e xp eri en c e o f th e c on qu erors — Ob ta i n e d i n m a n y l an d s
—en a ble d th em to a pp re ci a te th e v a lu e o f th e mo n u
m en ts o f a h ighly develo p e d civiliz ati on wh os e p ro ,
ra vi n e a n d p re cipic e
, Th e ta n gible res ults O f three
.
a n d a pp ro p ri a te d wi th a n a vidi ty a b s o lute ly
p h en o m e
n a l in a p eo ple wh os e c a reer h a d b een dic ta te d by th e
s up ers ti ti o n o f th e cl o i s ter a n d th e c a rn a g e o f th e
,
field .
e dg e d e v en by th os e wh os e p ra c tic es a pp ea re d m os t
s pl en d or a n d culture th o s e o f C a i ro an d B a gd a d Thi s .
a n d ra dic a l as to b e a lm o s t re vo luti on a ry i n th ei r n a
a pp e a l a n d re v ers a l O f j udgm en t— w a s re m a rk a bl e .
a lo n e . H i s pers on w a s in vi ol a bl e N O on e m ight .
O f th e ki n gd om by which a ll qu es ti on s ta ken o n a pp ea l
,
w as c a lle d th e G ra n d J u s ti ci a ry H i s p o wers a n d .
n o tribu n a l b u t th a t o f a rm s I n th e o th er d e p a rt
.
th e regul a ti o n s o f c o mm erc e i n th e p ro te c ti o n a n d
,
en c ou ra g e m en t O f a g ricultu re i n th e m a i n ten a n c e o f
,
o rd er— th e N o rm a n d o mi n a ti on i n S icily p re s en te d a n
el s e i n Eu ro p e e xc e p t i n th e M o o ri s h p ri n cip a liti es
,
o f S p a in Th e s ys tem o f ta x a ti on n o t on ly embra c ed
.
s um e d ,
by a c on v en i en t ficti on to h a ve b een tra n s ,
h e imp os ed ta x e s on th e p ri es th oo d a n d when o cc a , ,
s i on d e m a n d e d did n ot h es i ta te to s eiz e a n d a pp ro
,
p r i a te p ro p e rty s et as id e f or th e u s es o f public w or
th e m os t vi ta l c on s equ en c es to th e fu ture p ea c e an d
welfa re o f Euro p e .
en c e Of m a n y di s ti n ct n a ti on a li ti es I n g en era l a l
.
,
re c o g n iz e d by th e immu n i ti es th ey e n j oy e d F or .
a n im o s ity which h a d b e en th e cu rs e O f M os l em s o
,
c i ety w a s s uppres s e d if n ot en ti re ly e ra di ca te d
, ,
Th e .
s ub s ta n ti a l i n th e i r c on s truc ti o n re pl a c e d th e a i ry a n d
,
h i b i te d in th e high e s t d egre e th e i n flu en c e a n d p ro g
, ,
e xten t a s to m e ri t o f i ts e lf th e a pp e ll a ti o n O f a ci ty .
th e s a n c ti on o f th e H o ly S ee h a d ra i s e d up a h erd
,
Th es e o p era te d by m ea n s O f ch a n ts relic s a n d in c en s e ;
, ,
a n d th e i r e n o rm o u s g a i n s w ere o n e O f th e chi e f s ou rc es
o f re v en u e to th e p a ri s h a n d th e m o n a s tery an d a ,
I n th e s u b j ug a te d ra ce which h a d i n h erite d th e
,
wi s do m a n d e xp eri en c e O f ma n y a g es a n d p eo ples i s ,
to b e di s c ern e d th e p ri n cip a l a n d in d e e d th e i n d i s p en
,
a n d i n fl e xibl e ten a ci ty O f pu rp o s e a t o n c e g a v e th em
,
a lm o s t un di s pu ted a s c en d en cy T h es e qu a li ti es h ow
.
,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 27
re fin e m en t a n d l ea rn in g were a bl e h o w e ve r to s upply
, , ,
c i ll o rs s to o d i n th e s h a do w o f th e th ron e S a ra cen s .
i n flo wi n g ro b es a n d s n o wy turb a n s s wa rme d i n th e ,
p a la c es o f ki n g n oble a n d bi s h o p, , D a rk eye d .
-
j udici a ry H e n ot on ly determin e d th e c a u s es o f h i s
.
s ummo n e d th e f oll o w e rs o f M oh a mm e d to p ra ye r A s .
28 H I ST ORY OP TH E
c l es i a s ti cs c ro s s ed th em s elves wi th di s m a y wh en th ey
h ea rd o f th e ho n o rs la vi s h ed up on i n fid el s wh os e co ,
religi on i s ts h a d p ro f a n ed th e H o ly S e pulch re e v o ki n g ,
s a w wi th O p en i n di ff e re n c e a n d c o n c e a l e d d elight i n
, ,
Th e in flu en c e o f th e ro ya l H o u s e Of D e H a uteville
w as exten d ed m a gn ified p erp etu a te d by th e i mp eri a l
, , ,
to th e ta l en ts th e en ergy a n d th e tra n s c en d en t wi s do m
, ,
Of H ou s e o f H oh en s tau f en i n th e b eginn in g o f
th e ,
th e tw elfth c en tu ry Th e p ri n c es Of th at H ou s e enn
. ,
w a s un a bl e to s u cc es s fully O pp os e to th e en cro a ch
m en ts o f th e h aughty G erm an s o vereign s th os e me a s
ures which a fterwa rd s p ro ve d S O eff e ctive a ga in s t th e
re c a lci tra n t m on a rch s o f Eu ro p e i n th e s ettl e m en t Of
ra i s e d to th e ch a ir o f th e H o ly S ee rev ers e d th e p o ,
li ti ca l an d e c cl es i a s tic a l c on diti on s to a ll a pp ea ra n c es
,
o f th eo l o gy a n d l a w h a d m a d e h i s n a m e k n o wn a n d
,
s ub j e ct to c e les ti a l p o w er a l on e bu t i n fa ct a b s o lutely , , ,
o f th e G erm a n Empi re re p re s en te d by a n i n f a n t l e s s
,
o f P a p a l I ta ly
. S imon y w a s O p en ly pra c ti s e d S o me .
th e c a s e a t Ro m e . Th ey were s o c a rele s s o f th e ou t
wa rd Ob s erva n c es an d dutie s en j oin e d by th ei r pro fes
s i on a s to n e gl e c t th e s ervice o f th e a lta r u n til th ei r
c on duc t b e c a m e a s c a n d a l . I t w a s a m a tter Of c om
m on c ompl a in t th a t th e s a cred ves tm en ts w ere ra gg ed
a n d fil thy ; th e ch a lic es un p oli s h e d ; th e s a cra m en ta l
origi n a l s ea t o f h i s ro y a l H o u s e th e rea l m wh en ce ,
a n d a c c ompli s hm en ts p os s es s e d by th a t rem a rk a b l e
a pplica ti on , a n d th e a n ta g on i s m o f th e p rivil e g e d
th e b es t p ro s p e ct O f s ucc es s Th e J ew purch a s e d a
.
c o mp a n i on s th e S a ra c en to ok up a rm s H i s m a rti a l
,
.
th ei r f a th ers h a d c on s o lid a te d th e p o w er o f th e No r
m a n d o min a tio n .
n on e e ve r m o re fully a pp re ci a te d th e f a c t th a t th e tes t
o f a n a ti on s g re a tn e s s i s th e b e n e fit d e riv e d by m a n
’
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 37
l a rly free fro m th e leg a l a tro citi es g en era lly p res cribed
38 H I ST ORY OF TH E
n i ty
. F ro m th e de ci s i on o f th e s upreme trib un al there
wa s n o a pp ea l ; even i n th e m on a rch v ex a ti o us li tig a
ti on w a s s ys tema tic a lly di s c ou ra g e d ; judici al bri b ery
w a s c on s id ere d a crim e o f p e cul i a r in fa my ; and th e
p ra ctice o f h oldin g th e ma gis tra te res pon s ible f or the
ma inten an c e Of p ea ce in hi s dis trict wa s a mos t effi c i en t
che ck upon th e vi o len c e a n d d ep reda ti on s o f p rof es
s io u a l m a l e f a c tors .
s in g ul a r a n d m a n if es t di s a dv a n ta g e H i s lon g w ars
.
o f a ru l er i s th e s a fe a n d c o mf o rta bl e c on diti on Of th e
”
s u b j ect
. H i s tory h a s n ever b e en a bl e to a dvan ce a
s ati s f a c tory or ev en a pl a u s ibl e e xpla n ati on o f thi s
a n om a ly ; i ts c a u s e a t thi s di s ta n c e o f ti me mus t re
, ,
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 39
e xc ell en c e .
ci p l e
, e v e ry f a cility w a s a ff ord e d th o s e b old s pi rits
a g a in s t oth er Eu ro p e a n m o n a rch s i n f a v o r o f th e
in th e i ntercours e o f n a ti on s durin g th e Mi dd l e A g es .
ti on s o f th e ki n gdo m c o n c ern i n g th e ru ra l e c o n o my Of
its p eo pl e w ere min ute a n d s p e cific ev en p a tern a l in , ,
w a s fou n d to b e th e m os t n u tri ti o u s w a s a d o p te d ; a n d
,
s o n a l l y s cru tin iz e d th ei r m a n a g em en t wi th th e m os t
a n d mu s t h a v e o ften p ro v e d v ex a ti o u s W eights a n d .
th e s a le o f s pu ri ou s m erch a n di s e Th e l a w s O f h y
.
w as f a r i n a dv a n c e o f i ts c o n temp o ra ri e s Th e con .
s ti tu ti on o f E n gl a n d a n d e s p e ci a lly th e o rg a n iz a ti on
,
o f th e H o u s e o f C o mm o n s o w e much to th e S icili a n
,
a n d th e imp os i ti on o f ta x es i t p re s en ts th e firs t ex
,
i s m en ti on e d i n hi s to ry F ro m th e i n s titutio n s o f
.
p r i a te d m a n y o f th e l e gi s l a tiv e a n d j udici a l p ro vi s i on s
th os e wh o di s s en te d from th ei r c re e d s a n d d e p re c a te d
th eir i n flu en c e They fil le d th e mo s t res p on s ible a n d
.
s too d a n d s p ok en by a ll wh o m a d e a n y p re ten s i o n s
th e Un ivers i ty w a s c omp os e d o f th e m os t e mi n en t
s ch o l a rs wh o c o uld b e a ttra cte d by a mpl e s a l a ri es th e ,
ra n c e o f a n y l a n gu a g e c oul d s c a rc e ly b e a n imp e di
Th e m on k th e ra bbi th e im a m th e a th ei s t w ere nu m
, , , ,
ti o n a m on g h i s f ello w s i n a di re ct ra ti o to h i s i n tell ec
tu a l a tta i n m en ts Thi s a n o ma lo u s c on di ti on th e mo re
. ,
i s hi n g u n d er th e v ery s h a d o w o f th e P a p a cy i ts elf ,
c om e by th e M oo ri s h s urge on s Of C ordo va ; a n d in ,
a p ro p er u n d ers ta n di n g O f s u rg ery y et re p ro b a te d , ,
n o i s y b u t w ell m e a n in g
,
-
fa n atics Th e u n s a ti s f a c
, .
to ry m em o ri a l s o f th e S ch o ol o f S a l e rn o which h a ve
d es c en ded to u s — s om e o f doubtful a uth en ticity ,
c i p l es O f p a th o l o gy a n d th era p eutic s a s l a id d o wn by ,
S a n ita ti s .
I s aa c b en S ol om o n a fa m o us J ewi s h p ra ctiti o n er o f
,
e ve r di s cl o s e s th e f a c t th a t i t i s n o t th e w o rk o f a
,
s in gl e h a n d b u t a c ompil a ti on o f v a ri o u s m e dic a l
, p re
ce p ts a n d O pi n i o n s b e lon gi n g to di ff e ren t e p o ch s In .
Si vi s i n c ol um em, s i vi s te vive re s a n um :
C u ra s li qu g v
n e ra es , i ra s c i c re d p f e ro an u m .
It l c on ta in s hints on di a gn os i s a n d pro gn os i s ; in
a so
o f th e f a vo ra bl e or m a lign i n flu en c e o f th e s ig n s o f
th e z o di a c a n d th e s ta rs F ro m th e fo ll owin g c ouplet
. ,
In f an s , in d e p u d
e r, a ol e s cen s , j uven i s vi r,
D i c i tur i d
n x p
e s en e ,
o s te a d ec rep i tu s ,
n um b ers b e l o w m e di o c ri ty
,
.
w a s limi te d ; a n d th ey w ere li a bl e to th e vi s i ta ti o n o f
imp eri a l in s p ectors res p on s ible f o r th e purity o f th eir
m erch a n di s e a n d th e Ob s erva n c e o f th e l a w Th e p re .
S ch oo l o f S a lern o a re c on s picu ou s i n th e an n a ls o f
,
C on tin en t o f R h a z es ma d e i n th e la tter p a rt O f th e
”
,
th e m th e n a m es Of R e b e cc a wh o w rote on fe v ers a n d
,
h er b ea u ty m a d e h er fa m ou s i n Euro p e h a v e d e
, ,
ra n k a n d p ro fo u n d a tta in m e n ts o f th e g ra du a tes o f
e duc a ti on a l a n d li tera ry ph en om en on o f Eu ro p e .
th e gra tific a ti o n o f th e s en s es th a t w a s n ot to b e fo un d
,
i n a l o c a ti on m os t a dv a n ta g eo u s f or b oth th e purp o s es
o f c omm erc e a n d d e f en c e I ts cita d e l w a s a mil e in
.
a t th e g ra v e .
”
dore c a lle d Th e P hilo s o pher publi s h ed trea ti s es o n
, ,
i n a n y a g e f o r p ers picuity ea s e a n d el eg a n c e o f
, , ,
54 H I ST ORY OF TH E
a n a ll e g e d c o mp en dium o f bl a s ph e my a n d vil en e s s ,
i s n o w kn o wn to h a v e b e en a n i n ve n ti o n O f e ccles i as ti
ca l m a lic e to bl a ck en a ch a ra cte r o n ly to o vii l n e ra b l e
a n d th e humili a ti o n o f p o p es .
ti o n a n d ex a mple hi s c o mm a n di n g g en iu s es ta bli s h ed
, ,
i n S ou th ern Eu ro p e No t o n ly w a s h e th e m o s t i n tel
.
n it
y h e p o s s es s e d th e titl es o f Ki n g o f N a ples a n d
,
g a ry o f D en m a rk o f S a rdin i a O f A rle s a n d o f
, , , ,
s on o f th e f a m o u s B a rb a ro s s a a n d o f Ki n g R o g er o f
C o n qu era d or H e w a s th e fa th er i n l a w o f th e G reek
.
- -
Emp eror o f N ic ea H e w a s th e s on in l a w o f th e
.
- -
broth er in l aw o f th e Kin g o f E n gl an d
- -
H i s rela .
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 55
u re by s ta te p o licy b u t f o r th e m o s t p a rt p ro mp te d
, ,
a dd e d to a c on s ci ou s n e s s o f re —emi n en t a bili ty th a t
p ,
ci s e d by m a n y g en era ti o n s o f s ov e re ign s Th e m in is .
li n qu i s h ed . Th e u s urp a ti o n o f th e P a p a l p o wer w a s
a fa vo rite p ro j e ct o f Eu ro p e a n m on a rch s i n s ucc ee d
w a s e ff e c te d by H en ry VII I i n E n gl a n d du ri n g th e
.
s ixteen th c en tu ry . Th e d e fia n ce o f th e P o p e by th e
great G erm an Emp ero r w a s e ven at th e di s ta n c e o f ,
Th e g en iu s o f F re d erick II w a s fiv e c en turies in .
ra ri es w ere i n c a p a bl e
gi nn d ers ta n d i n g hi s m otiv es
or o f a pp re ci a ti n g h i s e ff or ts f or th e reg en era ti on o f
58 H I ST ORY OF TH E
e xcurs io n .
m o s p h ere a n d th e p re domin a n t M o s l e m in flu en c e
,
en vy a n d th e s c a n d a l o f Ch ri s ten d o m Th e bul k .
n um b er o f th ei r o ccup a n ts a lw a y s fo rm e d p a rt o f h i s
th e f as hi on o f th e E a s t i n clo s e d litte rs b o rn e by
,
f o r w i t a n d lea rn in g a s f o r th e ir p ers on a l ch a rm s ,
b a ll a ds .
s p on d to th e
xp ectation s o f th os e w h o h a d fo rmed
e
a n id ea l fro m th e f a m e o f h i s ta l en ts a n d th e e x ten t
b en t his fo rm un g a in ly a n d c orpulen t H e w a s b a ld
, .
a n d n e a r s ighte d
-
H i s re ddi s h b e a rd in dic a te d th e
.
th a t if h e h a d been e xp os e d f o r s a l e as a s l a v e h e
would n o t h a ve bro ught tw o hun dre d dra chms o f
s ilv er Th e g en era l lu s tre o f hi s ch a ra cter w a s ma rre d
.
n a tel
y di s s o lute e v en in a lic en ti ou s a g e Th e d o m e s tic
, .
Th e m o s t frightful to rmen ts wh o s e in g en io u s ,
a pp l ie d to b ra z en h eh n ets i n which th ei r h e a ds h a d
60 H I STORY OF TH E
w a s a n a d e pt i n th e a rts o f d ec e p ti on D evote d to .
th e forbidd en s ci en c e o f a s tro lo gy h e b e c a m e th e ,
a n d p o li tici a n s I n th e fo rm a ti on o f h is ch a ra cter
.
i s m i n teg rity
, .H e n ever f org a ve a n in j ury to him
s elf o r a n in s ult to hi s dign ity H e s a c rific ed without
.
,
th a n i ts e le g a n c e I h a ve n ev er fa tten e d a h og
,
e xc e p t to o bta i n i ts l a rd .
th e ir c erem o n i es On h i s d ea th b ed h e wi s h e d i n
.
-
, ,
o f Lyo n s ; w a s fo ur time s e xc o mm un ic a te d by th e
P o pe ; a nd w a s re pea tedly dis ciplin e d by in feri or
prela tes I n th e impla ca ble c on tes t which broke h i s
.
tocra cy o f Ro m e f o r th e m om en t triumph e d
, Th e , .
di s a pp ea re d Th e la s t o f h i s ra ce p eri s h e d i g n omin i
.
au s pici ou s a g e .
a m on g th e m o s t fam ou s citi es o f th e G re ci a n n a me .
e x ten t in p o pul a ti on
, in w ea lth a n d in i n tel ligen ce
, , ,
exi s ted s a ve A th en s a l on e
, I ts p o s s es s i on s w ere n ot
.
e n j oy e d s uch a re puta ti o n f o r l ea rn i n g th a t th e
pa ,
inh a bi ta n ts o f G a ul ; it w a s e ven a do p te d a n d u s ed
by th e D ruidica l pri es thoo d an d e ven tu a lly b eca me ,
e qu a lly to i ts im a gi n a ti on a n d i ts i n teres t Na rb on .
euph on ic o f l a n gu a g e s w a s s till s p ok en th ro u gh o ut
es tim a ti on o f m a n y di s tin g ui s h e d R o m a n s to ok p re ,
tures . Th e p o pular d a n c es an d o th er a mu s em en ts o f
S outh ern F ra n c e a re a ls o s trikin g remin i s c en c es o f
th e M o s l em a s c en d en cy While Ara bic literature
.
li s h e d by c on qu es t a n d p erp etu a te d by th e a i d o f m er
ch a n ts an d tra vell ers Th e le a rn in g th e e le g a n c e th e
.
, ,
re fin e m en t a n d th e i n fid elity o f th e c o u rt o f C ord ov a
,
Th a t en ti re regi on w a s more M o h a mm e da n th a n
Chri s ti a n an d m ore in fidel th a n e ith er Th e n obles .
a d o p te d p olyg a m o u s h a bits a n d m a i n ta i n e d h a re ms
s i a s ti cs
. A p a s s i on a te lo ve o f p oetry de ve lo p ed th e
tro ub a do u r a m o s t imp o rta n t f a ctor o f Eu ro p ea n i n
,
s en ta ti ve o f th e Ara b b a rd wh o s e imp ro vi s a ti on s h a d
, ,
ti on a l trib es o f th e D e s e rt A la n gu a ge i n fin itely
.
a t th e c o u rt o f F re d erick I I b ec a m e th e v ehicle o f
.
,
, ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E UROPE 67
en c e
. I t w a s th e firs t o f th e n um ero u s fa mily o f
lan gu a ges a n d di a lects o f Rom an origin which durin g ,
o ver th e S ou th o f Eu ro p e I t w a s s p ok en i n V a l en ci a
.
,
o f th e Church on a cc ou n t o f th e Albig en s i a n h e re s y ;
a n d i n 1 248 I n n o c en t IV
, by a s p e ci a l bull forb a d e
.
, ,
ti on s w ere m a i n ta in ed b etween th e a c a d e mi es o f
L a n gu ed o c an d th os e o f im p eri a l S icily a n d M oori s h
S p a i n Thi s in tim a cy w a s s tren gth en e d by th e multi
.
s ta n t i n terch a n g e O f c o mm o diti e s de p en d en t up on a
th e i n l a n d to wn s o f c on ti n en ta l Eu ro p e ; n o w g rea t ,
s ui ts a n d by th e p o w erful i n flu en c e o f p e cun i a ry
a dv a n ta g e w a s p o rte n to u s i n i ts e ff e c ts a n d b od ed
, ,
ill to th e pro p a g a ti o n o f Ch ri s ti a n i ty a n d th e ma in
te n a n c e o f e ccles i a s tic a l di s cipli n e Th e s ucc es s i on o f
.
o f P a g a n i s m th e i n h a bi ta n ts o f S o u th ern F ra n c e h a d
,
e mb ra c e d th e p re c e p ts o f th e G o s p el with in s i n c erity
a s th a t di s cl o s e d by th e lif e o f th e p o li s h ed a n d c o r
lo n a .
civiliz a ti on I t w a s th e s ea t o f th e Mu s es th e h ome
.
,
s u re o f h o s pi ta lity a n d re w a rd in p a l a c e a n d c a s tl e ,
th ei r ob s erv a n c e a n d th e ir vi o l a ti o n Th e p o ten ta te .
,
a n d its ra n k d a te d b a ck f o r m a n y c en tu ri es Th e rich .
th a n a n y o f h i s Ch ri s ti a n c o n te mp o ra ri es h e w a s mo re ,
by th e G a ro nn e th e I s ere th e M e di terra n ea n a n d th e
, , ,
o f th e m o s t p o li s h e d a n d di s s o lute s ta te i n Eu ro p e .
Th e p o litica l o rg a n iz a ti o n o f th e v a ri ou s citi es a n d
pro vi n ces c omp os in g th e C oun ty o f T oulou s e p re
s en te d a s tra n g e a n o m a ly S o me were i n a ll but
.
,
n a m e re public a n ; th ei r m a gi s tra te s
, un der th e title ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 71
Th e .
o f s ys tem a tic d e f en c e o r un i te d a c ti on th e p ow er o f
,
th e C ou n t o f T oulo u s e w a s re a dy to c rumble a t th e
a pp roa ch o f th e firs t res olute a gg res s or Th e ci vili.
z a ti o n re p re s en te d by th a t p o we r l a ck e d th e i n d i s p en
o f m a n y fo rm s o f f a i th h a d e xp os e d th e i r d e fe cts a n d
a cc es s ibl e re gio n s
,
Th eir glowin g re ports o f O rienta l
.
a pp ea l e d f a r m ore e l o qu en tly to th e p as s i on s o f th e
multitude th an th e g en u fl ex i on s o f th e pri es t or th e
ro s a ry a n d c owl o f th e fri ar Even th e s a cre d p ro
.
a li ty f o r i n fid e l cu s to m s a n d th e p ra ctic a l ren un ci a ti on
,
th e en ti re b o dy o f th e P ro v en ca l cl ergy h a d b ec o me
th o roughly d eb a s e d a n d p rofli g a te Th o s e o f high
.
th ei r Offic e f o r th e f a s cin a ti on s o f th e ch a s e a n d th e
lic en ti ou s plea s ures o f i n trigu e Th ey tra vell ed i n
.
Th e P o p e l on g a w a re o f th e in s u lts O ff ere d to h i s
,
a mu s i n g th em e f or th e s a rc a s m o f th e p o et I nter .
th e H o ly F a th er hims e lf w a s n ot a b l e to es c a p e th e
ra ill ery a n d c en s u re o f th os e wh om exp eri en c e h a d
f or th e L a n g ue d O c th e idio m o f th e s k e p tic a l a n d
’
th em . Th e p ri es t i n ten t o n h i s pl ea s ures wa s o n ly
, ,
to o rea dy to a b an don th e du ti es en j o in e d by hi s c a ll
in g es p ec i a lly when there w ere f ew to li s ten a n d s till
,
a n d Va l en c i a h a d a ttra ct e d to L a n gu edo c a n d es p e ,
ta ri an p rej u di c e w a s un kn o wn T ea ch er a n d s ch olar .
o f Ch a rl es VIII .
,i n 1 48 4 tra n s ferre d al l c a u s e s in
,
e x e cuti on o f l e g a l p ro c e s s c ould on ly b e m a de i n th e
ro es,
Avicen n a Rh a z es a n d Abulc a s i s were en rich e d
, ,
w a s o n e o f g re a t dig n i ty a n d c a rri e d wi th i t m an y
,
twelfth c en tu ry th e F i rs t a n d S e c o n d C o u n cils o f
M o n tp ellier p rohibite d all m emb ers o f th e clergy from
tea chi n g m e dicin e un d er s ev ere p en a lti es
, Th e s ci en .
o f l ea rn i n g a m on g th e Ara bi a n i n fid el s M a n y works
.
ti on.
o f Ara g on o f F re d e rick II
, Emp ero r o f German y .
were n ot c on fin e d to th at s ci en ce Th ey ga ve ri s e to .
th e s u n a n d th e i n clin a ti o n o f th e ea rth s a xi s by
’
tim e .
Th e m a d e xtra v a g a n c e o f th e P ro v en ca l n o bility ,
wh os e a b s u rdity h a s c a u s ed th em to b e re g arded as
mythic al by m an y s ubs equ en t writers j u dici a l d eci ,
a lw a y s h ea rd wi th res p e ct H e d etermin ed p o in ts o f
.
to y o un g l a di es on th e c a re o f th eir p ers on s on th ei r ,
a lw a ys th e c en tra l figu re .
Am on g th e in mates o f th e b aron i al p a la c e if an ,
a te d th e ch a rm s Of h i s l a dy lo ve n e ver m en ti on e d h er-
,
femin in e perfection .
o f th ei r i n teri ors th e p a l a c e s o f th e Ki n g o f F ra n c e .
g ay
, s k e p tic a,l lic en ti o u s th e,tro ub a d ou r w a s th e
a rbiter o f ta s te th e o ra cle o f th e p o pul a c e th e id o l
, ,
la ti on h e la vi s he d upon th e O bj e ct o f h is a ff e c ti on s ,
a pp re ci a tive a udi to ry — ~ l a di es i n b ro c a d e s a n d j ew el s
, ,
a ll u s i on s a n d g oo d h um o red s a ti re
,
-
I ts ch a ra c ter .
,
ro u n di n g s th e troub a d ou r a ro s e a n d b e g a n th e re cita l
,
o f a n im p ro mp tu a m a tory o d e Yo un g s l en d er an d .
, ,
a b o ut hi s n e ck H i s fin g e rs glittere d with g em s
. .
ma te ly in to te a rs a n d l a ughter H i s a mbiguous ex .
e xp re s s iv e g es ticul a ti on h e re c ou n te d th e leg en d s th e
, ,
ra n k w a s ordin a rily f a r b en ea th th a t O f hi s co mp a u
i on ; y et it w a s n ot u n u s u a l f o r th e tw o p ro fe s s ion s
to b e c o mbi n e d ; a n d th ere were in s ta n c es wh en th ei r
p os iti on s w ere revers ed through th e vicis s itudes o f
s ucc e s s o r mi s fo rtun e .
Th e in flu en ce o f th e pulpit lo n g o mn ip o ten t i n th e ,
s a ti re o f th e p oet wh o s e v ers es
, c a rrie d fro m pla c e ,
Th e fiercen es s a n d ra n c o r di s pl a ye d by th e trou b a
dou rs i n th eir atta ck s up on o bn oxi o u s p ers on a ges in ,
p a s s a n d p o w er a n d b eyon d th e L oire u s e d by th e
,
a dmi ra ti on o f th e b ea u ti es o f n a tu re Th e s tan z a s .
melo dy th es e co mp o s i ti o n s a re n ot e xc elle d by th e
,
lyrics o f a n y n a ti on Th ei r a n a lo gy to th os e o f th e
.
e x tra va g a n t s i mi l i es th e s a m e i n c es s a n t o btru s i o n o f
,
ti on s of
bo th idio ms th e preva ilin g rhym e i s by d i s
tich s a n d o ccu rs th rough ou t th e en ti re p o em th e s ec
, ,
on d v ers e o f ev e ry di s tich a lw a ys en di n g wi th th e
s a m e s o un d ; a n d th e m ea n in g i s O ften ob s cure d o r
c ati on .
a n d th e K o ra n . M a n y o f th e H ebrew c olon i s ts o f
N a rb onn e a n d M a rs eilles h a d b een e duc ate d a t C or
dova a n d a ll s p oke th e Ara bic lan gu a g e with flu en cy
, .
res o u rc e s e xc e p t th e i n terch a n g e o f g o s s ip a n d th e
,
a cte d i n a m ea s u re th e e ff e ct o f hi s in flu en c e b u t th e
, , ,
a n c e wi th th e Ar a bic l a n gu a g e a n d li tera tu re b e c a m e
s c en e o f d eb a te b etw e en f a m o u s s ch o la rs a n d e ccl e
s i a s ti cs
. Th ere too were p erforme d th e bu rles qu e
, ,
th e m wi th th e re ligi ou s th eo ri es a n d p ri n ciples o f v a ri
o u s h ere tic a l b eli e fs ; a n d th e c o rrup t a n d d e b a uch ed
ti a ni ty th a t o f th e P a uli ci a n s w a s th e m o s t n um erou s
, ,
th e m o s t p o pul a r a n d th e m o s t e n du ri n g
, I ts ten ets .
th em th e re s p e c t o f th e n o bili ty a n d th e a rd en t d evo
ti o n o f th e multitud e . Th e n a m e o f th e Obn o xio u s
s e ct w a s to e v ery c o n s i s ten t m emb er o f th e C a th o lic
s c a n t c ou rtes y . Th e mi s s i on a ry e ff o rts o f D o mi n ic ,
wh o s e fiery z ea l n o w b e ga n to ra i s e h im to emin en ce ,
erick II — w a s i n g re a t di s tre s s
. A t n o time i n h er
.
y et thi s b ea utiful la n d n ow un d er th e b a n o f th e
,
I t w a s a t Clermon t th a t th e firs t C ru s a d e w a s p ro
cla ime d by th e L a n gu edo ci a n Bi s ho p o f P uy a s th e ,
e ver e qu a l to th e e m erg en cy
,
. I n s pite o f th e fa ct
th a t e ccl es i a s tic a l c o rrupti on w a s pri n cip a lly res p on
s ible f o r th e wid es p re a d re v olt a g a i n s t P a p a l a u
w a s c erta i n to d o a s a l as t d e ci s ive e xp e di en t a h ul l
, ,
s ou rc e o f P a p a l i n g en ui ty a n d p o we r w a s i n v ok e d .
h i s erro rs a n d h i s h a n d s pl a c e d i n th os e o f th e L e g a te
, , ,
h e s wore a lle gi a n c e to th e P o p e H e c on v ey e d to th e.
w h o h a d di s o b ey ed h er c a n on s qu e s ti on e d h er i n s pi ra
,
th e C ru s a d ers w a s en fo rc e d ra th er th a n volun ta ry .
a n d wh o s e s ub s ta n c e th e y c on s um e d Th e emin en t
.
g e a n c e a g a in s t th e a bh o rre d s e c ta ri es wh o m divi n e
s a d e rs o f P a le s ti n e w h o w o re i t up on th e s h o uld er
,
.
th e church mili ta n t w a s p re s en t i n th e c a p a ci ty o f
,
ou s duti es o f h i s n ew p ro fes s i on o n e o f th e mo s t ,
a l s o f o r th e m o s t p a rt h eld a l oo f ; b u t th e n a m es o f
, ,
th e in va d ers h a d b een a s s um e d by h i s n e ph e w R ay
, ,
o f th e b es t f o rtifie d
-
fo rtres s es i n Euro p e a wa ite d ,
.
th e a pp ro a ch o f th e en e my wi th th e c a lm in tre pidity
bo rn o f th e c on s ci ou s n es s o f right a n d th e res oluti on
o f d es p a i r
. While th e C ru s a ders were pitchi n g th eir
c a mp th ey w ere s u rp ri s e d by a s a lly o f th e be s i e g ed
,
.
m i tte d th e i n gre s s o f th e en e my a n d a lm o s t i n a n ,
e n s u e d n o qu a rter w a s s h o w n Th e o l d a n d th e y o u n g
.
,
th e s tro n g a n d th e w ea k p e ri s h e d a lik e u n d er th e
,
we a p o n s o f th e i n fu ri a te d a s s a ila n ts C a th o lics oh .
by th e s id e o f th ei r Albigen s i a n n eighb o rs Wh en th e .
s o ldi ers i n th e h ea t o f th e m a s s a c re d e m a n de d o f th e
, ,
a n d m on a s teri es b el on gin g to th e S ee o f R o me d i s
a pp ea re d i n th e i n di s c rimin a te d e s truc ti o n Th e i n .
a te d wi th bl oo d n e x t i n v e s te d C a rc a s s on n e
, wh o s e ,
o ff ere d
m e h Op e o f s ucc es s ful re s i s tan c e I ts re
so .
a f ew d a y s th e w a te r g a ve o u t D e fe ctive s a n ita ry .
s ta rvin g b e gg a rs m a n y o f wh om b u t a w eek b e fo re
, , ,
d en ly pro b a bly o f p o i s on
,
.
a n d tu rn e d th e c o mm e rc e up o n which th e p ro s p erity
a b out to b e a do p te d by a ll th e p eo pl e o f F ren ch
ex tra c ti on w a s a b a n do n e d a n d d e g ra d e d to a p a to i s
, ,
th e j on gleu r th e p a s s i on a te a n d s a ti ric a l ve rs es o f th e
,
Th e Albigen s i a n c ru s a d e i s on e o f th e d a rk es t bl ots
upo n th e religi ou s hi s tory o f R ome I t g a ve ri s e to .
g en iu s o f m a n y s ucc es s i v e p on ti ff s ro s e to s uch a ,
s a c re d ch a ra c ter a n d p ro f e s s i on th e in flu en c e d erive d
ti es o f S p a in ren d ere d i ts a d o p ti on n e ce s s a ry to a la rg e
p ortion o f th e comm un i ty ; i n b oth c ou n tri e s i ts s tudy
fo rm e d a n es s en ti a l p art o f a le a rn e d e duc a tio n Th e .
to in s tru c ti o n i n th e a rt o f h e a li n g Ara bi c a n d ,
mo re widely di ff u s ed th a n a n y o th er to n gu e s poken
i n Eu ro p e s in c e th e di s s olution o f th e R o m an Em
pi re h a s i n a m ea s ure s urvive d th e c a l a mi ti es o f con
, , ,
re fin in g a m en iti es o f s o ci a l life .
B ed ouin c en tu ri es b e fo re th e a pp ea ra n ce o f M oh a m
m ed Th e v a gra n t b a rd Of th e D es ert w a s th e lite ra ry
.
n ighte d a n d p ri e s t ridd en p e o pl e o f Eu ro p e
-
.
I t w as h o we ve r i n th e imp etu s it g a ve to th e a s s er
, ,
re a ch e d th e i r clim a x du rin g th e p on ti fic a te o f I n n o
en ti on s which en du re d f or c en tu ri e s B u t th e fires .
,
ti on s o f th e e a rth a ll o f th e w o n d erful m e ch a n ic a l
,
ei g n ty o v er th e o pin i on s o f m a n ki n d I n Euro p e i t .
n o t on ly th e p os s es s or o f a l a rg e p ro p orti on o f th e
Th e s ucces s o rs o f M o h a mm e d i n H i n du s ta n a lon e
ch a n ge d th e fa i th o f fo rty on e milli o n s oul s Th e
-
.
th e m a j o ri ty o f th e p o pula r l e g en d s a n d ta le s which
c o mp o s e th e folk lo re o f F ra n ce G erm a n y S c an
-
, ,
d i n a v i a a n d B ri ta in a re in dig en o u s to th e V a lley o f
,
a ck n o wl e dg e . Am on g tho s e ra c es which h a ve ex er
c i s ed th e g rea te s t i n flu en c e on hum a n de s ti n y th a t O f
n o twith s ta n di n g th a t th e a n ch o rs th e mo s t c o mmon
,
pre ci ou s meta l .
th e f a r O ri en t wh ere th ei r a n c es to rs h a d on c e b een
,
rel a ti on s th ey m a in ta i n ed th e i r re pu ta ti on f or th a t
,
e dg e e xta n t a m on g c on te mp o ra n eo u s n a ti o n s th e
s e c ret l o re o f th e Egyp ti a n s imp a rted i n my s teri ou s
,
th e i n d e p en d en t p e cun i a ry ci rcum s ta n c es o f i ts s ch o l
a rs a n d l ea rn e d m en While p o verty i s o ften a n in
.
a n d ra pid m ea n s o f i n te rn a ti on a l c o mm u n ic a ti o n a t
n en ts p res en te d n o o b s ta cl es to th e en terp ri s e o f th e
,
ra bbi s ,
d oes n o t tea ch h is s on s o me tra d e rea rs him
,
f es s i on i n which th e s ch ol a rs o f th a t n a ti on did n o t
e xc e l . Th e ta l en ts o f th e l a tter were o ften u n p ro fit
a bly e mpl oy e d i n c om m en ta ri e s on th e T a lmud a n d
re g a rd e d wi th e v en g rea te r re v eren c e th a n th e P en ta
th e ra res t a n d m o s t d e s i ra bl e o f m e n ta l a cc o mpli s h
m en ts F rom th e s tudy o f this wo rk w a s derive d th e
.
th e T a lm ud h o w e v er a re a l s o to b e fo u n d th e g erm s
, ,
ti qu ity th e J ew s we re di s ti n gui s h e d a n d wh o s e p u r
, ,
s ui t
, thu s s a n cti on e d by a n a u th o ri ty re g a rd e d a s
divin e b e c a me th e fa vo rite pu rs ui t o f th a t ex tra ord i
,
n um e ro u s , a n d by f a r th e m o s t va lu a bl e pre ce pts ,
vel o m en t ; a n d h i s a d a p ti v e i n g e n ui ty w a s re v e a l e d
p
i n th e di s c o ve ry a n d a pplic a ti o n o f m a n y in d i s p en
s a bl e drug s o f th e M a te ri a M e dic a a n d i n th e i n tell i ,
e n j o y e d a m o n o p o ly o f l ea rn in g which s o f a r a s th e
, ,
in c a n ta ti on s th e a i d o f th e s up ern a tura l a lo n e h a d
,
112 H I ST ORY OF TH E
a n d th e m on ki s h cu s to di a n s o f Ch ri s ti an s h ri n es s a w
up on th e cu s to di a n s o f s om e a p ocryph a l relic o f im
a g i n a ry vi rtu e s n ot i n fre qu en tly e xc ee d e d i n v a lu e th e
en c e with m a te ri a l i n te re s ts . B u t ev en i n a n a g e O f
ign oran c e h om a g e w a s p a id h o we ver re lucta n tly to
, ,
th e a s c en d en cy o f i n te ll e c tu a l p o wer ; a n d th e J ews
flou ri s h e d in c oun tri es wh ere th e la w s did n ot tolera te
th e i r p res en c e a n d s o v ereign s w ere pl e dg e d by th eir
c oron a ti on o a th s to th ei r d es truction P olitic a l n eces
.
s a bl e n e c es s i ty o f m a in ta in i n g i n p o s iti o n s o f h on or
a n d p o w e r a cl a s s wh o s e n o mi n a l di s a biliti es d eg ra d ed
1 14 H I ST ORY OF TH E
th e im a g es o f th e K a a b a a n d m a d e th e ci rcuit o f th a t
,
w a s f a r fro m un a n im o u s h o w ev er f or i t w a s a lwa ys
, ,
d o x a n d p re ci s i a n s e ct o f th e H e b re w n a tio n Th ey .
Th e p ro p a g a ti o n a n d i mp ro v eme n t o f a p eo pl e
un d er ci rcum s ta n c es which in dic ate d th ei r s p eedy a n d
i n evi ta ble ex ti n c ti o n i s o n e o f th e mo s t cu riou s p ro b
lems i n th e a n n a l s o f ethn olo gy Not o n ly i s i t a n om .
a l o u s b u t i t i s a b s o lu te ly i n e xplic a bl e u n d e r a n y s c i en
,
h a v e e xtermin a te d a n y o th er b ra n ch o f th e huma n
fa mily Th eir ten a city o f life th e p ers i s ten ce o f th e ir
.
,
ti on a l a n d religi o u s o rg a n iz a ti o n m a i n ta i n ed i n th e
fa c e o f a pp a lli n g o b s ta cles ten d to c o n firm th e a n
,
w a s in th e ey e o f th e l a w immea s u ra bly i n fe ri o r to th e
mos t humble a n d ign o ra n t o f tho s e wh o ruled him H e .
w a s n ot co mp eten t i n a co u rt o f j us tic e H e w a s ex .
ti on s o f hi s p eo pl e e v en th ough o f hi s o w n bl oo d h e
, ,
ti s m wh en s o licite d by c o n s o rt o r b on d s m a n p ro duc e d
, , ,
s e iz e d th e p ro p erty o f a ll th e J e w s i n th e kin gd om a n d
children O f c rimes a g a in s t n a tu re o f c a n n ib a li s m
, ,
.
n ot a s h a m ed to a cc e p t h i s gifts an d i n return to , , ,
ei g n wi th th e e x ten t o f h i s a tta in m en ts a n d th e v a lu e
o f th e p a rty f or th e m o m en t in p o w er M ea n while .
s l a ve s i n C on s ta n tin o pl e H e exch a n g e d th e c om
.
m o d i ti es o f S p a i n f or th e furs o f Ru s s i a a n d th e
p ea rls a n d i n cen s e o f Yemen I n F ra n c e h e fou n d
.
an
y exc e pti n g th e mo s t O pul en t .
B u t th e en terpri s e o f th e J ew w a s n o t c on fin e d to
th e imp orta ti on a n d di s tributi o n o f luxu ri e s He .
Th e c on fiden ce re p o s e d by a l l cla s s es i n th e H e
brews des pi te th e un i vers a l a n d i n era dic a ble p rej u
,
a n d ra p ture to th e i n c o h eren t h a ra n gu e s o f m o n ki s h
I n th e mid s t o f th e d a rk n es s which o b s cu re d th e
fa c e o f th e me diae v a l wo rld H ebrew lea rn in g emitted
,
a n d p o pul a r O diu m p re v en te d th e re g en e ra ti on o f th e
th e a g e i n which th ey fl o u ri s h e d a b s o lu te ly p h en om e
,
th ei r kn o wl e dg e a n d a bili ty th a n th e e c cl e s i a s tic a l d e
crees l au n ch e d a g a in s t th e J ews a t th e v ery time when
th ei r ta l en ts w ere emplo ye d i n di re c ti n g th e fin a n ci a l
a ff a i rs o f th e Chu rch I n s pite o f h i s i n dis p en s a ble
.
H ebrew w a s a lwa ys un d er th e b a n o f th e l a w a n d
live d in a s ta te o f c on s ta n t a pp reh en s i o n P rin c es .
l an d n ea r th e en d o f th e thirteen th c en tu ry e very
, ,
w a s ta ken , th ey
were exp elle d fro m th e c oun try
and .
th a t O f fo rc e w a s firs t e x erte d i n F ra n c e ; a n d th e
,
s a va g e la w s w a s d eg ra d ed b elo w th e l ev el o f h u
,
e n a cte d a n d n o d a m a g e s c ould b e cl a im e d f or th e
b e re c e iv e d a g a i n s t h i s a s s a il a n t Th e J ew s o f Tou .
a b o x on th e ca r a t th e c a th e dra l d o o r On e o f th e .
s o m e rito ri o u s as to b e a lm o s t e qui v a l en t to th e
p er
f orma n c e O f a religi ou s duty A t th a t time n o H e
.
en c e c a u s e d a g rea t n umb e r to b e m a s s a c re d
, A t a ll .
i ts J e wi s h p o p ul a ti on h a s dis a pp ea re d I t w a s a ls o a .
th e o p en e n c o ura g e m en t o f th e a u th oriti es
, Th eir .
tra c e d by D o zy to a c a b a li s ti c a s s o ci a ti o n wi th th e
twelv e s ign s o f th e z o di a c .
d u ced to th o s e d e p th s o f m o ra l d e g ra d a ti on in cid en t
o n ly to l o n g c on ti n u e d s e rv i tud e th ey s till s ucc ee d e d
-
,
P eo pl e o f G o d H i s S pirit w a s ev er wi th th em
.
,
o f H o li es o f th e T a b e rn a cl e h o v e ri n g a b o u t th e A rk
,
s ec t
. Th e min ute a n d in n umera ble res tricti on s o f
H in du ca s te were n o t mo re rigid o r vexati ou s than
th os e ordin a n c es which regul a te d th e i n terc ou rs e o f
J ew a n d Chri s ti a n durin g th e Middle Ag es Th e en .
th e S p a n i s h P en in s ul a On i ts c o a s t with which
.
,
a rch a ol og i ca l re s ea rch h a s pl a c e d th e T a rs hi s h o f
it ; a n d i t m a y n ot un rea s o n a bly b e as s um ed th a t i t
a n te d a ted th e Ch ri s ti a n era by a t l ea s t a th ou s a n d
th e mos t a b s tru s e b ra n ch es o f s ci en c e a n d th ei r p ro
,
c i a ti on o f th ei r cu s to m s , th e en um era ti on o f th e i r
o ff e n c e s
, a n d th e d es c rip ti o n o f th e p en a lti es to b e
Th e c e l eb ra ti on o f a ll n a ti on a l religi o u s fe s tiv a ls w as
p rohibite d A J ew c ould n ot b e a wi tn es s a g a in s t a
.
a c tivi ty o f th e B erb er s a va g e a n d th e di s c ip l i ne o f th e
th ey w ere c on vi n c ed w ou ld e n u re to th ei r ow n a d van
,
s i tu d es o f c en tu ri es th a t th e H e b re w ra b b i a n d the
li fe on th e va s t pl a in s o f As i a where th e il li mi ta ble
,
an dri a D a ma s cu s a n d An ti o ch Al th ough i n th e
, ,
.
to th e Kh a lifa te s o f M e cca a n d D a ma s cu s th e H e ,
c i a l p ros p erity i n c re a se d Th ey en j oy e d th e fa mi li ar
.
c il l o rs d a re d n o t v en tu re wi th o u t a s umm on s i n to h i s
rity u n d er th e m o s t a dv ers e c on di ti on s e n a bl e d i t to ,
thi rs ty l a w s I n m a n y wa y s th ey ev a d e d th e e ff e cts
.
i n th e s il en c e a n d oblivi o n o f th e gra ve .
Th e a dv en t o f M o s l em s up rem a cy which p ro mi s e d ,
s e qu en tly fo un d to b e e qu a l to th e m o s t ex a cti n g d e
’
en e my s mo vements dis clo s e d th e where a b outs o f mili
,
a n d v a lu e th e y h a d hi th erto rem a in e d i n ig n o ra n c e .
l
a rea dy imp o veri s he d a n d e xh a u s te d territo ry re qui red
a n e x tra o rdin a ry a n d imm e di a te re m e dy P ublic a.
L a n ds a n d h ou s es were p ro mi s e d to a ll w h o were
willin g to ch a n g e th ei r d omiciles f o r n ew h o mes i n
th e di s ta n t a n d re c en tly foun d e d M oh a mm e d a n em
pire I n th e multi tude th a t re s p on d e d w ere i t i s s a id
. , ,
s ul a c o mp o s e d a m os t imp o rta n t e l e m en t o f i ts p o p u
,
d i g i ou s multiplic a ti o n o f th e ra c e Th e co lon i s ts
.
th e e p o ch o f th e g rea te s t f a m e a n d i n flu en c e o f th e
1 38 H I STORY OF TH E
c i s ed th e fu n c ti o n s p erf orm e d c en tu ri e s b e fo re i n th e
th o s e wh o a ckn o wl e dg e d th e i r j u ri s dicti o n ; th ei r d e
c i s i on s i n th eo l o gic a l m a tters limi te d to th e i r f a i th
d a n b u t wh o s e p a ren ta g e religi on a s s o ci a ti on s a n d
, , , ,
o f M o s l e m p o w er a n d cultu re Wh erever th e S a ra .
s e s s e d th e c o n fid en c e o f th e s o v e re ig n a pp e a re d i n ,
Th e R a bbi H a s da i b en S ch a p ru t w a s on e o f th e p rin
- -
1 40 H I ST ORY OF TH E
with th e g re a te s t h on or a n d res p e ct th e p ri n c es a n d
offici a l s o f th e hi era rchy ch os en by th e a s s embli e s o f
th e S yn a g o gu e . Th e b egin n in g o f th e ten th c en tu ry
witn es s e d th e d e s tructi o n o f th e ren o wn e d a c a demi es
o f P e rs i a ,
wh o s e members by th e p ro mulg a ti on o f
,
S o me o f th e mo s t fa m ou s in cludin g th e R a bbi M o s es
, ,
c o rs a irs a n d e xp os ed f o r s a le in th e s la ve ma rket o f -
w a s un a n im ou s ly e l e c te d p ri n c e o f th e H i s p an o H e -
brew n a tio n .
Th es e O ri en ta l s cho la rs we re n o t th e on ly e xiles wh o
en rich e d th e u n iv e rs iti e s o f S p a i n wi th th e i r a ccu m u
th e h a n d o f p ers e cu ti o n w a s ra i s e d a g a in s t th e J ew
re fug e e s fl o ck e d by th ou s a n d s i n to th e P en i n s ula u n til ,
i n g th e n in th c en tu ry a Ch ri s ti a n bi s h o p d e cl a re d th e
,
ra bbi s p re a ch e d b etter th a n th e p ri es ts .
Th e a cti ve mi n d s o f th e s e gifte d s ch o la rs en a bl ed
th e m to m a s ter a t th e s a m e tim e th e m os t c o mplic a ted
1 42 H I ST ORY OF TH E
o f th e S ulta n I t i s s a id th a t wh en e ve r h e le ft hi s
.
work M o re H a n ebu s h im
,
-
Th e Guid e o f L o s t
,
in n umb er a n d es p e ci a lly hi s l ea rn e d co mm en ta ry on
,
a n d to thi s d a y m a n y o f h i s p re ce p ts f or th e trea tm en t
n a te d th e wi s d o m o f th e s ch ol a r with th e mu mm eri es
h i s s e ct a n d th e w ea kn e s s a n d in co n s i s ten cy o f m a n y
of i ts tra diti on s M a im o n id es n ev er i n ten ti on a lly
,
s u rro u n di n g s a n d a s s o ci a ti on s w ere h o w ev er o n th e , ,
ti on s o f I n di a th e d o c tri n e o f E m a n a ti o n a n d A b
,
th e hi s to ry o f h i s ra c e Th en i t rea ch ed th e high es t
.
to h i s v a s t s tores o f un iv ers a l kn o wl e dg e h e h a d ,
v i s i te d F ez M o n tp el li e r C a i ro
,
B a gd a d J eru s a lem
, , , .
Egypt F ro m th e E a s t a n d W es t h i s c ou n trymen
.
,
a s i n fa llibl e H i s in fluen c e w a s by n o m e a n s c on fin ed
.
ti o n s o f s ch oo lm en D i ff u s e d th ro ugh ou t th e S outh
.
o f F ra n c e th ei r ra ti on a li s t o pi n i on s pl a y e d n o s m a ll
,
h e w a s by n o m ea n s th e o n ly di s tin gui s h e d s ch o l a r o f
h i s e p o ch B en Ez ra equ a lly p ro fici en t I n th e d e p a rt
.
-
,
a re pu ta ti on s e c o n d on ly to th a t o f th e G rea te s t o f
o f fo re ig n l a n d s th e v a lu a bl e e xp eri en c e a n d i n tim a te
ta in e d by th e p eru s a l o f b ook s a l on e Th e re m a rk a bl e .
ti o n o f m a th e m a tic a l p ro bl em s a n d i n th e c o mp os i
ti o n o f s a c re d p oe m s I n h i s kn o wl e dg e o f a s tron
.
a g e e s p e c i a l y d e v ote d to th e cultiva ti on o f th e g ra n d
es t a n d m o s t f a s ci n a tin g o f s ci e n c es I n h i s m o m en ts .
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 1 47
litera ry p re c ed en ce were Na ch m a n i d es w h o at th e a g e ,
o f s ix teen w a s th e h on ore d a s s o ci a te o f th e m o s t
o f th e p eo pl e o f C ord o va ; S o l o m o n b en G a b i ro l a n d - -
,
m a n d ed by th e b o ld a n d p ro g re s s ive s pirit o f th e a g e .
o f th e M o s l e m p ri n c es o f th e W e s t a n e ra c o in cid en t ,
s om e o f ra bbin ic a l ra n k s o me o f humbl e s ta ti on wi th
, ,
Th e co mm erci a l p ro s p e rity o f th e J e ws ; th e un iv er
s a li ty o f e duc a ti on wh os e i n s tituti o n s a ff o rd e d fa cili
,
a cuten es s s eem e d c a p a bl e o f s o lv i n g qu e s ti on s wh en
to th e m o s t v a ri ed a n d ardu ou s un d erta ki n g s ; th e
1 48 H I ST ORY OF TH E
a te s o f th e tim e w ere ig n o ra n t th a t th ey h ad ev er
Th e di s s olution o f th e M o s l em empi re i ts s ub s e ,
s e ct
. Th eir ta ct a n d di s c ern men t c a u s e d th ei r s ervices
to b e en li s ted i n th e s ettl em en t o f p erplexi n g qu es
ti on s o f dipl o m a cy Th e e a rly ti m e s o f th e R e con
.
o f th e p ri es th o o d s o ld him Ch ri s ti a n s erfs wh o m th ei r ,
o f Ara g on th e y h a d a cqui re d p o s s e s s i on o f a l l th e
,
th e en vy a n d h a tred o f th e n o bles m a n y o f wh om ,
w h o w a s o f th e s a me ra c e a n d en j oye d th e roya l
con fiden c e w as ch o s en by th e n obles a s a n in terme di
,
ar
y between th ems elve s a n d the i r s o v ere ign i n a tra n s
a cti on which re qui re d th e e x e rci s e o f th e gre a te s t
ma n y ye a rs th e mi s tres s o f Al fo n s o IX ov er wh o m .
,
o f th e f a v o rite th a n by th e g ra vi ty o f th e s in c au s e d ,
i n this s im ul a te d in dign a ti on Th e wo rk s o f th es e
.
a rchy S a mu e l L e vi wh os e p o s i ti on a n d fa v o r en a bl e d
, ,
s pl en d o r o f hi s re tin u e ; th e s ump tu ou s a pp o in tm e n ts
e x a lte d p erh a p s e x a gg e ra te d h i s m e ri ts i n th e m em
, ,
ti o n h o we v er c on s i s ts i n th e ere cti o n a t hi s o wn ex
, , ,
th e fin a n ci a l ta l en ts a n d s terli n g h on e s ty which i n
s u re d th ei r p ro p er di s burs em en t I t w a s n o t un til th e
.
ru ted by s c en es o f h orro r a n d c a rn a g e h a d i n p ra o
p ,
u ta bl e to th e M os lem c o n qu es t in lik e m a nn er i ts
, ,
di s a ppea ra n ce o f th ei r empire .
o u s to o r m o s t i n tim a te ly c on n e c te d wi th th e P e n in
M oh a mm e d an p o wer i n th a t re gi on wa s n ot fo llowed
by th e imm e di a te a b oli ti on o f th e s o ci a l a n d edu ca
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 1 55
ti on s o f c as te th ey en j oye d th e s a me p rivile g e s a n d
,
o f m e dicin e w a s c o n fin e d to th e J ew s Th e a pplic a .
a g a i n s t a f a ta l di s te mp er On th e o n e h a n d w a s th e
.
terrifyin g p ro s p e ct o f imp en di n g di s s o lu ti on ; o n th e
oth e r th e a s s u ra n c e o f divin e di s pl ea s ure a n d th e cer
,
ta i n ty o f s a c erd o ta l c on d e mn a ti on I n th e mid s t o f
'
th e m o s t l a w a bidin g o f ci tiz en s
-
Th e y h a d more th a n
.
th e e s ta bli s hm en t o f m a n y i mp orta n t b ra n ch es o f
man ufa cture s Th e cloth s e xp orte d by th em were
.
th e g o ld s mi th s s h o p s w a s p ro duc e d e l e g an t j e we lry
’
a s i n gl e b on fire I n P a ri s i n o ne d a y tw en ty four -
.
, ,
to th ei r l a n gu a g e ; i ts s tudy w a s fo rbidd en un d er
p en a lty o f exc omm un ic a ti on ; a n d i t w a s c on s ta ntly
p ro cla imed fro m th e pulpit th a t wh oe ver a cquire d i t
b e c a m e fro m tha t mom en t to a l l in ten ts a n d purp os es
a J ew . Gra du a lly e xclude d fro m a ll m e ch an ical
tra d e s a n d lib e ra l p ro fes s i on s th e un h a ppy p eo ple ,
Th e p ra ctic e o f u s u ry re p ro b a te d by th o s e wh os e i m
,
g a n iz a ti on s th e p rivil e g e o f fin a n ci a l o pp re s s i on Th e .
s m a ll a m o u n t o f c a s h i n ci rcul a ti o n a u th o riz e d th e
s uch m a tte rs a lw a y s a re by th e n a tu ra l la ws o f
,
I n I ta ly th e h a n d o f th e J e w w a s vi s ible i n th e
,
P o a n d th e Tib er a n d o n th e s un n y s hores o f th e
Adri a tic Th e in dus try a n d cultu re inh erited from
.
1 60 H I ST ORY OF TH E
w a s e v en tu a lly re p a id a hu n d re d fo ld by th e pro fit -
a di s ta n c e o f a th o u s a n d mil es th e civiliz a ti on o f th e
,
a g en cy o f a n a li en a n d e xil e d ra c e th e gl o ri ou s reviva l
,
ou t th e e mpl o ym en t O f fo rc e n ullifie d l a w s es p e
,
hu s ba n ds . I n public th ey a lw a y s a pp ea re d ve il e d
fro m h ea d to fo ot I n s o little e s teem were th ey ordi
.
n a ily h e ld th a t i t w a s n ot c on s id ere d n e c es s a ry to
,
e v e r ta l en ts th ere f o re J e wi s h fe m a l e s p o s s es s ed w ere
, , ,
un til th e S a ra c en do mi n a ti on i n Eu ro p e u n kn own an d ,
un de vel o p ed .
Th e e duc a ti on a l fa ciliti es a ff o rd e d th e M o o ri s h
wo men un der th e b en eficen t s w ay o f th e Omm ey a d e
kh a li fs a n d th e p ro min en c e a tta in e d by m a n y o f
,
a re gula ti on la rg e ly d u e to th e ir n a tu ra lly d e p en d en t
o f th e ra bbi s b e c a m e i n a m ea s u re re l a x e d ; a n d whil e
, ,
g u i s h ed f o r l ea rn in g h a v e c o m e d o wn to u s i t i s a n ,
an d lo ca li ty , of litera ry c areer a n d o f th e ch a r
h er ,
a cte r o f h e r w ork s a re mi s s in g .
th e vulg a r bu t s eri o u s ly di s cu s s e d by a l ea rn e d I ta li a n
,
a l en t i n th e i n f a n cy o f kn o wle dg e I n fa m ih a ri ty .
w ith th e vi s ible h ea v en s wi th th e m o ti o n s o f th e
,
P hilip Augu s tu s th ey le ft wi th Ch ri s ti a n s i n wh o m
,
th rough L o mb a rd m e rch a n ts up on th e cu s to di a n s o f
th ei r ch a ttel s e ith er f o r th e g o o d s th em s e lv es o r f o r
,
ro p e b e c a m e i n d eb te d to th e J e w s f o r th e g e n era l i n
s up e ri ority which i t di s pl a y e d b u t o n a cc o un t o f i ts
, ,
we s t o f th e B os ph o ru s F ro m th e ten th c en tu ry wh en
.
,
th e M oo ri s h p o rts o f S o u th ern S p a i n h a d b e c o me th e
e mp orium s o f th e M e diterra n ea n to th e s ix te en th
, ,
a l l th e li te ra ry p ro ducti on s o f th e S p a n i s h J e w s Th e .
th e s ix tee n th c en tury th a t F ra n ci s I s en t to th e Em
,
.
wh o h a d b een c on v erted to C h ri s ti a n i ty h a vi n g u n d er
ta k en th e j o u rn ey to P a ri s th e F ren ch ki n g re fu s ed
,
to re c eive him a s s o on a s h e l e a rn e d th a t h e w a s a n
a p o s ta te H ebre w eruditi on ex erci s e d n o s ma ll i n fl u
.
written by I b n Al fa n g e a J ew -
,Th e c o lle cti o n o f
.
ta l es en titl e d El C on d e L u ca n o r by D on J u a n ,
d i a ted th e l e g en d s o f th e K o ra n th e y a cc e pte d i n a ll
,
s e diti on
. Th ey were en s la ve d in a bo dy by E gi za ,
in h i s d omin i o n s to hi s b ro th er R ich a rd f o r a la rg e
s u m o f mo n ey Th e Emp eror L o ui s IV p a wn ed th e
. .
th e fin a n ci a l c o n diti on o f th e H o ly S ee w a s p ro s
a m o s t v a lu a bl e s o u rc e o f i n c o m e Th e m o n e y a n n u
.
to th e vi ta l p ri n ciple o f N a tu re a n d th e s ci en tific ,
rem a rk a bl e c o mpil a ti on o f H eb re w l e a rn i n g th e d oc ,
d a y a n d n ight a t th e e qu a tor a n d th e p o l es a n d th e ,
s ci en tific re a s o n s f o r th e e xi s te n c e o f th e s e ph en om en a ,
s tra igh t li n es — th e e s s en ti a l e l e m en t o f o n e o f th e
,
1 70 H I ST ORY OF TH E
a p o werful in flu en c e on th e ir min d s i n s pi re d th e ir ,
tri e s o f Euro p e .
Bu on o i s kn o wn to p o s terity a s th e a n tip o p e A ma cl e
,
Th e expul s io n o f th e S p a n i s h J ews i s o n e o f th e
s a dd e s t a n d m o s t de pl o ra bl e tra g e di es i n hi s tory Th e .
to in fl a me th e p a s s i o n s o f th e fa n a tic a l multitude .
th e p ro cl a m a ti on m a de th em li a ble to th e s eizu re
o f th eir ch a tte l s a n d e v en to th e p en a lty o f d ea th
,
.
a nn a l s o f th e Chu rch a s o n e o f h e r m o s t fa m o u s
to th e n u mb er o f J e ws e xp elle d fro m S p a i n ; i t w a s ,
w as fil le d wi th thei r l a m en ta ti on s M a n y re ma in ed .
s e a rch w as m a d e o f e v e ry i n dividu a l f o r c o n c ea l ed
ro bb e d th e m o n th e s ea Th ei r wive s were ra vi s h ed
.
,
w as fa ta l to i ts p o s s es s o r ; h e w a s a t on ce th ro wn o v er
bo a rd a n d hi s p ro p erty b e c a m e th e s p o il o f th e mur
,
to s a y a re public a n
, I n p riv a te o r in public life n o
.
s ta i n o r di s h on o r e ve r a tta ch e d to hi s n a m e .
o b s ta cl e w a s th row n i n th e w a
y o f th e de p a rture o f
th e J ews un til th e limi te d time h a d e xpi re d a n d th en ,
n ea rly th e en tire n u mb er w a s en s l a v e d Ap o s ta s y wa s
.
n ow th e on ly re m e dy f o r th ei r di s tre s s e d c on di ti on a n d
,
th ei r c
re en t o pp res s o rs an d th ei r children w ere
,
a do p te d in to th e f a mili e s o f th e n o bili ty .
o f th e n a ti o n a l C o de up on on e o cc a s ion ch a llen ge d
,
th e bi s h o p s to a d eb a te in pres en ce o f th e thro n e up on
, ,
s urp ri s e o f th e p re la te s o f th a t a e Th e S p a n i s h
g .
There a re to d ay f ew o f th e great h ou s es o f P or
-
a n s w e re d I n o b e di e n c e to th e roy a l d e cree I h a v e
“
, ,
a m on g th os e wh o s e c on s ta n cy w as un s h ak en th e ,
a bl e un d er th e C o d e o f I s l a m w ere p un i s h e d b ec a u s e
,
a s re p re s en ta tive s o f e ith er th e i r s e ct or th e ir n a ti on
tributa ri es .
ti on s a n d th e life o f a n a ti on
, S u ch matters s o in
.
,
hi s tori a n .
th a t wi s e a n d p o litic di s p en s a ti o n th e g o ds o f fo reign
,
a u th o ri ty o f th e P a p a cy w ere th e e ff e cts o f th es e
th a n i n th e S p a n i s h P e n i n s ul a .
s ti tu te d i n rea li ty th e s up rem e p o we r o f th e s ta te .
p g a i ns Th. e y imp o s e d a n d c o ll e c te d ta x es I n re .
th a n a th o u s a n d y ea rs .
ea ch s o v ereig n w a s m a rk e d by th e d on a ti on o f a
s pl en d or th os e which a w a k en e d th e pi o u s en thu s i a s m
s e lv es
. N o p ri es th o o d i n Chri s ten do m w as treated
with mo re res p e ct en j o ye d m ore e x ten s ive p rivileges
, ,
S p a in
.
a n d m e di ta ti on o f th e cl o i s te r to th e revel ry a n d d e
Wh en th e firs t s ho ck o f c on qu es t h a d p as s ed th e ,
ra ted by th e ir rul e rs .
o wn ers o f l a n d a ta x up on i ts p ro duc ts o f tw en ty
e c t c ll d th K h ad j w a s c oll e c te d Ap os
p r en .a , e e a r ,
.
ta s y w a s re w a rd e d by th e remi s s i o n o f th e f o rm e r ; th e
la tter h owe ver w a s n ever a bro g a te d W o men ch il
, ,
.
,
a li e n a te d ; u n d er th e M oo rs th a t o w n ers hip w a s a b s o
,
roy a l d em e s n es — wh os e a rea w a s s o v a s t th a t th ey
e mb ra c e d th e fifth p a rt o f a ll c on fis c a te d territo ry
h on or o f c an on iz ati on Al l th ere fo re th a t w a s re
.
, ,
s p e ci a l m a gi s tra te w a s a pp o in te d un d er th e kh a lif s
, ,
e v en m a d e to th e a n ci en t e dific es I n c a s e re co n s tru e
.
th es e rul e s w a s h o w ev er o ften re la x e d by th e g en
, ,
h a ve c a u s e d th e ir i n s ta n t de mo lition I n th os e two .
th e du ti es o f th ei r h o ly c a llin g in p ea c e a n d s e curity ,
o f th e d ea d en v elo p ed i n th e s m ok e o f t a p e rs a n d
,
o f s a i n ts w ere by n o m e a n s ra re I n th e C a thedra l o f
.
H er s h ri n e w a s fa mo u s f or its s a n ctity a n d mo re , ,
th e c a pi ta l S t E u l o g iu s Cyp ri a n S a m s on a n d
. .
, , ,
th a n th o s e e x a c te d by th e tyra nn ic a l ra p a city o f th e
Gre ek a dm in i s tra tion Un d er th e M oors a ll p ers on s
.
,
th e pu rp o s e th a t i t w as c o n ti n u e d with triflin g m o di
, ,
f o r n ea rly tw o c en tu ri es No l a n d s w ere c o n fis c a te d
.
b u t th o s e whi ch h a d b e en a b a n d o n e d by th ei r o wn ers .
Th e n um b er o f th es e w a s s o g rea t th a t th ey a ff o rded
a mple s p a c e f o r th e s ettl em en ts o f th e S a ra c en c o lo
n i s ts wh o o ccupi e d th e m os t va lu a bl e p ortion s o f th e
,
I n th e S p a ni s h P en in s ul a th e g o vernm en t o f th e
,
n in g e x erted a ll th e in flu en ce o f a p o w erful c as te to
,
a pp o in t th e m o s t u n w o rthy c a n did a te to th e m o s t
i zed on th e o th er by th e i n flu en c e o f th e C ro wn o ver
th e fo rtun e s o f th e C hu rch an in flu en c e a lwa ys
,
a n d li a bl e to a bu s e e v en i n th e h a n d s o f a n o rth o d o x
I t w a s n ot c on ferre d by co n qu es t I t c o uld n o t b e .
a cc oun te d f o r u n d er th e c o l o r o f a l e g a l ficti on Su .
ta in l y w a s n o t im pli e d by th e fa ct th a t i t h a d b een
en j oy e d by th e rulin g p ri n c e O f th e v a n qui s h ed f a i th .
to a ll in ten ts a n d pu rp o s es th e s pi ritu a l h e a d o f tw o
,
a tte mp t to c on c ea l i t A p rofli g a te c an on n a m ed
.
,
to th e rich es t s e e s o f th e P en in s ul a we re h eretic s or
in fid el s . I t w a s n o t un u s u a l f or a p rel a te even d u r ,
a n d i n dulg e i n th e m o s t s h a m el es s e xc es s es o f d run k
o f th e ta x c o ll e cto r th e bi s h o p m o re f a i thful to th e
-
, ,
th e re gi s ters o f th e di o c es e a n d to a s s i s t i n th e pu n i s h
,
a pp o i n tm e n t o f a Mu s s ul m a n o r a J ew S uch circum .
N or we re a bu s es o f p o we r c on fin e d to th e eccl es i
a s ti ca l s y s te m Th e dig n ity o f c o un t th e m os t emi
.
,
a ff o rd e d f o r e xtortion a n d p e cul a ti on m a d e i t o n e o f
o gy . To S t E ul o gi us a la rm ed b y th e i n creas in g i n
. ,
du rin g a vi s it to N a varre .
I n S p a in a s in S i cily th e in flu en ce o f th e H o ly
, ,
a ll e gi a n c e to R o m e I n th e a b ey a n ce o f P a p a l re p re
.
p re me h ea d o f th e S p an i s h hi erarchy Th e C hri s ti an s .
Th e to le ra n ce o f Mu s s ul ma n rule i s di s clo s e d by th e
gre a t prep on deran ce o f th e s u bj e ct ra ce ex i s tin g at
N a rbonn e whi ch w a s a lwa ys rath er a C h ris ti a n th an
,
a M o s l e m c a pital .
Th e l on g in d ep en d en c e O f th e S p a n i s h C hurch e x
erte d n o i n c on s idera b l e i n flu en c e up on its s ub s e qu en t
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 195
th e s wa y o f th e H o u s e o f Omrn ey ah i s th e b es t evi
den c e o f their en j oymen t o f th e bles s i n gs o f civil a nd
religi ou s lib erty .
c i al p o s i ti o n th a t th e in cumb en t s h ould p o s s es s a c om
t dl d pl o res th e f a ct th a t i ts p rev a l en ce w a s
p ea e y e
u ni v ers a l in th e P en i n s ul a . I ts p o p u la ri ty in crea s ed
w ith tim e a n d w a s s o g rea t durin g th e do min a tio n o f
,
i t mi gh t b e in telligible to th e p ri es ts o f h i s di o ces e .
a n d a bh o rren ce o f th e s to ut O ld m on k J oh n d e G orz a , ,
Ab d al R a hm a n H e den ou n c ed th em in un m ea s ured
- -
.
s i on s a s en v oy to th e c o urts o f G erm a n y a n d C on
s ta n tin o p l e
. I t w a s h e w h o w a s in tru s te d with th e
con v eya n c e o f va lu a ble gifts fro m th e Emp ero r o f
th e E a s t to th e Kh a lif a m on g the m th e fou n ta in s
,
o f th e p a l a ce o f M e din a a l Z a h ra
- -
. Th e Bi s h o p o f
Gra n a d a w a s s ele cted to s e cure th e withdra wa l by th e
G erma n Emp ero r o f th e s currilou s letter wh ich th e
fa n a tic J o hn d e G orz a w a s ch arg ed to deliver a tas k ,
o f e pi s c o p a l ra n k w a s a l s o de s p a tch e d by Abd a l R a h
- -
Th ou s an d s o f th e m s erve d i n th e M u s s u h n an a rmi es .
Wh en B a rc elon a w a s b es ie g e d by th e F ran k s th e ,
w a s c on s picu ou s a mo n g th e f a n a tic a l p ri n c es o f hi s
li n e f or th e s trictn es s o f h i s o rth o do xy a n d th e au
s teri ty o f h i s m a nn ers , th e M o z a ra b es w ere i n high
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 199
hi s h a bits hi s l a n gu a g e w ere th e s a me
, , H i s h ou s e .
o f p ro p en s i ti es c en s u re d by th e c a n on s O f hi s Church ,
tic es a n d fil le d hi s h a re m wi th fe m a le s l a ve s gu a rd ed
,
c es s f u ll y n ouri s h e d by th e M oh a mm e d a n fa u i s a s
q
well a s by th e Chri s ti a n clergy Th e tributa ri es while .
,
th e m os t p o werful e mo ti on s th a t c a n in flu en c e th e
huma n h ea rt N o c on c es s io n s could th oroughly era d i
.
th e S p a n i s h Ch ri s ti a n s w a s th e re fo re th e rev ers e o f
, ,
a mutu a l a n ta g on i s m a ll th e m ore vi o l en t f or b ei n g
,
re p re s s e d th ere co ul d b e n o th o ro ugh a m a lg a ma ti on
,
2 00 H I ST ORY OF TH E
H i s ch em I w a s a hn os t ex tin ct Th e l a w fo rb a de i t
.
,
.
a n d c o n v en ts By th e s a me de cree o f th e K h a lif ed u
.
,
c a ti on i n th e Ara bi a n s ch o o ls w a s m a de c o mpuls o ry .
A l v a ru s w h o wrote a b ou t th e middl e o f th e n in th
,
a n d th e en th u s i a s m wi th which th ei r c o mp o s i ti on s w ere
a s s o ci a ti on s w a s a l s o on e o f th e c ro w n i n g g ri e v a n c es
,
a bly f o ll o w th e p ro fe s s i on o f th e f a ith o f I s l a m i t ,
th a t multitud es o f s l a v es emb ra c e d th e M u s s u hn a n
do ctri n es .
Th e re ligi o u s free d o m o f th e Ch ri s ti a n s u n d e r M o s
l em rule w a s m a in ly d e p en d en t on th e p rej udic es o f
th e ir o w n cl ergy th e ch a ra cte r o f th e d o mi n a n t fa c
,
e x a c te d fro m th em On on e o cc a s i on th e Ch ri s ti a n s
.
,
th e s u m o f a hun d re d th o u s a n d pi e c e s o f g o ld n ea rly ,
a milli on a n d a qu a rter d o ll a rs Th e re v en u es o f th e .
M oo ri s h S p a in w a s well kn o wn in th e m a rkets o f
G en o a a n d C on s ta n tin o pl e P ers on s i n clerica l ga rb
.
th os e w h o to ok p a rt i n th em were fortu n a te if th ey
e s ca p e d with out s eri ou s p ers on a l i n j ury Th e rin g .
a s ig n o ra n t a s a n d e v en m o re big o te d th a n th em s elve s
, ,
.
P a ga n a n d idol a trou s .
ma rtyrdo m i s e a s y .
Th e p ers e cuti o n o f th e Ch ri s ti a n s o f S p a in w a s i n
fl i cted f o r th e m o s t p a rt un d er th e reig n s o f Abd a l
, ,
-
R a hm a n II a n d M oh a m m e d Th e a n n o y a n c es to
. .
ti on implyin g a s i t d o e s th e tyra n n ic a l a bu s e o f s u
,
u n d e r which th e M o z a ra b e s w e re s en t to th e s c a ff o ld .
u n ta ri l y o ff e re d th e m s e lv e s f o r th e s a c rific e They .
ru s h e d i n to th e m o s qu e s Wh en th e vo ic e o f th e mu ez .
s e lv e s a n d c ri e d o u t
, S a ve u s 0 L o rd from th e c all
, , ,
”
o f th e E v il On e b oth n o w a n d i n etern i ty '
, I n their
e a g e rn es s to c ou rt de s truc ti o n th e y pu s h e d th eir w a
y ,
h is f a c e S t I s a a c n o t c on ten t wi th h e a pi n g a bu s e on
. .
,
p romote d th e in c rea s in g ma dn e s s b y
'
In s e ret,c th ey
pra yer a n d v eh emen t exh orta ti o n Th e i mpuls e to .
p en den t o f b oth R om an a n d As tu ri a n in flu en ce th e ,
a s to n i s hin g mi ra cl e s .
e dict a n y o n e to kill o n th e i n s ta n t a Ch ri s ti a n wh o
,
a cc o mpli s hi n g i ts o bj e ct l es s e n e d th e n u mb e r o f a p
,
o f th e fa c ti on whi ch h a d i n va in en de a v ore d to ch e ck
, ,
\
th e fa ta l c on s e qu e n c e s o f th e in s a n e a cts o f hi s co
religi on i s ts if u n res tra i n e d h i s i n tere s t c on cu rre d wi th
,
o f th e a lta r ; th e i r d ee ds a n d th ei r s u ff erin g s we re
no w a p a rt o f th e hi s tory o f th e Chu rch I t w a s th ere .
2 08 H I ST ORY OF TH E
a tte mp t to d e p riv e th e m o f th e ra n k i n th e c e l es ti a l
h e a de d by S t E u l og iu s de cla re d th a t th e re a l s en ti
.
,
M a n y re c a lcitra n t p ri e s ts were s e iz e d a n d th ro wn in to
p ri s on O th ers elude d wi th th e grea tes t difficulty th e
.
w a s p ro v ok e d by th e vi ol en c e o f th e C h ri s ti a n s them
2 10 H I ST ORY OF TH E
o f Abd a l —
-
R a hm a n II a m a gn ificen t m o s qu e w a s built
.
f o r th ei r es p eci a l a cc o mm o d a ti on Th e m a j o rity Of
.
th e p ri s o n ers ta ken i n w a r e mb ra c e d wi th o u t h e s i ta ti on
th e d o ctrin e s o f I s la m L ea vin g ou t o f c o n s iderati on
.
th e i n flu en c e o f th a t Divi n e P o w er which mu s t h a ve
pre s erve d its s erva n ts u n de r th e s e ve re s t tria ls cir ,
a ri s en to p re ve n t th e wh o l es a l e a p o s ta s y O f a n a ti on .
th e n o mi n a l e qu a lity o f th e ren eg a d e g ra n te d by h is
fo rm er ma s ters i n th e b e gin n in g thi s e qu a lity w as ,
a tta ch e d to th e m a j o ri ty b e c a m e th e u n j u s t re p roa ch
o utra g e by th e vil es t o f m a n ki n d I t w a s ra re th a t a .
evil s th a t a fflicte d th e M u s s u h n a n do mi n a ti on h a d i ts ,
o f Al H a k em I
-
I t re c ruited th e a rmi e s o f I b n H a f
.
-
s u n w h o f or thi rty y e a rs d e fi e d th e p ow e r o f th e kh a li
,
ra th e r to c o n firm th a n to w ea k e n th e fa ith o f th e h e s i
ta tin g .
ri ori t
y s h o uld by a ll m ea n s b e free fro m tu rm o il fro m ,
mo un ta in e ers T ri e d by th e s ta n d a rd s o f me diaeva l
.
a n d i n vi n cibility i n w a r I s l a mi s m w a s n o b etter th an
,
th e c ree d s it h a d s uppl a n te d .
n e gl e c te d th e i r ma n n ers u n c o u th th e ir l a n gu a ge
, ,
de vic e o f S a ta n .
w a s to th ei r le c tu res th a t th e yo u n g C h ri s ti a n s d e
lighted to re p a ir Th ere w a s n o s ub j e ct on which they
.
o f th e Ch ri s ti a n yo u th .
th ei r v a lo r th ei r c o u rtes y th e s e ductiv e p ow er o f
, ,
ri e s with th e ir o ff en s iv e h o a rd s o f wi th ere d fle s h a n d
,
p utati on s o f l ea rn ed a s s embli es .
n ou s a tten ti on s o f th e n u rs e a n d th e in telligen t ca re
o f th e s u rg eon .
a n d th e R h on e d en oun ce d th e S a ra c en as a f oe o f G od
a n d a s cou rg e to hu m a ni ty th e C hri s ti an wh o li ve d
,
S ta te of Ki gd m ft r th C n qu s t— S u p ri ity f th e
th e n o a e e o e e or o
M oors P li y f th e C wn I t du ti n f th H ly
o c o ro n ro c o o e o
s up d d by Xim n — Th Tw Gr t Sp n i s h C di ls
e rs e e e es e o ea a ar na
— Th i Opp i t Ch r t — I fl u n
e r os e n Th i Age a a c e rs n e ce o e r h
Vi l o en c e f Xi m s — H e bu
o th A b i M n u ri p t
en e rn s e ra c a sc s
I u
ns ti
rre c f th M is c
on o
— R ut i th S i rr B e mej
e or oes o n e e a r a
— B ig t y f I b ell — Th M
o r o u d
sa Ch rl e V a e oo rs n er a s .
II —W i n th Al p uj
ar s— Ib — Omm ey h — Op
e ti n f
a rra n a e ra o s o
D on J h f Au t i — R mov l f th M o s f G n d
o n o s r a e a o e o r o ra a a
D e th f I bn —
a o Omm y h — I b — Ab u b m Kin g— S i ge of
e a n ec o es e
G l — At iti
a e ra f th e C mp ig — F t
ro c es f I bn —
o Abu a a n a e o
C diti
on f th e M i s
on o s i n Sp in — T h y r E x il e d by
or c oe a e a e
P h ili p I I I — Th i S u ff i gs — E ff c t f th ir B n i s hment
. e r er n e o e a
up on th P r p ity f th Ki gd m
e os er o e n o .
T H E clo s e o f th e R e c on qu e s t le ft th e S p a n i s h mon
a rchy i n a c o n diti o n o f phy s ic a l a n d fin a n ci a l c o ll a p s e .
i s h a n d M os l em tributa ri es th e wa r c ould n ot h a ve
,
a fter th e C on qu es t g a v e pl a c e to th e M o ri s c o mi n d
, ,
ea rli e s t tim es th e M oo rs h a d b e en re g a rd e d a s in te r
lo pers s c a rc ely entitle d to th e o rdin a rily in dis puta ble
,
i
r or s tren g th a n d va lor Th e es ta bli s hmen t o f th e
.
a n a ddi ti o n a l a rg um en t in fa vo r o f th ei r titl e f or i t .
,
c i s el y th e s a me m a n n e r re qui re d a b o ut th e s ame
,
o f th e M o s l e m s ev en fro m th e S p a n i s h p o in t o f vi ew
, ,
th a n on e re s p e ct i n d ee d h a d th e follo wers o f M oh a m
, ,
ta i n m en ts a n d th e s ki lful a d a p ta ti on o f s ci en tific
,
o f th e kh a lifa te f a r s u rp a s s e d a ll th ei r c o n temp o
u ry th e b rilli a n t c ou rt o f th e E a s te rn Empi re a n d to
, ,
222 H I ST ORY OF TH E
tum e i n a mu s e m en ts th e d es pi s e d i n fid e l fu rn i s h e d
, ,
re a d er o f th e K o ra n w ere i n c orp o ra te d u n ch a n g e d
s o n o ro u s C a s tili a n idi o m re m a i n s to d a y a lm o s t o n e -
th e e ff e c t o f th e p e rva di n g M o o ri s h i n flu en c e Archi .
th o d ox p re l a te s i n th e o rn a m en ta ti o n o f c a th e dra ls .
I t w a s th e cu s to m o f m a n y s o vereign s in th os e tu rbu
len t times to i n tru s t their s a fety to a bo dy gu a rd o f -
n o r c orrup te d Th e h on o rs p a id to d e c ea s e d C a s
.
IV g a ve a udi en c e to a mb a s s a d o rs s ea te d up on a divan
.
M oh a mm e d a n a s s o ci a ti on w a s m a n ifes te d I t i s a .
th e d ee p s e a te d p re j udic es o f th e tw o ra c e s s o f a r
-
,
ra c e s
.
B o th re duc ed th ei r p ri s o n e rs to s la very a c o n ,
o f m o s qu e s a n d f o rtific a ti on s I t w a s n o u n u s ua l oc
.
e i th er by a n o b s ti n a te res i s ta n c e f o r th e e n ti re
, p op u
lati on i rre s p e ctive o f a g e or s ex to b e ruthles s ly p u t
, ,
to th e s word I n th e h ea t o f c on fli ct qu a rte r w a s s el
.
,
i m n ts o f ta li s m a n s a mul ets ch a rm s a n d in ca n
p a n e , , ,
c um s ta n c es in te rv en e d to p re clud e th e fu s i on o f th e
tw o ra c es a fter th e C on qu es t Th e S p a ni a rd with
.
,
o f th e v a lu e to b e e xp e cte d f ro m th e z ea l a n d g en eros
c i p l e th a t n o f a ith wh a te v er w as to b e k e p t wi th i n
a cc ompli s hm en t o f o n e b a s e a n d ign o bl e en d Th e .
w a s n o t th e re a l mi s s i on o f i ts tribun a l i s p rov e d by
th e fa ct th a t i ts s en ten ces w ere frequ en tly s u s p en d ed ,
every fa mily .
a n d th e in c re a s e o f e ccl es i a s tic a l a n d ro ya l p ow er
tige i n th e a ff a i rs o f th e P en in s ul a Th e comp a ct
.
a n d wh o s e ex erci s e d en ou n c e d by th e P a p a cy a s a n
,
a n d i ts tribu n a l w a s es ta bli s h e d a t C o rd o v a u n de r th e
,
in th e hi s to ry o f S p a n is h p ers e cu tion .
ti c life s o j ea l o u s ly gu a rd e d by M oh a mm e d a n cus
,
Th e mo s qu es wh o s e p os s es s i on h a d b een es p e ci a lly
,
to b l os s o m o n c e m ore un d er th e p a ti en t h a n d s o f th e
in du s tri o us l a b o rer Whil e a high s en s e o f h on or a n d
.
a n u n u s u a l diplo m a ti c ta c t o b ta in e d f o r th e C o un t o f
th e m os t un b o un de d a n d di s c ern i n g ch a rity He .
c u ti o n ; hi s a pp e a l s we re m a d e to rea s on a l on e ; a n d
c es s f u l l y f o r th e n o bl e pu rp os es o f religio u s in s tru c
org a n iz e d wh erein
, , a t s ta te d i n terv a l s th e c o mp a ra
,
s c a n d a l o f th e pi o u s w ere e i th er en ti rely ch e ck e d or , ,
up on h is p a ri s hi on ers by th e fis c a l regula ti on s H i s .
o lic a n d M u s s u h n a n c o u n tri es .
o f M o o rs v o lun ta rily s ig n ifi e d th e i r d es i re to b e c om e
n o t o n e o f wh o m e ve r a fterw a rd s re c a n te d Thes e
.
c a lle d hi m th e H o ly F a qu i o f th e C h ri s ti a n s Th e .
o f s e cu rity b e g a n to p re v a il i n th e c o mm u n ity ; th e
rel a ti on s o f n o bl e a n d v a s s a l w ere m o difi e d to th e
,
D i e g o d e D ez a on e o f h i s creatures to th e pla c e o f
, ,
o f th e o p era ti on s o f th e H o ly O ffic e .
s a d e a g a in s t th e i n fid el h a d u s u rp ed th e pl a c e a n d d e
s o ve re ign an d
, with th e s overeign th e mon a rchy .
ti on . On e re co mm en d e d th e expuls i on o f th e J ews .
o f Bi s c a y ; th e b l o o d o f ro y a l ty c o u rs e d i n hi s v ein s ;
h e w a s th e c o u s in o f F erdin a n d a n d I s a b ell a ; h e wa s
n ea rly rel a te d to th e p rin c ely h o u s e o f I n f a n ta d o ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 2 35
ti s m a l n a me f or th a t o f th e fo u n d er o f h i s o rder th e ,
S eville a n d T o le do P rima te o f S pa in a P ri n ce o f th e
, ,
P o p e H e b e c a m e Ch a n cello r o f C a s til e H e w as
. .
e v en ts o f th e civil a n d th e M oori s h w a rs H e w on th e .
o f P o rtug a l o n th e field o f T o ro A t tw en ty fo ur
.
-
ra i s ed up on th e T o w er o f C om a res th e a rchi e pi s c o p a l
a cy a n d e ccl e s i a s tic a l p ow er .
te mp te d to ev a de th e s ea rch a n d di s ob ey th e c o mm a n ds
o f th o s e w h o wi s h e d to ra i s e him to a b s o lu te p o w er .
n es s h e n e v e r a b a n d on e d th e h a bits o f th e m o n as tery
,
.
ch an g e d irrita te d hi s fl es h H i s di et w a s fruga l to
, .
”
exc es s . H e on ly a te en ough s a ys h i s bi o gra ph er , ,
”
to s u s ta in th e li ttl e life th a t p en a n ce h a d l e ft h im .
ea ra n c e di s cl o d hi s o b s cu re li n ea g e an d hi s pleb ei an
p s e
a ss o ci a ti on s H i s fo rm w a s b en t h i s fa ce e ma ci ated
.
, ,
hi s m a nn ers s h y a n d a wkwa rd H e p os s es s e d n on e o f
.
o f hi s p re d e c es s o r a m on g a ll ra n k s o f hi s c on temp o
ra ri es .
IN
Th os e wh o a pp ea le d to th e P o pe were thrown in to
pri s on P etition s f or in dulgen c e were trea te d with
.
a lik e wh os e inflexi b le d e ci s i on
,
whos e dis regard o f
,
2 40 H I ST ORY OF TH E
i n O cto b er 1 49 9
, H i s c on duct fro m th e b egin n in g
.
Th e mo re ea rn es t a n d d evout o f th e s e en d e a vore d to
c oun tera ct th e g ro win g in cl in a ti on to reli gi ous d ef cc
ti on by publi c ex h ortation s a n d rem on s tra n c es It .
th ro wn in to p ri s on H i s tory h a s n ot reveale d th e n a
.
a n d Xim en es pu rs u e d with o ut m o l es ta ti on hi s fa v or
, ,
a pp a ren t c a u s e o f th e evil h e n o w pl a n n e d wh a t h e
,
o f th e K o ra n b u t re lic s o f th e g rea t Or
, mn ey a d e b ody
o f li tera tu re which h a d b een th e p rid e o f th e imp eri a l
,
es p e ci a l c a re o f th e en lighten ed A lh a m a re s ; trea ti s es
ev er l o s t — which h a d f o un d th ei r w a
y i n to th e P en in
.
,
s ul a fro m th e di s ta n t b a n k s o f th e N il e Th es e v ol .
th e m a gn ificen ce o f th ei r a do rn m en t a ll th e p o mp th e ,
a l R a mbl a
-
s et o n fire a n d c on s um e d
, , Th e impo r .
boldn es s an d a ctivity o f th e in s u rg en ts o f th e in c a ,
p ,
re p a i re d by th e Sp o il s o f b a ttl e a n d by th e en terp ri s e
a lw a ys rea dy , f o r a n ex tra va g a n t co mp en s a ti on to ,
th e m en a c e o f d ea th c on s en ted to emb ra c e th e C a th
,
vi n ci al c a pi ta l s o f th e kin gd o m Th e ma g i s tra cy w a s
.
a t Gra n a d a f or th e s p a c e o f forty y ea rs ; a p ro vi s i on
re c og n iz e d e v en by o rth o d o x M os l em s p erf o rm e d i n ,
c a n ta ti o n s w ore ta li s m a n s a n d ch a rm s
,
A c on c ea le d .
a dv en tu re ; th e p a s s es w ere b a rric a d e d ; a n d th e re
o n b a p ti s m w ere re c e iv e d wi th s c orn
, A n a rmy un der.
th e C ou n t o f Urena th en en tere d th e m ou n ta i n s Th e .
a dv a n ta g e ; a n d i ts on ly p erm a n en t e ff e ct w a s to ex
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 25 1
n ow kn o wn a s th e d eh es as a n d d e s p obl a d os p as
tures
”
an d d es erts — o f C as tile a n d E s trema dura
”
,
s erv ed th e l a ws w i th s cru p ul o u s fid el i ty T ho s e m os t .
s p i ra cy o f trea s on
, Un der th e i r p ati ent an d s kilful
.
s ub s ta n ti a l fo u n d a ti on up on which th e f a m e o f a m on
a rch c a n b e e re c te d — b u t to th e i n a ugura ti o n o f m ea s
'
up on th e fa ct th at s h e w a s th e re pres en tative o f c on
temp o ra n eou s p o pul a r s en tim en t I n th e fifteenth
.
to th e M oors o f V a l en ci a th e en j oymen t o f th ei r re
li gi ou s a n d s o ci a l rights i n p erp etui ty On th e o n e .
a bl e ch a n g es i n th e i r p o litic a l or s o ci a l c on di ti on s .
a s eri o u s g ri e v a n c e i n th e kin gd o m o f V a l en ci a I ts .
me mb ers ever s in c e th e C on qu es t h a d m a in ta in e d a n
, ,
re g en cy h a d w ea k en e d th e a dmi n i s tra ti o n o f th e l a w s ;
th e n o bl es w e re n ot s l o w to o b s erv e th e a dv a n ta g es
which a vi rtu a l in terre g n um a ff o rde d th e d ev elo pmen t
o f p riv a te a mbiti on ; a n d i n th e a s s erti on o f o b s o l ete
,
th e v a s s a l s o f th e V a len ci a n n o bl e s were n ot i n f re ,
a tta ch e d to th e ir c o n duct Th e o rg a n iz a ti o n o f th e
.
a cqui re d by th e re b e l s th rough th e i n c a p a ci ty o f th e
s ee m s to h a v e i n h e ri te d with hi s d o min i on s a ta s te f or
qu es tion .
Th e vi s it o f Ch a rl e s V to Gra n a da i n 1 52 6 w a s
.
ma de th e o cc as i o n f o r a s tren u ou s a pp ea l f or th e re
form o f th e M ori s c o es P etiti on s a n d remon s tra n ces
.
d om th e m a in ten a n c e o f n a ti on a l ho n or a n d th e j u s
, ,
c a n h a rdly b e im a gi n e d B u t th e M o ri s c oes wh o s e
.
,
, It .
”
gift o f e igh t thou s an d duc ats th e e x e cuti on o f the
,
a ff e c t th e j uri s dicti on o f th e H o ly O ffi ce Th e p a ra
.
c e i v e d a n e qu a l a m ou n t f o r a n i n flu en c e th e y cl a ime d
P la z a d e l a B a b a l R a mbla th e s c en e o f m an y
- -
,
,
d a fé Th e -
.
o f m a gi s tra cy a n d cl a im e d th e right to co mp ou n d a n
,
o th er fo un d a ti on th a n th e d em a n d s o f O ffici a l ra a c
p
i ty. Th e s um s obta in e d fro m th e s e e n fo rce d con tri
bution s were en ormo u s A n id ea m ay b e forme d o f
.
a dvan ta g e s a n d th e i n du s try o f i ts p eo pl e th a t th e ,
”
S p an i s h pro verb Qui en ti en e M o ro ti en e o ro h a d
, , ,
w a s f a r fro m s u ffici en t to p ro te ct th em a g a i n s t th e
eff e cts o f s e cul a r a n d eccles i as tic a l p re j udic e Th e .
o f hi s n a m e hi s s ervic es to th e c ro wn w e re s we p t a s id e
, ,
s en t to B a rb a ry a n d a n e qu a l n um b er o f Chri s ti a n
,
Th e Africa n c o rs a i rs un d e r th e c orrrm a n d o f th e
,
o f M o ri s c o es s ucce e d e d i n es c a pi n g to M o ro cc o In .
th e m a teri a l p ro s p eri ty o f a s i n gl e p ro vi n c e w as n ot
wo rthy o f c on s id era ti o n wh en weigh e d with th e p er
i s h in g s o uls o f th o u s a n d s o f s u s p e cte d h e retic s P ecu .
ri a l f or th e s ta k e a n d th e du n g e on to b e con d emn e d
,
2 66 H I ST ORY OF TH E
w a s i n vo ke d by th e Ch ri s ti a n s o f G ra n a d a to res tra i n
th e pu rch a s e o f s l a v es by th e M ori s c oe s wh o i t w a s , ,
w a s d e p en den t up on th e cultiv a ti o n o f th e s o il by a
multi tud e o f n e groes h eld by th e M oori s h farmers in
s ervitud e .
coun terfeitin g th e ro ya l s ta mp w a s de a th Th e eu .
dered th eir a rms a n d pro cure d o th ers cla n des tin ely .
S pa n i a rd s o f th e Vega M a n y o f th es e briga n d s
.
,
th e tyra n n y o f Ch ri s ti a n a v a ric e a n d p ow e r .
1 5 2 6 w a s n ow p u t in f o rc e by th e Kin g
,
Th e M ori s .
s u m o b ta i n e d by thi s me a n s i s n o t k n o wn ; i t mu s t ,
a n im o s i ty w a s e s p e ci a lly di re c te d a g a in s t th e p ri es ts ,
o f th ei r h ea d s a n d e yeb ro w s o n e by o n e a n d th en
ou s mu til a ti on ; c o mp ell e d to s w a ll o w th e ir ow n ey es ,
n a n ced by I b n Omm ey a h -
a n d h e de p o s e d th e com
,
ca d e d th em s elve s i n th ei r h ou s es a n d s uch a s i m p ru
,
a n d n e i th er o f wh o m w a s willin g to s a c rific e h i s p re
th e re w a s n o qu es ti on o f p a tri oti s m ; th e n a ti on a l
s ta n d a rd w a s m erely a ra llyi n g p oin t f o r pill a g e a n d ,
th a t c o mm a n d er w as th e m o s t p o pul a r wh o s e n eglect
o f di s cipli n e a ff o rd e d th e g rea tes t o pp o rtu n i ti e s f o r
debte d ra th er to th e ir n a m es th an to th e ir qu a li fic a
ti o n s f or th e p ro mi n en c e th e y en j oye d f o r th e on e ,
s tra in t b u t th a t o f s up e ri o r fo rc e w as qu a rtered up on
,
ra vi s hin g w o m e n I n o ff en s iv e p ea s a n ts w h o h a d
.
,
a n d publicly s o ld a s s l a ve s i n th e m a rk ets o f th e
th e divi s i on o f th e s p o il a n d th e qu e s ti o n a bl e d i s tin c
ti on a cqui re d by c on fl a g ra ti o n a n d m a s s a c re No .
a ll el s e ou t o f c o n s id era ti o n th e M o ri s c o e s th em s elve s
, ,
to d es p a ir by th e duplici ty o f th ei r en emi e s wh o s e
violen ce th ey c ould n ot res i s t a g a in fl ed to th e moun
,
ta in s a n d s ough t th e s ta n d a rd o f I b n Omm e y a h -
Th e .
s p i ra c y a t o n c e m a s s a c re d th e d e fen c e l e s s M oo ri s h
,
o ccup a n ts o f th e p ri s on s to th e n u mb e r o f s e v e ra l h u n
th a t i ts de ci s i on w a s b a s ed up o n th e f a c t th a t while ,
be fo re .
s ub j e c ti on o f th e reb el s to a g en era l wh os e ra n k a n d
ta l en ts wo uld c omm a n d th e o b e di en c e a n d ch e ck th e
in s ubordi n a ti on o f th e ill di s ciplin e d b a n d s compo s in g
-
s ervin g u n de r a p ri n c e o f th e bl oo d fl o ck e d by h un ,
d re ds to th e ro y a l s ta n d a rd Th e n ew c o mm a n der
.
,
a s s um e d th e a pp ea ra n c e o f a c o mp a ct a n d f ormid a bl e
s tron g g u a rd th ey b eg a n th e ir j ourn ey to w a rd s c en
,
th em .
e mi n en t a li k e f o r in tell e c tu a l a cc o mp l i s hm en ts a n d
O f th es e la n d e d p o s s es s i on s were un c eremo n i o us ly
a pp ro p ri a te d by th e S p a n ia rd s a n d th e p ers on a l ,
a n d to il s o m e j o u rn ey F ew o f th e multitud e th a t
.
a n d n o fo ra gin g p a rty wh o s e fo rc e w a s l es s th a n th a t
en ti re p ow e r o f th e S p a n i s h mo n a rchy b u t w ere e ve n
,
i n g b y e xp eri en c e Th e l a w o f re p ri s a l th a t a ccurs e d
. ,
a n d e ff e c tive w ea p on th a t h i s en emi es p o s s es s e d a n d ,
tili a n p ri n c e h a d ev er fa il e d to re c o g n iz e i ts im p o r
ta n c e o r to p ro fit by i ts emplo ym en t A n d n ow i n .
,
th es e b a s e b orn Offici a l s
-
No p ers o n o f emi n en c e
.
,
2 82 H I ST ORY OF TH E
a n d in fl a m e d th e d es i res o f I b n Omm ey a h C o n s id -
.
th e b ea u tiful Za h ra w h o a s pi re d to th e p o s iti on o f
,
h a n ds o f th e e x e cuti on er H i s d ea th s ee me d n o t en
.
b u t wh o s e a cc ep ta n ce h e w a s a fra id to re fu s e w a s f a r ,
ti fie d wi th th e p a rty h os tile to th e Ch ri s ti a n s hi s ,
h e h a d s ubmitte d to torture a n d h a d b e en s en t to th e
galleys rather th a n b etra y h i s c omra des Aga in f or .
,
re fu s i n g to di s cl o s e th e hidi n g pl a ce o f hi s s o vereig n
-
,
s tren g th en e d by th e di s co rd o f h i s en e mi es .
o f a c om m a n d er i n chi e f - -
b e c a me mo re a ggra va te d
,
a n d vi o l en t th a n ev er Th e p o w er o f th e l a tter w a s
.
a n d i t w a s n ot un u s u a l f o r p a rti es o rg a n iz e d f o r rob
a n d di s ciplin e w ere by n o m e an s c o n fin e d to th e ra n k s ;
ev ery g ra d e o f th e mili ta ry w a s a ff e c te d ; a n d n o l es s
a s s um e d th e righ t to a c t i n d e p en d en tly o f th e c om
ec i a t d i t v lu h a d l o n g b e fo re fill e d to ov erfl ow
p r e s a e ,
i n g i ts m a g a zi n e a n d i ts a rs en a l Tw o fa lc on ets .
,
d e l os V elez d e fe n d ed th e c a s tl e a n un u s u a l a d v a n
, ,
ta g e f o r th e M o ri s c oe s we re g en e ra lly u n p ro vi ded
,
re fug ees .
s l o pin g ro ck o ff e re d a n a s c en di n g s eri es o f li n e s o f
,
Twelve th ou s a n d m en co mma n de d by D on J oh n
,
teen th d a y o f J a n u a ry 1 5 70 Th e a pp ro a ch es to th e
, .
th a t th e mi n e h a d b e en s p ru n g Little d a ma ge w as
.
expl os i on e ff e c te d s om e in j u ry b u t th e ruin s ra i s e d
,
a n d th en ru s h e d fo rw a rd to p eri s h on th e w ea p on s o f
Th e s i eg e o f G a l era i s m em o ra bl e n ot on ly on a c ,
a b s o lu ti on f o r th ei r s in s Th e s ch eme p ro ve d rem a rk
.
ro p ea n p o litic s h a d ,
immedi a tely a fter th e s tormi n g
,
en ti a l p ers o n a g e w a s Ob ta i n e d ; h e w a s p romi s e d a n
reduc e d to s l a v e ry o r s en t to th e g a lle ys ; s om e s u c
ceed ed i n es c a pi n g to th e m o un ta in s ; a n d th e e n ti re
n u mb e r i s un re c ord e d b u t i t mu s t h a ve a m o un te d to
,
th ou s a n ds ; th e f ew e ff e cts which th ey p os s es s e d th ey
were g en erou s ly permi tte d to s ell f or a tri fle ; a n d ,
e ry d o es n ot s ee m to h a ve d es tro y e d th e h a rmon y
im p a ti en ce o f D on J ohn f o r th e termin a ti on o f h os
tili ti es i n duc e d h i m to publi s h a p ro cl a m a ti on o f
p arti a l a n d c on diti on a l a mn e s ty I ts terms g ran ted .
up f or th a t purpos e .
ni ti e s to in terc e p t th em th e S p a n i a rd s fe ll b a ck up on
,
were pra ctica lly un ten a ble Every h os til e a rmy which
.
teen M o ri s c o es o f ra n k h e m et th e c o mm i s s i o n ers o f
,
D on J o hn a t An d a ra x N othin g c a me o f th e con
.
bo dyin g th e c on c es s i on s o f th e S p a n i a rds f or th e on e
con ta in in g th e d eman d s o f th e M o ri s c oes c ompleted
th e de c e p ti on o f th e la tter ; th e a rro g a n c e o f th e C a s
tili an s c a u s e d a wi thdra wa l o f th e en vo ys ; a n d A l
H ab a qui with a Sin gle c omp an i on a pp ea red b e fore
, ,
D on J ohn a n d i n th e n a me o f I b n Abu g a ve up hi s
,
-
,
s p ee dily repudi a te d by th e M o ri s c o ki n g Th en Al .
a live. Th e p ro min en ce o f Al H a b a qu i h a d tu rn e d h i s
-
un kn o wn an d wh il e h i s death w a s un s u s p e cted hi s
, , ,
a n en vo y w a s d es p a tch e d to th e M o ri s c o ki n g ; h e s oon
de fia n ce P re p a ra ti on s were a t on c e ma d e f or a re
.
s i on s
, a dva n c e d up on th e Alpuj a rra s fro m a s m a n y
Th e s i tu a ti o n o f I b n Abu n o w b ec a m e critic a l
-
Th e .
o f i t th a t a f ew y ea rs p re vi o u s ly e xh ibite d a high d e
a l G a li p a a n e xp eri en c e d c a p ta i n to d i rec t th e i n s u r
'
-
, ,
o g n i ze d th e im p o s s ibility o f res i s ta n c e a n d di s b a n d ed
to th e s wo rd or burn e d a t th e s ta k e T hi s ti me n o
.
ta ti on f or v a l or which th e mo un ta in eers o f Ro n da h a d
a tta in e d was n a ti o n a l ; mil ita ry o p eration s i n th at
lo ca li ty were n ot p ro s e cute d with th e s a me en ergy as
el s ewh ere bu t th e irre co n cil a ble Spi r
, i t o f fa cti on ever ,
s o fa ta l to th e p ro gre s s a n d s ta bility o f th e A ra b ra c e ,
Th e wa r n ow s ub s ta n ti a ll y en d e d it w a s a nn oun ced
,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 299
h a d a tten d e d th e b a n is hmen t o f th e re s id en ts o f th e
Alba y cin . S o me were s en t to S evil le a n d Murci a ,
re w a rd o f tw e n ty duc a ts w a s o ff ere d f o r ea ch i n s u r
too s m a ll to c on ta i n th e multitud es th a t c ro wd e d th em
to s u ff o c a ti on Th e utm o s t diligen c e o f th e au th ori
.
ti es w a s u n e qu a l to th e ta s k o f p ro vidi n g qu a rters f o r
th e n ew c o m ers ev en by th e wh o les a le ex e cuti o n o f the
-
,
ti tu te o f f ee lin g ch a i n e d f o r d a y s to th e oa r e xp os ed
, ,
a like to th e bu rn i n g s u n a n d th e temp es t s ub j e ct to ,
Th e c a p ture o r d ea th o f I b n Abu n ow a l on e w a s -
n e c es s a ry f o r th e full g ra tific a ti on o f C h ri s ti a n v en
wh o en j o ye d h i s c on fid en c e a n d h a d s h a red h i s ten t ,
e ff e c ts a n d th e b a gg a g e o f th e M o s l e m p ri n c e A .
a ri e s o f th e ki n gd om A s G on z a l o a l S en iz delivered
.
- -
a live b u t h e h a s b ro ught th e fl ee c e
, I n th e pres en ce .
I b n Abu w a s cu t o ff a n d a fterwa rd s pl a ce d i n an
-
, ,
it i n a b on fire .
b e fore Abd — a l R a hm a n
, hun te d lik e a wild a n imal
-
,
a li fe o f O b s cu rity a n d d a n g er to f o un d a g rea t a n d
th e I n qui s iti o n th e a n a th em as o f th e P o p e th e tu r
, ,
a n d ra th er th a n a d o p t wh a t th ei r ign ora n c e a n d fa n a t
,
i c is m p rompte d th em to d etes t a n d d es pi s e th ey ch o s e ,
i a rd s go ve rn e d by Cha rl es a n d P hili p I n th e ir p ro g
.
c i s e d a wh o l es o m e ch eck up on th e a rbitra ry d e s ig n s o f
n a m e o f l e a rn i n g th e cl ergy m o n o p o liz e d a n d p er
th e s pl en did b u t u n s ub s ta n ti a l fa b ric o f S p an i s h
306 H I ST ORY OF TH E
u p o n th em B ut th ey we re a t la s t c omp a ratively e x
.
l a ti on s m a n y s ucc ee d e d i n e va di n g th e vigil a n c e o f
,
e ra ll
y tre a te d with f a r m ore in dulg en c e th a n i n th e
ol d. P rela te s a n d n o ble s wh o pro fited by th e ir in
d u s try n ot in fre qu en tly i nte rp o s e d th eir in flu en ce to
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 307
I n a ll fin a n ci a l difficultie s ta x a ti on o f th e M o ri s coes
a ff o rd e d a n un fa ili n g a n d p ro fita bl e m ea n s o f re p l en
s pu ri o u s c o i n s truck f or th ei r b en e fit
, F a l s e j e w el s
.
u ry ; b u t th e M oori s h a rti s a n h a d n ot l os t th e ta s te a n d
o f th e l oo m a n d th e a rm o ry s till c o mm an d e d high
e xp en s e o f th e i r n eighb o rs a n d a s ta n di n g re p ro a ch to
,
th e idlen es s a n d i n c a p a ci ty o f th e la tter w a s th e m ea s ,
u re o f S p a n i s h d ec a y I n th e e xis tin g s ta te o f th e
.
a g en eration o f es pi on a g e p ra y er a n d religi ou s i h
, ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 31 1
a pp ea l s th e M o ri s c oes w ere c a ll e d th e s p on g e th at
”
a b s orb e d th e rich es o f S p a i n H e en force d h i s a rgu
.
th e S ul tan o f Tu rk ey by th e M o o rs s o lici ti n g h i s a id ,
mercy .
an d h as ten e d to j oi n th e i r co un trym en b ey on d th e s ea .
th e i n a de qu a te time a ll otte d th em f or p re p a ra ti o n w a s ,
tu ri es th e s o uv e n i rs o f n a ti on a l glo ry th e m em ory O f
, ,
a s s o ci a ti on s o f a n um ero u s a n d cultiva te d ra c e Al l .
s o il
. Th e di s figured b u t s till m a g n ificen t mon um en ts
o f f a llen dyn a s ti e s re c a ll ed th e d e p a rte d gl o ry o f
th ei r tea rs wi th th o s e o f th ei r p a ren ts .
a n d mu ttere d p ra ye rs a fter ea ch mu rd er a s if th ey ,
a rm e d b rig a n d s w h o c o mp o s e d th e es c o rt vi e d with th e
th e fu ri ou s lu s t o f b ea uty a n d g o ld .
o f mu s ic a n d in to k en o f d e light g a v e th e m s elves up
,
to th e m o s t e xtra v a g a n t e xh ibiti on s o f j o
y S o me .
c a u s e n a mely th e a gitati on o f th e M o ri s co es Th e
, ,
.
o rd er o f H en ry IV to wh o s e a g en cy w a s la rgely a t
.
,
f or a l on g tim e to e a t fis h de cl a rin g th a t i t h a d th e
,
tru s te d .
to re c o mm en d to roya l in dulg en c e I n 1 6 1 1 th e ex
.
n ot a t a n en d e v en in Afric a ; th ey we re pu rs u e d f or
c oa s t o f th e P en in s ul a h a d re a s on to lo n g remember
th e e xplo i ts o f th e M o ri s c o c o rs a i rs .
o f thi s m ea s u re w a s fo ll o w ed by a n e v erl a s ti n g cu rs e
,
Th e a b s en c e o f th e m o s t i n du s tri o u s a n d p ro s p erou s
cla s s o f i ts i n h a bitan ts w a s a pp a ren t i n every comm u
n ity o f C a s til e C a ta lon i a los t three qu a rters o f its
.
-
o f V a l en ci a th e g a rd en o f Eu ro p e w a s f o r y ea rs a n
, ,
p ro fit w a s h o p eles s ly los t
,
.
To th e pi o u s S p a n i a rd a ll th es e s a cri fic es w ere a s
n othin g wh en c o mp a re d wi th th e trium ph o f th e F a i th .
o r a J e wi s h h eretic w a s to b e en c o u n te red i n H i s M os t
o n c e th e c en tre o f l ea rn in g i n Eu ro p e th e res o rt o f ,
s ch o l a rs o f e ve ry l a n d th e s e a t o f th e g re ate s t e duc a
,
ti on a l i n s ti tu ti on s o f th e Middle A g es n ot a s in gle ,
th e ro ya l trea s u ry w a s b a n krupt th e a n n u a l re v en u es
,
c ra te h eretics '
Th e res ults b oth imm edi a te a n d remote o f thi s
, ,
d om w a s d es ol a te d by fa mi n e I t b e c a me n e ces s a ry
.
n a ti on a l c a l a mity Th e Archbi s h o p o f V a l en ci a un
.
,
th e me ch a n ic a pp ea re d th e brig a n d a n d th e o utl a w .
C H A P TE R XXVII
700—1 5 00
E ff ec ts o fB b i y
a r a r a n S u p re m a c i —i
o n th e Na t on s o f E u rop e R se
o f th e P lP a pa ow e r — a ra c te r o f th e
Ch P h i Vi op e s — T e r ces
an d Ci r m es — Th e I n te r
di C c t—P i P l
o rru p t ra c t c es o f re ates
g d i P
a n d D e ra a t on o f th e y a p a c — I n s t tut on o f th e Mon as
i i
ti c Or e rs — T e r
d hi G — hi i l g
re a t I n fl u e n c e y
T e r F n a D e en era c
— e a t o f th e R e
W lh ligi H ou s ou s es — Th e
B yz i y a n t n e S s te m
— I ts Ch a ra c te r s t c s —
i i P h l d
ow e r o f th e E u n u c s
— Sp en or of
C o n s ta n t n o p e— D es tru c t on o f L e a rn n
i l i i g b d C di —D e a s e on
i
t on o f th eG k re e s — Th e
P l W eo p e o f e s tern E u ro p e—Ty r
arm y C of a s te a n d i ts E ff ec ts — F e u a
d l i Opp res s on —L e o f
if
th e No e— H i s
bl A m us e men ts — Th e S er a n d h i s D e ra a
f g d
t on — H i s
i H l xi
op e e s s — J
E s ten c e T rea tmen t o f th e ew s
P vl id i
re a e n c e o f E p l gi
em c s iv l G l
R e i ou s F es t a s en era
I n o ra n c e— S c a rc t a n d
g iy V l B k P
a ue o f oo s —
i e rs ec ut on of
L e a rn n — Th e E m p re o f th e
i g i Ch h u rc — I ts E xtra or i n a r
d y
Vit lity
a .
a dv a n c e i n th e d o m a in o f s ci en c e a n d th e a rts I h a ve ,
a n d th e p ro vi n ci a l citi es o f G ree c e a n d I ta ly .
o f H e a ve n Th e p a la c e o f th e Va tica n exhibite d a ll
.
a n a th e i s t I s h o uld n ow b e a t R om e wh ere I h a ve ,
a id e d by ev ery d evic e o f f ra ud o f o pp re s s i o n
,
of ,
re es ta bli s h e d o v er Eu ro p e ; th e d o gm a s o f C a th oli
-
c i s m we re p rea ch e d i n di s ta n t c o n tin en ts u n k n o w n to
th e P o p es I n i ts c o n s id era ti on th e f a ct mu s t n ev er
.
,
b e l o s t s ight o f th a t th e H o ly F a th er w a s a s a meces ,
ten et s u s ta in e d by on e p o p e a n d di s pu te d by h i s s u c
c es s o r w a s fa ta l to th e cl a im o f i n f allibility which
, ,
nity . In so me
in s ta n c es th e ti a ra a n d th e mitre w ere
pla c ed up on th e bro ws o f children N e ith er J o hn .
w a s c o n s e c ra te d Archbi s h o p o f Rh eim s An o th er wh o .
wa s ly ten w a s pl a c ed up on th e e pi s co p a l thron e
on
S a ra g os s a a t th e a g e o f s i x Th e o rigin o f th e vic a rs
.
o f Ch ri s t w as s o m etim es o f th e m o s t ob s cu re a n d o ften
or
y VII w .e re
, th e s on s o f c o u rtes a n s I n s om e in .
o f h er life di s p o s e d o f th e P a p a cy a t h er will is ,
s on a n d g ra n d s o n Th e empire S h e a cqui re d by h er
.
ta le n ts a n d h er b ea u ty l a s te d a h n os t a qu a rter o f a
c en tu ry To th a t e p o ch i s a s crib ed a n o ccu rren c e th at
.
v ers a ll y c re di te d th a t i n th e c a pi ta l o f C h ri s ti a n ity
, ,
e n n o bl e d by th e m o s t s ig n a l vic to ri es o f th e C hu rch .
s u s p e cte d s a v e by th o s e f a vo re d wi th h er i n tim a cy ,
ti v a l , at th e
h ea d o f a proces s ion o f c a rdin a l s a n d
bi s h o p s a n d s u rroun de d wi th th e glitterin g emblems
of
p on ti fic a l p o w er a n d ma j es ty h a d b een s eiz ed with ,
on e o f th e m o s t cu ri o u s e pi s o des i n th e a nn a l s o f th e
c a h ty w a s m a rk e d by th e s ta tu e o f a w o m a n w ea rin g
th e Tib er by th e ord er o f S ix tu s V H er bu s t d e .
,
o f I ta ly w a s l on g a n o rn a m en t o f on e o f th e chu rch e s
,
th e ti a ra Adri a n V w a s p o i s on e d i n th e c on clave
. .
n i s ti c cl a im a n ts o f th e P a p a cy pu rs u e d ea ch o th er with
ord er o f Cl em en t V Th e a s s a s s in a ti on o f th e M e dici
.
un d er S ixtu s IV w a s pla n n e d by th a t P o p e a n d ca r
.
,
el ev a ti o n o f th e H o s t by th e c ele b ra n t a n a rchbi s h o p , .
H a lf o f th e p o pula ti on o f R o me w a s s a crific e d to
gra tify th e ma lign ity o f F ormos u s wh o s e qu arrels ,
334 H I ST ORY OF TH E
s a l e o f a b s o lu ti on s g ra n te d by on e P o p e fro m th e
th e c rim in a l c a l en d a r .
h i s m a s te r th e v a s s a l a g a in s t hi s l ord th e s ubj e ct
, ,
w h o a lo n e w ere d e cl a re d w o rthy to en j o y th e b en e
fits o f l ea rn i n g Wh en a n o bn o xiou s en emy wa s
.
ta l el em en ts mi n gl e d wi th d e a dly p o i s on s a n d
y et
bles s e d by th e c eremon i es o f th e o ffici atin g prela te ,
a ccu s to m e d to u s e du rin g th e
p on ti fica l m a s s a con
tri va n ce which c o un tera c te d th e e ff e cts o f a c ou s e
cra te d dra ught which might oth erwi s e b e a mes s en ger
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 335
wh o h a d vi o la te d h er c a n on s o r i n terfered with h er
p roj e cts o f a mbiti on I t i s difficult in ou r a g e to a p
.
th e rev eren ti a l g a z e o f th os e on wh os e h ea d s h a d f a ll en
th e c en s u re o f th e Al m ighty All religi o u s c erem on i es
.
en d ea rm en ts o f c on j ug a l a ff e cti o n th e l a s t bles s in g,
tween th e s i nn er a n d h i s G o d F ro m th a t momen t th e
.
u s e o f m e a t w a s fo rbidd en a s in L en t ; th e fa mili a r
,
338 H I ST ORY OF TH E
P a p a l des p oti s m .
i n g h i s o ff erin g to th e in s a ti a bl e g en iu s o f R o m e ; th e
C ru s a de s which a cquire d f or th e P a p a cy in c a lcula ble
,
ert
y o f e ccles i a s tic a l foun d a tion s to b e in a lie n a bl e ; th e
I n qui s i ti on wh os e origin w a s mo re p o litic a l th a n
,
fin a n ci a l a bility o f th e P o p e s .
a te d i n th e ful n es s o f th e ir impi ou s d e p ra vi ty Th e .
th e c a rdin a l s a n d th e P o p e o ccupi e d h ou s es a d j o in in g
,
fa ce IX s old a c a rdin a l s h at to a p ro fl ig a te a d v en
.
’
ture r n a me d B a th a l za r C o s s a w h o a fterwa rd s s e iz e d
,
th e ti a ra by fo rc e a n d p a s s e d from th e d e ck o f a pira te
ga lley to th e Ap o s tolic Thron e Th e la tter un d er th e .
,
n a m e o f J o hn XXIII i n a f ew y ea rs a tta in ed a re pu
.
,
ta ti o n re ma rk a bl e e v en in th e a n n a ls o f P a p a l d eg ra
da ti on H e w a s d ep o s e d by th e C oun cil o f C on s ta n ce
.
u et s o f J o h XII V e n u s a n d B a cch u s w e re i n tu rn
q n .
,
a s s o ci a tes o f th a t P o n ti ff .
h ou s es o f I ta ly Th e s c an d a ls o f th e c ourt o f Avi g
.
n on un d er Cl em en t VI a n d h i s s ucc es s o rs s urp a s s ed
.
a re p ro a ch to civiliz a ti on a n d Ch ri s ti an i ty O f th e .
s a n d fl o ri n s o f g o ld Th e bull o f Al ex a n d er VI
. .
,
342 H I STORY OF TH E
a n d wi th i t th e i nh e ri ted a u th o ri ty o f th e C aes a rs w a s ,
s uppl em en te d i n th e e igh th c en tu ry by th e F o rg e d
p romulg a te d by th e firs t Bi s h op s o f Ro me wh o s e ,
s u rd i ti es o f th e D e c reta l s which a ff o rd a bu n da n t
,
ta i n ed by th e m a s s e s f or th e d e ci s io n s o f th e S ucc es s or
o f S t P eter c a u s e d th es e gl a rin g f org eri e s to b e a c
.
,
n en t b a s i s th e id e a s a n d th e p rin cipl es o f P a p a l s u
v i n c i a l m etro p o li ta n s a n d bi s h o p s p res en te d on a di
do va a n d S e ville I n I ta ly th e s a le o f youn g an d
.
,
th e in fa m o u s s up e ri ori ty o f p ro mi s cu o u s l ewdn es s .
a th eo retic a l s a f e gu a rd o f th e h o n o r o f h i s f em a le
th e l a w s o f s om e c o un tri es a m on g th em th e fu ero s o f
,
”
ta in wh a t w ere kn o wn a s s u b i n tro duc e d w o m en -
w a s f or c en tu ri e s a p ro fita bl e s o u rc e o f re v en u e to th e
bis ho p s o f E n gla n d a n d n o p ries t w a s e x empt from
,
th e P a p a cy b u t e x e rci s e d a s w ell a di re ct a n d g en
, ,
o f R om e w a s pl a c e d a t th e a b s o lu te di s p o s a l o f th e
,
th e Al ta r a n d th e Thron e Th e mutu a l j ea l ou s i es
.
th e ir v olun ta ry ren un ci a ti o n o f th e pl e a s u re s o f th e
wo rld th e o s ten ta ti ou s s elf s a crifice o f th eir lives
,
-
,
a n d th e ch ri s ten in g o f th e i n fa n ts o f th e p oores t c o t
H a lf o f th e la n d s o f F ra n c e were a t o n e time in h i s
p o s s es s ion Th e G erma n n obility c ompla in ed th a t
.
v e ed to h i s c e ll by h i s m o re s o b er b reth ren Th e
y .
th e e y es o f th e C e lt es p e ci a lly s ym m etry o f f o rm a n d
,
mo ra l or i n tellectu a l qu a li ficati on s —f o r h an ds o me ,
e mb o di e d th e u n r i v a lle d c on c e p ti o n s o f th e a n c ient
350 H I ST ORY OE TH E
re p ro b a ti on o f th e cu s to m by which n u n s a b a n don ed
en ti rely i n a d e qu a te Th e e x tra va g a n t d em a n d s o f th e
.
s o u rc es o f th e m o n a s ti c trea s u ry Th e i n g en ui ty o f .
th e a bb ots w a s n o t a t a l o s s h o wev er to d e vi s e m ea n s
, ,
a n d s uicide to re fu s e to b e qu ea th a l a rg e s h a re o f on e s
’
a n d c on v en ts i n E n gl a n d tw o th ou s a n d three hu n dre d
,
rema i n in g c ou n tri es o f Eu ro p e M a n y o f th es e s u p
.
s tore h ou s es a n d g ra n a ri e s o f th e p ro s p e ro u s F a th ers .
s a l e o f s a c re d o bj e cts o f m o re th a n d o ub t ful a u th en
ti c i ty we re imp ro v e d up o n by th e cu n n i n g a n d a u
d a c i ty o f m on ki s h Ch a rl a ta n s Immen s e qu a n tities o f
.
Rhin e a n d th e D a n ub e Wh en a church w a s to b e
, .
a n d th e n a il s o f th e C rucifixi on w ere i n fin i te i n n um
b er Th e li s t i n clud e d th e c o a l s th a t ro a s te d S t L a w
. .
, ,
35 4 H I ST ORY OF TH E
en j oy e d n o t a f ew o f th e high es t p rivil e g es o f th e
th e s id e o f th e bi s h o p s Us u a lly h e w a s a v eritable
.
a n a d o rer o f w o m en H i s ta bl e h i s a tti re a n d h i s
.
, ,
th e ch oic es t a n d mo s t exp en s iv e i n th e m a rk et H is .
j es ters a nd bu ff o on s To th e n ob l e a mu s ement o f
.
en vy o f h i s a ri s to c ra tic c o mp a n i on s a n d th e s evere
o f th e i r liv es
, th e a pp a ren t fervo r o f th e i r dev oti on ,
th ei r ro p e gi rdles in L en t p a rtly by w a y o f p en a n c e
, ,
ac s to n u n s a n d p o in ted to th ei r c o n tortio n s a n d in
,
a mu s em en t i n which e v en a bb es s es h a d b een kn o wn to
ta l s in c ould b e c on do n e d f or th e triflin g s u m o f S ix
Shill in g s an d eight p en c e B eari n g a crucifix through
.
o f a ccu s a ti on did n ot re g a rd th e ch a rg e o f i n c on ti
w a s c o n s idere d n o t o n ly m erito ri ou s b u t c on v en i en t, ,
to h a ve a cl ergym a n f o r a lo ver o n a cc ou n t o f th e
,
s om e o f th e m on k s b e c om e th a t th e y u tiliz e d e ven th e
H ou s e o f G o d f o r th e ba s es t pu rp o s es Guyo t d e .
which th e p a h n w as a wa rd ed to th e bro th er p os s es s
in g th e g re a tes t a bd o min a l c a p a city Am on g th es e .
s o n ed Th e fa m o u s A b el a rd n a rrowly es c a p e d thi s
.
ti on o f th e to n s u re a lo n e w as s uffici en t to in s u re
immun i ty to th e mos t n otori ou s ou tla w Th e s la ve .
,
ac qui re d s e cu ri ty a n d fre ed o m i n th e s h a d ow o f th e
a n d th e fugitive th e s ch em es o f th e hyp o c ri te a n d th e
,
ev en to th o s e o f th e f ra tern i ty w h o ob s e rv e d th e ir
b ec om e h o p eles s ly imp a i re d .
h a d di s a pp ea re d I n n o in s ta n c e h a d i t a ctu a lly s u r
.
a c o mp a s s i o n a te S a in t i n a f ew h o u rs th e s h eet w as
,
w a s co n v ey e d to a c ol on y o f mon k s I n th e mos t .
s e qu e s tere d s p ot f a r re m ov e d fro m th e tu rm o il th e
, ,
ta ti on s o f hi s s up eri or a n d th e en fo rc e d ob s e rva n c e o f
s il en c e m e di ta ti on a n d p ra y er
, , By s elf in fl icti on o f
.
-
vigil w as ma in ta in e d a n d wh en th e firs t ra ys o f th e
,
s u n re dd en e d th e h oriz on th e w ork w a s c o mm en ce d .
ti on o f th e s un i n th e h ea v en s th ere a re b u t f ew e ccle
s i a s ti cal edific es c on s tructe d du rin g th e Middl e Ag es
Alba n s S ou th we ll S t O u en D u rh a m C a n terbu ry
, , .
, ,
o f s om e s e es e x ten d e d o v er a s m a n y a s s e ven th o u s an d
en ti re yi eld o f ev ery c r0
p th e in crea s e o f e v ery h erb
, ,
w a s a n o bj e ct o f g en era l w on d er a n d re s p e ct Th e .
wa s c on c ern ed b u t a ls o ma n y d eta il s o f a ff a i rs o f
,
f or th e b en e fit o f th os e pupils Th e g re a t impuls e
.
perverte d by th e clergy c a me to a n en d I n c a s es
, .
mon a s teri es .
s kill di s pl a ye d by th e m ed i mva l w o o d c a rv er wh os e -
,
s id era bl e a dv a n c e i n th e kn o wl e dg e o f p o etry a n d
F ra n ci s c a n an d th e oth er a D o min ic an .
I n th e m on a s tery w a s di s p en s e d n ot on ly m edic a l
a i d s o f a r as th e rud en es s a n d ig n o ra n c e o f th e s up er
,
s ti ti ou s p ra c ti ti o n er a ll o w ed b u t a l s o u n s ti n ted an d
,
co n gen i a l h o m e on th e s h ores o f th e B os ph o ru s Th e .
s ucc es s o rs o f C on s ta n ti n e cl a im e d a n d e x erci s e d p re
th e w a rra n t o f l a w o r p re c e d en t Th ey imp os e d ta x es
.
s ti tu ti o n s c on ta in e d n ea rly a th ou s a n d i n m a tes Th e .
fl u en ce on th e la dies o f th e imperi a l h ou s eh o ld i n th e
ea rly da y s o f Ch ri s ti a n i ty i s fa mili a r to e very rea der
,
s ym p a thy o f ch a rity
, were unkn own to him Th e
, .
th e c ou rt o f C on s ta n tin o pl e p o i s on in g w a s re duced to
a s ci en ce a n d eun uch s a s tro lo g ers
, , pri e s ts an d ch ar
, ,
g en u i ty o f th e Byz a n ti n e in v en tor w a s e xp en d e d
p erors o f th e W e s t a n d by th e kin gs o f E n gl a n d I n
, .
a nn u lle d by th e C m a rs O f R om e — w a s en ti re ly a b o l
,
a n d m a d e n o a ll o w a n ce f o r th e des ti tu ti o n f o r which
o f a e un uch or o f a p ri n c es s o f th e ro y a l f a mily w a s
o f h i s u n h oly p as s i on s H e w a s ra i s ed to th e p a tri
.
in im itati on o f th e fa m ou s Mu s eu m f oun d e d by th e
P tolemi es a t Al ex an dri a H ere a c orps o f te a ch ers
.
,
s tructi on g ra tuito u s ly on a ll b ra n ch es o f th eo lo gy a n d
a n d h o m a g e by a l l cl a s s es o f m a n ki n d as th e O cta g on
cretl
y a n d du rin g th e n igh t a n imm en s e qua ntity o f
, ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 379
rected by th e i n s a ti a bl e d em a n d f or kn o wl e dg e which
o f g rotes qu e a n im al s p re d o min a te d
, Th ere w a s little.
a s s o ci a te d by th e ig n ora n t wi th th e re p res en ta ti on a n d
”
tin e , as a pp l i e d to d ec ora ti on i s m os t com p re hen s ive
, ,
S t I s aa c a t S t P eters bu rg
. . .
en ough to o wn s l a v es —a c riteri on o f s o ci a l i m p o r
,
s i d e red n e c e s s a ry a pp en d a g e s to th e g ra n d eu r o f th e
o f th e p ri es th oo d terrifi e d by s om e u n fa mili a r n a tu ra l
,
O p en ly vi s it th es e imp o s to rs .
o ver th e mi n d s o f m en w a s i n c a lcul a bl e Wh a t th e .
s eeki n g to c o mp a s s a c o mm o n en d — th e m o ra l s o ci a l , , ,
n a ti o n s
, wh os e s elf— in structe d gen iu s illumin ed with
s uch a b rilli a n t light th e p a th o f civiliz a ti on a n d
kn owledge .
s h a re d th e s p o il s a n d th e i n f a my o f th e s e highw a y
ta len ts a n d a m b i ti on on c e e x erci s e d i n th e p ro fe s s i on
o f th e civil l a w . Th e p ri es t h a d b e c om e th e s ucc es s fu l
riv a l o f th e a dv o c a te , a n d e ccl es i as tic a l p re fermen t
a n d i nh um a n ity o f th e a e S h e re s o lu tely s et h er
g .
o f h er p reten s i on s o r th e va lidity o f h er c a n on s .
a s s o ci a te d wi th th e ofli c es o f m ercy a n d p e a c e F or .
c en turi es a mon g th e S a x on s it w a s th e b i s h o p a n d n ot
th e kin g wh o c on ferre d th e di s tin cti on o f k n ighth o o d .
a n d w ea p on s o f th e fi e ld w ere o f ten a l s o a f ea tu re o f
ec cl es i a s tic a l c on v o c ati on s
. G o dfrey A rch b i s h o p o f
,
386 H I ST ORY OF TH E
to th e vi o l en c e a n d ra p a ci ty o f th ei r s up eri ors b u t th ey ,
a bu s e o f i ts p rero g a tives h a s l ed to mo re th a n on e
a n d th ere w a s n o ch e ck up on h i s ra p a ci ty e xc e p t th a t
a n d a c on tribu ti o n d em an de d Th e virtu e o f th e f e
.
, ,
en l a rg e d a n d i ts i n di s c rimi n a te in flicti on w a s n ot in
,
a re s ign e d by wo m en n ot a s in gl e i n s ta n c e ca n b e
,
to h er m o d es ty a n d virtu e .
p o w er i n th e s ta te Qu es ti on s a ff e ctin g th e in tegrity
.
trol o f th e a ff a i rs o f B rita i n Th e c on qu es t b y th e
.
o f fo rc e wa s p a ra m ou n t th rougho ut E u ro p e Th e .
s h a d o w o f h er a l ta r th e fugi tiv e p ea s a n t w as s a fe
an d a re n ow c on s id ere d i n di s p en s a bl e i n ev ery h ou s e
age . Th e b a n qu e ti n g h a ll wh ere h os pi ta li ty w a s d i s
,
a m en i ti es o f s o ci a l in te rc ou rs e hith e rto u n p ra c ti s ed by
th e s a v a g e w a rri o rs o f G a llic a n d S a x on Eu ro p e .
F rom f a r a n d n ea r multitudes fl o ck e d to th e s c en e
o f m a rti a l s kill a n d s pl en d o r Th e town wh ere i t
.
a n d with p a vili o n s s u rm ou n te d by th e p en n on s o f th e
a to u rn a m en t n ea r S o i s s o n s i n 1 1 75 C ou n t B a ldwin
,
th e m o s t a n ci en t a n d c el eb ra te d h o u s e s o f Eu ro p e
were c on s picu ou s i n th e v a s t en c a mpm en t Kin g s fre .
cl a s s es were in h o lid a y ga rb Th e m a gn i fic en c e o f th e
.
s p e c ta cl e w as enh a n c ed b y g org eo u s ly c a p a ri s on ed
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUR OPE 39 5
th e m ed ia rv a l ch a mpi on o f di s tres s ed i n n o c en c e a n d
a v en g er o f p rivil eg e d o pp res s i on h a d n o exi s ten ce
a mo n g th e m o s t ci v iliz e d ra c e s o f a n tiquity Th e in .
o f u nrede e m e d a n d u n equi v o c a l b a rb a ri s m .
Th e c oa rs e th ough a bun d a n t fa re o f th e c as tl e
b oa rd th e more d elic ate b ut s till f a r from d a i n ty
,
a n d th e d e c a yi n g fra gm en ts o f m a n y a re p a s t which
th e h a n d o f th e o wn er . No p ro vi s i on w a s m a d e f or
th e d e c en ci es o f life o r th e s a fe gu a rd s o f vi rtu e which ,
o f s wi n e a n d th e l o win g o f o x en which a n im a l s ra n g e d
,
to di s tu rb th e s lumb ers o f th e d ro w s y h o u s eh o ld Th e .
o f v ermin . Th e g a rm en ts o f th e p ea s a n t u s u a lly Of
,
s kin s
, d es cen de d un clea n s e d a n d un ch a n g e d fro m
fa th er to s on th rough m a n y gen era ti on s be a rin g i n ,
th ei r c on ta mi n a te d f o ld s th e g erm s o f p es tilen c e a n d
dea th Wh ere th e ci rcum s ta n c es o f th e s erf were n ot
.
th e h a un ts o f m en th e h a pl es s l e p er d ra gg e d out hi s
,
m el an ch o ly e xi s ten ce in p a in in di s g ra c e i n p en ury
, , .
n ot l es s s o l e m n th a n th a t p erf o rm e d o v er th e rem a i n s
o f a Ch ri s ti a n a c tu a lly d e c e a s e d th e p ri es t a n n o un c ed
,
hi s fin a l s e p a ra ti on fro m th e s o ci ety o f m a n ki n d H i s .
a l e p e r ; to w a s h hi s h a n d s i n ru n n i n g w a ter ; to give
a w a y a n y ob j ec t h e h a d touch e d ; to f re qu en t pl a c es
s a n i ta ry l a w s from th e u s e o f i n s uffici en t a n d in n u
,
re fu s e o f th e h ou s eh old a n d th e o ff en s ive c a rc a s s es o f
o f F ra n ci s I th e h o g s b el on gi n g to th e m o n k s o f S t
.
, .
th e h e a d o f th e u n wa ry p a s s er b y By n ight darin g
-
.
,
th e i r l a wl e s s c a llin g i n th e s e d i s m a l a n d u n lighte d
la n es H e wh o ven ture d un a tten d e d to threa d th e
.
, ,
zen s to o d in c on s ta n t f e a r o f ro bb ers hi s d we ll in g w a s ,
402 H I ST ORY OF TH E
ty .
a ll o w e d ea ch gu es t b ein g i n dic a te d by a m a rk o n th e
s id e o f th e cup o r th e d ri n ki n g h orn -
Th e o b s ervan ce
.
o f th es e tyra nn ic a l a n d s en s e l e s s ordi n a n c es w as
s e cu re d by a h a ra s s in g s y s tem o f e s pi on a g e a n d i n
fin es a n d by c on demn a ti on to th e s to ck s or th e pillory .
Th e public a ti on a n d en f o rc em en t o f s u mptu a ry l a ws
n e c e s s a rily p rev en te d th e d ev e l o pm en t o f c omm erc e ,
a n d p o v erty o f th e a e
g C oun tri es en j oyin g u n lim
.
s a v a g e ki n gd o m s o f c en tra l Afric a a re to d a
y
-
.
broker th e s ch o la r o f th e Middle Ag e s
, H e ma n .
a n d d e s p a i r o cc a s i o n e d by ea rthqu a k es w a rs fa min e
, , ,
ra p a ci ty o f th e n o bl e th e v i ol en c e o f th e highw a yma n
, ,
on c e s a ved
, di s tres s e d n a ti o n s fro m b a n kruptcy .
try in ma th em a tic s hi s o pi n i o n s w e re re g a rd e d by hi s
, ,
M on tp elli er a n d N a rbo n n e
,
.
of S a n ta C ruz fo un de d by C a rdin a l M en do z a of
,
th ro ugh o ut Eu ro pe a ff o rd glimp s e s o f th e h f e a n d
ch ara cter o f th e p eo pl e n o t rea dily o b ta in e d from
o th er s o u rc e s M e dic a l s ci en c e re c o gn iz es to d ay th at
.
-
h e a p s o f g a rb a ge a n d putre fyi n g o ff a l m et th e ey e
a n d o ff en d e d th e n o s tril s Th e n e ces s ity f o r th e thor
.
o f as s o ci a ti o n to re g a rd th e un s a vo ry m a n if es ta ti o n s
,
o f p e rs on a l n e gl e c t a s r i m al fa d e ev iden c e o f Ch ri s
p
-
th a t h e w a s a ddicte d to th e fre qu en t u s e o f th e b a th .
ma rs h es with th ei r e x h a la ti o n s p o i s on in g th e a ir
,
cha rg ed with th e mi a s ma o f d ea th Wh en to th e .
a pp a ll in g Th e pla gue o f th e s ix th c en tu ry wh os e
.
,
cou rs e ra ge d un ch e ck e d fro m th e B o s ph o ru s to th e
Atla n tic de s o la te d en tire c oun tri es ; th e Bla ck D ea th
,
408 H I ST ORY OF TH E
s on s, o n e h a lf th e in h a bi ta n ts o f Ch ri s ten d o m
-
So .
th a t th e pu rs ui ts o f m e ch a n ic a l in du s try w e re s eri o u s ly
an d p erman en tly a ff e cte d W a g es b ec a me high er
.
th a n ev er b e fore a n d l e gi s l a ti on c on c ern in g th e v ex ed
,
ma lign a n t an d fa ta l in flu en c e up on a l l within th e
ra n g e o f th e i r gl a n c e s Th e a i r w a s s o ta i n ted tha t
.
a b o u t in th e o c ea n with o u t s a il or o r h eh ns m a n M en .
a cc o un t o f th e w a n t o f m a teri a l n o t b e c a u s e i ts p ro g
,
s up e rs ti ti on o f th e Middle Ag e s .
rem a rk a bl e o f m en ta l ph en om en a th a t m a n s h ould
tok en s o f re s p e c t a n d h om a g e Th ey s ought h er
.
c i p l es o f a d e b a s e d religi on a n ci en t P a g a n id e a s w ere
,
h ea th en c eremon i es th a n i n th e reliqu a ry th a t w a s
,
a tta ch e d to h i s s a ddl e b ow o r th e Ag n u s D ei s u s
-
s a i n t with wh o m a b s ti n en c e w a s a du ty a n d whos e ,
Th e d ea th o f a p o pe w a s h a il e d with in de c orou s j oy
in ev ery qu a rter o f R o me Th e el e cti on o f a n ew
.
o b s c en e s on g s . Th e mo s t in d e cen t a ctio n s we re p er
p etra ted i n th e fa ce o f O p en d a y Th e p a p a l p a la c e
.
w a s re p ea te dly s a ck e d a n d i ts p re ci ou s c on ten ts d e
s troy e d . Th e m a n s io n s o f th e ca rdin a ls a n d th e
n obili ty w ere plu n d e red I t w a s n ot s a fe f o r thes e
.
i nh a bi ta n ts o f th e p a p a l ca pita l to wa rds th e h ea d
o f th e Chu rch li ttl e c ou rtes y c o uld b e e xp e cte d by hi s
,
th e mo s t p o pul a r w ri tin g s o f th e ti m e a s a f oo li s h ,
s ta n c e s a u s a g es s ea s o n e d wi th g a rli c s uppli e d th e
,
p a cy w a s c a rri e d in s ta te by a n es c ort o f mo ck ca r
,
Th e d ra m a s kn o wn u n d er th e n a m e o f mi ra cle a n d
,
a s de m o ra lizin g i n e ff e ct a s th e fe s tiv a l s Th ey o we d .
o f th e s e d ra m a s th e i r v a lu e i n c on tro lli n g th e mi n d s
,
th e p ri es th oo d fu n d s w ere a pp ro p ri a te d fro m th e
,
tu ry th e pl a y s o f th e n u n H ro ts w i th a w ere en a cted
,
in mo n a s teri es a n d c on v en ts f or th e a mu s em en t o f
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 415
a c te r h a v e v a n i s h e d wi th th e g ro s s ign ora n c e a n d
,
o f th e p ri es th oo d to wh a t c a n n ot b e c on s tru e d o th er
a s fo x es wolve s a s s es a n d ba boon s Th e h og i s a
, , ,
.
a pl e a s i n g re fl e c ti on up o n th e s ta te o f public m o ra l s
th e a ma z em en t a n d di s gu s t o f p os teri ty .
cou ra g em en t o f th e J ew s A s i t w a s th e p olicy o f
.
th e C hu rch to k ee p th e m a s s es i n ign o ra n c e th e ,
or to o b ta i n th e f a vo r o f ro y a lty th a t th es e Sp e cim en s
,
to a i d i n o b ta in in g th e ra n s o m o f Rich a rd C oeur d e
Li on To s e cure th e loa n o f a s in gle mi s s a l a kin g
.
,
n o bl es a s s u reti es a n d to d ep o s it w ith th e c a th ed ra l
,
e s ta te f or a c o py o f th e G o s p el s Th e Ele cto r o f .
a pp en de d to h i s m a n u s crip t a m a l e dicti on o n wh om s o
tha n o ra l m ea n s w as n ot p os s ible a mo n g th e un e d u
c a ted ; a n d th e a rt o f wri ti n g w a s i n s o m e lo c a liti e s
en c e o ver th e bo di es an d min ds o f m en a s th e P a p a cy .
a g en ts th e m os t o rdi n a ry o p era ti o n o f n a tu re s l a ws
’
, ,
a s ti c n e v er forg ot th a t
Das Wu der
n i s t d es Gl ub a en s lieb s t es Kin d .
m a s s es wi th terror a n d to c a u s e e v en th e l ea rn ed to
s hudd er wh en th ei r s i n s h a d n ot b een rem o v ed by th e
en tly etern a l du ra ti o n o f h er em pi re .
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 42 3
C H AP TE R XXVIII
TH E H I SPANO ARAB -
A GE OF LI TE RAT URE AND S CI E N CE
760—1 4 5 0
I n te ll tu l S t gn ti n f E u p du in g th P riod of M l m
ec a a a o o ro e r e e os e
f th e Kh lif —Ch r c t
o f Ar b Lit s Prog s s f e ra r re o
c e a a
c ri e —I t
ov e C ntrib uti
s to Lea rn i g—I ts I n fl u
s o n on s n e n ce o
th e C reer f th e Moh mm d n — Th
a o Ar b ic L n gu ge a e a s e a a a
— P oetry f th Ar b s —I t Gener l Ch cteris tics — Th e
logy nd J uri s p rud en c e—H is to ry—G e gr phy—P h il
o e a s a a ra
o a o a os o
p hy L ib ri R ti li m Av r
ra es M th m tics a on a s e ro e s a e a
As tr n m y Al H z
o o G erb rt B ota n y Al -
a en e
o ,
a n d S urg y a co c ne a er
a ro e a e c o r a
dge — H p it ls —Tr tm n t of V i u D is e s s — Th e
e os a ea e ar o s a e
ti n a n d th
a M oh mm d S ys tems —E durin g E ff e t of
e a e an n c s
WH I LE Ch ri s ti a n world wa s en velo pe d in da rk
th e
n es s ,a n d a ll l ea rn i n g s a ve th at o f wo rthl es s m eta
a g e a ckn o wl e dg e d th e a u th o ri ty o f th e C aes a rs
, Th e .
e ff orts f o r th e d evel o pm en t o f th e ir ta l en ts a n d th e
to th e e xp a n di n g i n telle ct o f m a n th a n th e c oa rs e
a n d b a rb a ric ta l es o f G o thic o rigi n s oo n s uppl an ted
,
a pp re ci a ti on o f i ts a dv a n ta g e s w ere s o un iv ers a l a s to
ti a l re qui s i te o f ev ery fin i s h ed e du ca ti on Th e w on .
ra th er a s a di s qu a lific a ti on th a n a n a dva n ta g e Th e .
s ta te
. Th ey al mos t con s tituted a c as te s o ma rke d ,
s era gl i o s .
Th e p o et th e a s tron o me r a n d th e hi s tori a n ra is e d
, , ,
th a n on e in s ta n c e in curre d th e re p ro a ch o f h etero
,
e mul a ti o n a s w e ll a s in th e i r o wn s ch o l a s ti c a cqui re
,
th a t o f a n y o f th e wi s e m en o f hi s c o u rt Al— M od .
ta l en ts th e li terature o f a n y a ge Th e a chievem en ts .
o f th e A lh am a res o f G ra n a d a in th e w orld o f a rt a n d
a n d p a th e tic el e gi a c l a ys Th e m a rk e d i n flu en c e ex
.
en ti rely free .
o f s e c o n d a ry imp o rta n c e wh en c o mp a re d wi th th e
a s tron o m ers o f th e Al e x a n d ri a n S ch oo l Th es e wi s e .
o f o th er n a tu ra l ph en o m en a a n d i n th e s o lu ti o n Of
ra n k e d high er th a n th a t o f th e a s tron om er Th e .
th e wi s do m o f S o l o m o n a n d a s a m orta l in v es te d with
s up ern a tu ra l p o w ers Th e s tudy o f th e h ea v en s w a s
.
Th e in v en ti o n o f th e tel es co p e th e c o mp a ri s on o f ob
,
el em en ts o f ou r a tm os ph e re th e i n tellig en t a pplic a
,
e lu s ion s .
s a n d a n d w e igh ts
, Th e Ara bic a rmill a ry s pheres a n d
.
a s trol a b es p re s e rv e d i n th e mu s eum s o f Eu ro pe a re
n ot s u rp a s s ed by th e m o s t l a b o ri ou s e ff o rts o f mo dern
o f a dj u s tm en t which impli es th e po s s e s s i on by th e
a s ettl ed h a b ita ti o n h e d es pi s e d a ll wh o pu rs u e d th e
,
a vo c a ti o n s o f p ea c e H e s ub s i s te d by pilla g e H i s
. .
religi on w as d eb as e d c ru el id o l a trou s
, , With th e ex
.
a dv a n ta g es o f a mbu s c a d e a n d s u rp ri s e to th e m ore
s o l e c erta i n ly hi s m o s t c o n s picu ou s
, virtu e w a s h os
,
on d th e s p oli a ti on o f th e m o n um en ts o f th e P h a raoh s ,
a n d th e ra zi n g— in o rd er to o bta i n m a teri a l s f o r h is
th e d es p otic p reten s i on s o f th ei r p ri es th oo d H is p os i .
en s h ri n e d th e im a g e o f th e divi n ity wh os e n om in al ,
ra c e
. Th e p oems o f H om er s urvived to d elight p os
teri ty th ro ugh th e edi ti on s o f th e Al ex a n dri a n M u
s eum ; th e Greek vers ion o f th e Ol d T es tam ent kn o wn ,
440 H I ST ORY OE TH E
h u s i s s ti ll an a u th o ri ty wi th eru di te th eo lo gi a n s
p ,
.
Th e m os t ab s trus e p ro b l em s o f ma th em a tic a l an d
phys ic a l s ci en c e th e mos t Obs cure an d difficul t qu es
,
ti on . Th e s tu dy o f bio lo gy w a s on e o f th e fa vo rite
purs uits o f th e Al ex an dri a n S chool an d it i s n ot ,
th e kin g s in th e o p eration s o f th e cl in i c w as d u e no ,
i n wo rd s a n d e xp re s s i on s d e ri ved fro m th e s a m e
s ourc e . S p an i s h h as been c a lle d a c orrupt Ara bic d i a
lect a n d i ts richn es s in proverb s i s d u e to th e u s e o f
,
a bun d a n c e o f te rm s a t th e c o mm a n d o f th e p oet wh o s e ,
th e p ra ctic e o f th e a rt o f p oetic a l c o mp os i ti on I t is .
M o h a mm ed V Kin g o f G ra n a d a w as written in
.
, ,
rhyme .
a h n o s t h o p el e s s ta s k
, .
p
pla n ted th e hyp erb olic a l pra i s e o f c orp o re al p erf ec
ti on which h a d hi th erto p re d o mi n a te d in th e c o mp os i
,
s i as m o f th e g ra v e philo s o ph e rs o f C ord o va ; h er
libra ry w a s on e o f th e fin es t a n d mos t c ompl ete in th e
kin gdom Va l a da a p rin ces s o f th e Al moh a des
.
, ,
o ra toric a l g en iu s ; th e l a tter w a s u n s u rp as s ed f o r th e
M o ori s h S p a in which h a ve de s c en d e d to u s i n p ro ,
i t o f xp s i o n a n d e l e v a ti on o f f eeli n g i n a p t
p r e y e res ,
n es s o f c o mp a ri s on a n d in el eg an c e o f s tyl e a re n ot ,
No r w a s th e ta s te f o r delight in th e arts
and th e
o f e x temp ora n eou s c o mp os i ti on c on fin e d to th e emi
n en t a n d th e l ea rn e d ; a ll cl a s s es p ra c ti s e d i t a n d it w as,
Am on g th e myri a d p oets wh o s e c om p os i ti on s h a ve
a d orn ed th e M o o ri s h d o mi n a ti on i n S p a i n i t i s d ifficult ,
ti a l a i rs o f I b n Ch a f a d s ch a o f V a len ci a ch a n ted by
-
, ,
o f Mu rvi e d ro a n d I b n a l Kh ati b
, o f G ra n a d a
- -
de , ,
as s o ci a ti o n s th e s c en e o f milita ry a n d m a ritime ev en ts
,
Th e M o h a mm ed a n P en in s ul a a b o un d e d with i tin er
a n t rhym ers a n d s o nn eteers Th e y tra velled from
.
o f th e mo m en t o r th e s ugg es ti o n s o f th e l o c a lity .
T a n gi er a n d C a iro .
o rigi n a te d a m o n g th e S p a n i s h M o h a mm e d a n s The .
th ei r in fid el s i s ters o f th e P en i n s ul a I n S outhern .
4 54 H I ST ORY or TH E
—
h ad n ot hin g in comm on with th e c ol d an d s luggi s h
s pi rit o f th e N orth . Fra n c e a n d I ta ly were th e only
Eu ro p ea n c oun tri es wh os e b o un da ri es c oin cid e d with
th o s e o f th e M os l em s .I n b o th th e reviva l o f lea rn in g ,
th e a b o d e o f th e H ugu en o t a n d th e C a mi s a rd ; th e
birthpla c e o f H en ry IV a n d C o lign y ; th e s ea t o f th e
.
a g a i n s t m e di ae v a l ig n o ra n c e — a m o v em en t i n au gu
,
i n d e fi a n ce o f th e v eh em en t p ro tes t o f th e P a p a l S ee .
to rs th e tro ub a d o u rs
, .Th e p eerles s D a n te him s elf did
n ot di s d a i n to fo ll o w a n d to a dvo c a te th e o b s erv a n c e o f
s a m e s o u rc es o f i n s pi ra ti on a re di s c ern ibl e a n d th e ,
s a me rhym e i s u s ed . I n E n gl a n d th e C a n terbury
,
th ei r re ci ta l re c a ll s th e cu s to ms o f th e D es ert Th ey are .
s en s ibly m o difi e d th e i n n a te c oa rs en e s s o f th e T eu
a s pi ri t o f i n qui ry th e fo un d a ti on o f a ll tru e kn o wl
,
th e E a s t h e o ften s a t in j udgm en t a t th e g a te of hi s
,
s ca rc el y l es s v olumi n ou s .
th em m a y b e men ti on e d I b n al A f tta s P ri n ce of - -
,
ti on o f A n d a lu s i a ; I b n B a s h ku w a l o f C ord o va an d
-
, ,
th e b ea u ty o f c erta in h o rs es co n s picu ou s i n a ra c e
pro verbi a l f or i ts excellen c e Abd a l M a lik wro te a n .
- -
a cc ou n t o f c el eb ra te d c a m el s Th e n a m es given to .
h a d s olicited a s a n h on or th e de dic a ti o n o f a wo rk
, ,
s ch ol a rs o f S p a in a n d S i c ily m a d e in v a lu ab l e c on tribu
g en iu s o f a s ch olar wh os e ra c e w a s s tigmatiz e d by
every Ch ri s ti a n p ow er in Eu ro p e a s b a rb a ri a n a n d
in fidel .
e s oteric do ctri n e s o f th e m o s t re n o wn e d s ch oo l s o f
o f Al Gh a zz a li o f B a gd a d w h o liv e d in th e el even th
-
, ,
ti p a th y to a l l wh o qu e s ti on e d th e re v el a ti on o f th e
Koran or th e a uth en ticity o f a cce pte d tra diti on w as
irrec on cilable I n th e un reas on in g fury en g en d ered
.
ti o n th a t s u rro un de d th em ; th e e n c o u ra g emen t th at
th ei r grea tes t p ri n c e s h a d e xten d ed to l e a rn in g ; th e
s tatem e n t o f th e P ro ph et th a t th e firs t thin g c rea te d
p re -
e min en ce d erived from s up erior wis d om an d a p ro
fo un d a cqu ain ta n c e with letters i ntol era ble Th es e .
n a tu ra l c a u s es a n d in ex o ra bl e n ece s s i ty a n d which ,
a w a k en th e s u s pici on a n d a l a rm o f a cl a s s wh os e
o f th e g rea t s ch o l a rs o f I s l a m a re a h n os t b ey on d
h i s wi s do m ; a t twen ty tw o h e w a s G ra n d Vizi er
-
.
th e firs t s ch o l a rs o f th e a g e wh os e g en iu s a n d a biliti es
,
th e s cho ol b ec a me a n i n di s p en s a ble a pp en da g e to th e
mo s que Th e va ri ous in s titution s a pp erta inin g to th e
.
o f th e m on a rch by th e p ro s p e c t o f ex a l te d a n d h on
,
e s tim a ti on by th e s ch o l a rs o f A s i a Afric a a n d Eu , ,
l
a on e, four th ou s an d s tu den ts were enrolled an d th e ,
th e An d a lu s i a n M o or re c e ive d th e rudim en ts o f
kn owle dg e a t th e s a m e tim e a n d u n der th e s ame con
d i ti o n s as th e litera ry pilg rim s fro m A s i a Min or a nd
Egypt from G erm a n y F ra n c e a n d B rita i n A re
, , , .
a bl e c on tribu ti o n s to th e fu n d o f hi s to ric a l a n d s ci
th e v a ri ou s a c a demi es a n d s ch oo ls Th ey comp o s ed
.
ti on o f th e mu e zzi n a s h e c a ll ed th e d e vo u t to p rayer
, ,
ti on s a n d th e cl a s s ific a ti on o f th e va ri o u s s u b j ects .
a ll th e l ea rn in g o f th e p a s t a n d a l l th e di s c o v eri es o f
o f hi s tory wh o s e d o c tri n es
, p eru s ed f or cen turi es in
,
.
, ,
th ey w ere taught i n th e s c h o o ls o f th e P en in s ul a fig ,
gui s h ed n a me s Th e d ev el o pmen t o f th e m en ta l
.
s oul .
472 H I STORY OF THE
o f my s ti c i s m an d ma teri a li s m A g a in s t a ll w ithout
.
,
n ot a lw a ys a b le to with s ta n d T h os e wh o h a d ri s en
.
ta in i n g p op ul ari ty I t w a s th us th at Al M a n s u r the
.
-
,
p hilos o phy .
in cu lc ate d th e I n di a n do gma o f Em an a ti on a n d Ah
s orp ti on . H e trea ted a ll reve l ation s a s i mp os tII res .
tyra n n i e s i s th a t o f th e p ri es t .
b en G ab irol I b n B a dj a I b n To f a il I bn Zohr wh o
-
,
-
,
-
,
-
,
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN E UR OPE 475
“
o f Eu ro p e Th e Un ive rs iti es o f P a ri s a n d P a du a
.
,
Sh o ck a n y on e exc e p t th e m os t d a ri n g a gn os tic Th e .
to hi s grea t c o n te mp o ra ry Ro g er B ac on b elieve d i n ,
a p o c ryph a l a nd
,
wh os e c ontents were n ec es s a rily
p u re ly i m a gin a ry .
pre ce s s i on o f th e e quin ox es To th em i s d u e th e
.
n a m e o f th e Al m a g es t b e en tra n s l a te d b efore th e
,
co pi es o f ma n y o f which mu s t h a ve b een in th e h an ds
o f th e M o s l em s o f S p a in a n d n on e o f which h a v e s u r
,
v iv ed . T h ey ma de c on s ta n t u s e o f th e formulas o f
I b n J u n i s f o r ta n g en ts a n d s e c a n ts o f wh o s e exi s t
-
,
en c e Eu ro p e w a s ig n o ra n t f or s i x hun d re d ye a rs
o rd er to d etermin e th e di re cti on o f M e cc a a n e x a ct ,
kn owle dg e o f th e p o in ts o f th e c o m p as s w as in di s
p en s a ble I t w a s e qu a lly imp ort an t to e s ta bli s h
.
,
th e ri s i n g o f th e m oo n Th e s e c on s iderati on s which
.
,
a n gl es a n d f o r a s c erta in i n g th e h ou r ei th er o f th e d ay
,
tom wi th el ev en di ff eren t p ro j e c ti on s f or as m a n y
horiz on s On th em w ere rep re s ented the movement
.
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 479
Th e p as s a g e o f ti me w a s u s ua lly ma rk e d by s un di a ls ,
th e S p a n i s h M o s le ms h a d a dva n c ed a s f a r a s w a s p o s
,
th e in flu en c e o f th e Ara b s th a t kn o wl edg e o f th a t
s ci en c e as w ell a s o f a l l oth e r b ra n ch e s o f m a th e
,
ma ti cs w a s un i v ers a lly di ff us e d
, Th e mo d ern a l .
th e im a gi n a ry e ff e ct o f b en ig n o r m a lign a n t pla n
eta ry i n flu en c e , h as s till i n e duc a te d a s w el l a s i n
ign ora n t c o mm un iti e s i ts en thu s i a s tic vota ri e s Th e .
e v er i n n o a g e c on fin e d to imp o s to rs
, S om e o f th e
.
s c i ou s l y m a n ife s te d i n th e c ruciform pl an o f ou r ma
c a ted to Eu ro p e by th e S p a n i s h a n d S i c ili an M o h a m
m ed a n s , h a ve h a d a m a rk ed eff e ct o n th e dev el o pm en t
o f th a t s ci en c e, a n d a re th e b a s i s o f a ll th a t w e kn ow
o n th e s u bj e ct H e un ders too d th e c au s e o f th e
.
a lo n e a mo un t to n ea rly fo u r hun d re d .
try m en i t did n ot a pp ro a ch th a t o f th e fa m ou s G er
,
th os e o f hi s c o n tem p o ra ri es th a t a s h a s b een p re
,
ra n ts a s tro l a b e s
, pl a n i s ph eres glob es ; th e mo s qu e
, ,
th e fa me o f th ei r tea ch er a n d th e p re c e pts o f hi s
works . Th e in s tructi on h e imp a rte d emb o di e d th e
forbidd en le a rn in g taught b eyon d th e P yren ees H e .
I n di an n umera ls th e s ci en c e o f a rithmetic H e
,
.
g e n u i ty which a mu s e d h i s l e i s u re m o m en ts a w a ken ed
H e impro v e d th e s ci en ce o f mu s ic H i s s y s tem o f .
a n d th e a w e hi s wi s d o m e xcite d w a s i n c re a s e d by th e
w a s p a tron iz ed b y th e Kin g o f F ra n c e a n d th e E m
p eror o f G e rm a n y ; h e b eca m e s ucc es s iv ely B i s ho p o f
Rh eim s a n d o f R a venn a ; a n d through th e in fluen ce ,
48 6 H I S T OR Y OF TH E
ta mi a o n th e arid pl a te a u s o f C en tra l A s i a i n th e
, ,
c u ted i n c o l o rs Wh en I b n B eith a r o f M a la g a th e
.
-
, ,
o f fifteen hu n dre d y e a rs .
to th e di s c o very o f th e u n iv ers a l p a n a c ea o f th e ,
in to go ld Th e P to lema ic dy n as ty h ei r to th es e d e
.
,
c li n a ti on a n d g en iu s Th e fa ct tha t th e K o ran p ro
.
th a t th ey c a m e i n to c omp etiti o n wi th th e o ra cl es a ,
a mid s t th e P a g a n a s s o ci a ti on s o f a n tiqui ty I n th e .
th e id ea th a t th e s a m e el emen ts i n di ff eren t p ro p or ,
th e fu s in g o f gl a s s o f th e a ppli c a ti on o f en a mels
,
.
o f b o th to a p oi n t n o t hi th erto a tta in ed by th e ex
e ri m e n te rs o f th e a n ci en t w o rld Whil e th ey
p .
n es s a n d p re ci s i o n th e p ro c e s s es o f c ry s ta lliz a ti on ,
a d a p ta ti on O f th es e s ub s ta n c e s to th e mul tifa ri o us
pu rp os es o f d a ily e xi s ten c e h a s b es to we d up on th e
i n ven to r a lmo s t b oun dle s s res ou rc es f o r th e develop
men t o f th e i n du s tri a l a rts a n d h a s pro vid e d th e s ur,
c i a n e ve n in C h ri s ten d o m w a s n o l on ge r cl a s s ed with
, ,
th e xis ten c e
e and pro perti es o f hydro gen P ro
th e .
K u fi or G eb er wh os e p ers o n a l h i s tory i s u n kn o wn
, , ,
a n d wh o i s o ften co n f ou n de d wi th th e m a th em a tici a n ,
ch emis t o f a n y a g e h is a biliti es h a ve b e en re co g n iz e d
,
an d hi s n a m e h a s b een me n ti o n e d with re s p e ct by
s a id th a t h e b e a rs th e s a m e re l a ti on to ch emi s try
s cu re d or di s figu re d by th e a b s u rdity a n d ch a rl a
th e g en e ra ti o n o f g a s es by h e a t a n d th e ra dic a l
,
a n d s uppl em en te d wi th c ere m on i es a d o p te d to a v o id
c overi es o f th e phil o s o ph er wi th th e te rm s o f a n a ll e
o pe ra ti on s exp e ri en c e o f i ts a dv a n ta g eo u s a pplic a
,
Eu ro p e i s in debte d to th e M o s lems o f S p a in a nd
S icily f or th e in tro duc ti on o f s uch dru g s a s nu x
v omic a c a s s i a croton ta m a rin d myrrh s a n d al
, , , , , ,
s pic es a s cl o v es n u tm e g gi n g er a n d cin n a m o n ; f or
, , ,
s uch c o mp ou n d s a s j ul e p s e lixi rs s y ru p s
, a n d el e c , ,
n a m es . Un d er th e kh a l ifs ph a rm a ci es were es ta b ,
49 4 H I ST ORY OF TH E
a n d a ll o y s o f m eta l s Th e m eth o d u s e d to d a y in th e
.
-
s ublim a ti o n th a t ci nn a b a r w a s a c o mp o u n d o f s ulp h ur
ti on o f a c eta te o f c o pp er o f a rs en ic o f o xid e o f l ea d
, , .
Th e p ro ces s o f re fin in g m eta l s w a s a l s o f a mi li a r to
him . H e give s th e c o mp o s iti on o f gun p o wder — an ,
in ven ti on a ls o a ttribu te d to F ri a r B a c on bu t un qu es ,
a p a rt o f th e h o m a g e th a t m e di a e v a l c re dulity w as
a ccu s to m e d to
p a y to s up eri or in tellig en ce H i s life .
,
publicly th e a bu s es o f th e P a p a cy to de fy i ts m an ,
ta ti on o f I ta li a n p rel a te s to th e va ca n t b en e fice s o f
E n gla n d a prero ga tive hith erto e x erci s ed by th e S ee
,
o f R o m e a hn o s t wi th o ut re m on s tra n c e
, H e e leva te d .
o f l ea rn i n g i n Ch ri s ti a n Eu ro p e Although o f d i s .
a n d o f th e d a n g er to th e c a u s e o f e ccl es i a s tic a l s u
g a ti o n o f hi s h eretic a l d o ctrin es .
a s th e a cc en ts o f h i s m oth er to n gu e I t i s s a id tha t .
to s ev en ty fiv e th ou s a n d d oll a rs o f o ur mo n ey
-
In .
re c o g n iz ed th e n e c es s ity f or th e re f orm o f th e c a l en
of s p ec ta cl es — wh o s e id ea
, h e o bta in e d fro m Al
H a z en —a n d th a t h e a ls o un ders to o d th e a d j us t
,
th e ph en o m ena o f th e ra in b o w a s d u e to refrac
49 8 H I ST ORY OF TH E
th ought .
o f g rea t p ra c tic a l v a lu e
. Th e b en e fits res ultin g from
th e ex erci s e o f th e s pirit o f i n quiry a n d th e vig orou s
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 49 9
on c e th e p re c a u ti on a n d th e re m e dy o f th e a b s temi o u s
trin e th a t th e s to m a ch w a s th e s ea t o f a l l di s eas es ,
a n d fa s tin g th ei r cu re .
Th e b en eficen t a rt which h a s f o r i ts o bj e ct th e a ll e
vi a ti on o f h um a n s u ff eri n g w a s i n th e s ev en th cen tu ry
i n flu en ce o f s pirits or to th e p o s s es s io n o f devils to ,
relic s th e in v o c a ti o n o f s a i n ts
, Th e s up ers titi on s in
.
ta ri es even w en t s o f a r a s to e xp el fro m th e c on
,
a n ci en ts a n d to s ub s ti tu te in th e i r s te a d re p res em
,
f o r th em th e h on o r o f c a n on iz a ti on Th e id en tifica .
c on ferre d up on th e p ri es th oo d a n ew a n d f ormid
a bl e w ea p on o f s pi ritu a l p o w er Th e ir i n flu en c e .
,
o f th e h ea v en s th e m o ti on s o f th e pl a n ets th e re cur
, ,
ren c e o f e c li p s es th e a pp a ri ti on o f c o m ets an d
,
en ti re ly d ep e n d en t on th e p o s iti o n o f th e s ta r u n d er
a ph ro di s i a c a l vi rtu es o f th e m a n d ra k e a n d th e a i ,
c is m s i n c a n ta ti o n s
, E a ch pro fe s s e d to b eli eve i n th e
.
th e s a i n ts ; th e o th er w a s c re di te d wi th h oldin g n ightly
in tercou rs e wi th th e s pi ri ts o f th e in fern a l world .
th es e tw o a pp en d a g es o f th e c ou rt On e w a s th e .
di a gn os is bu t th e c on s ultation o f th e s ta rs ; n o p re
s c rip ti on b u t th e P a ter a n d th e A ve I n th e es tim a .
b a th s di d n ot ex i s t ; a p ro fa n e lux ury o f th e P a g an
a n d th e S a ra c en th ei r u s e w as c o n tra ry to th e tra di
,
res ul t o f th e d is re g a rd o f s a ni ta ry p re c a u tion s a nd ,
s e dul ou s ly m a in ta in e d b y th e p oli c y o f th e p a p a l
a n d th e m eth o d s o f th e g rea t c o ll e g e s o f D j on di s a
trib u ti on s o f th e s k e p tic th e Ch ri s ti a n th e J ew a n d
, , ,
th o s e o f th e o rth o d o x M os l em Th e enterp ri s in g s ur
.
ra I b n B o th a n I b n S in a Abu B ekr M oh a mm ed o f
,
-
,
-
,
- -
,
s on s a d o p te d th e p ro f e s s i o n o f th e i r f a th ers f o r ma ny
ex h a us tive ly trea te d Th e bo ok o f Rh a z es on th e
.
e x am pl e o f th e Abb as id e kh a li f s w a s n o t los t up on
v ic es o f th e m os t di s ti n ui s h e d phys ici a n s we re
g gra tui
tous ly ren d ere d to th e i nm a tes o f th e h os pita l s Th e .
th e h a lls i n th e g a rd en s
, W a rds pla c ed un der th e
.
o f mu s i c Wh en a p a ti en t wa s di s ch a rge d a s cured
.
n erves a n d th e b ra in a n d o f th e p e c to ra l o rg a n s ; f or
,
a b a n d on e d to b a rb ers a n d ch a rl a ta n s Th e M o h a m.
o f in e ff a c ea bl e p olluti o n
, . Th e s a m e imp edim en ts to
the s tudy o f a n a to my a l s o exi s te d i n Ch ri s ti a n Eu
ro p e un de r th e rul es o f th e C hu rch On e o f th e m os t
.
R om e .
D a ma s cus Th e C on tin en t o f Rh a z es th e C a n o n of
.
,
Th e work s o f Al H a z en a n d Ali I b n I s s a in d i s p e n
- - -
,
s a bl e to o cu l i s ts w ere u s ed by th e s tud en ts o f C or
,
NO n a m es i n th e l on g c a ta logu e o f M o s l em g en ius
s ta n d high er th a n th os e o f A bul c a s i s th e orig i n a tor o f ,
Arib —
.
I b n S a id —a l Kh atib
-
wh os e wo rks exce ede d a
-
,
ogy a n d o b s tetric s a n d w a s th e a u th o r o f th e C a l en da r
,
tu ra l kn o wl edg e I b n W a f ed o f T o le d o w h o lived
.
-
, ,
o f M o h a mm e d I b n Q u a s s u m o n di s ea s es o f th e e e
- -
y
o ccupi e d s i x hu n d re d p a g es ; th a t o f M o h a mm e d al -
d in I b n Yu s uf publi s h e d a b oo k on th e a n a to my o f
- -
th e ey e a n d th e th eori e s o f vi s i on Th e s ci en tific a nd .
tem p l a ti o n o f b on e h ea p s in th e c e meteri e s th e s tu
-
th es i a es c a p e d th e n oti ce o f th es e p ro fou n d an d i n
g en i ou s o b s ervers Th ey s u gg es t th e a d min i s tration
.
,
los s o f c on s ci ou s n es s an d s en s ation i s Ob ta in ed to ,
wa s th e c a re o f a n im a l s n egl ec te d a n d th e n a m e o f ,
th a t o f a fa mo u s v eteri n a ry s u rg eon .
”
s i on , to gild th e pill Th ey u s u a lly h owever con
.
, ,
ph a rm a cy hygi en e
,
.
s h o uld h a v e b e en a t a l l n e gl ec te d I t i s a s in gular
.
ou r c on fid a n t in th e D es ert ou r comp a ni o n i n s ol i
,
th at s h a ll c om e a fter th em . S ci en c e i s a potent
rem e dy f or th e i n firm i tie s o f ig n o ra n c e a b rilli an t
,
a ry pu rs uits th rough a ll s ub s e qu en t a g es
, .
F a r di ff eren t w a s th e a ttitud e as s um e d by th e ec
cl e s i as ti c a l p o w er wh os e des p otic m a n d a tes w ere f or a
th ou s an d y e a rs re c o gn iz e d a n d o b eye d by th e p roudes t
s ove re ign s o f Ch ri s ten d om . I t e a rly p erc eived the
in co mp a tibili ty O f its preten s i on s wi th th e u n tram
m elle d e x erci s e o f the fa cul ti es o f th e human in tellect .
tubs on th e h ea d s o f n eg ro es a n d th rown in to th e
riv er ; an d onl y th ree h un dre d l am p s a n d g as j ets
tenth cen tury ex cee d e d thre e hun d red m illi on doll ars ;
th e rev en u es o f th e E n gli s h C ro wn at th e c los e o f th e
s even teenth c en tu ry w ere fifteen m illi on ; th os e of
w a s b a n k ru p t
. Th e in h a bita n ts o f E n gla n d at the
death o f Eliz ab eth were a b ou t fou r m ill i on ; th e p op u
lation o f M oori s h S p a in s ix c en turi es previou s to
th at d ate c oul d n o t h a v e b een l e s s th a n thi rty mill i on ,
th oro ughf a re .
s ta n d i r S ul ta n o f E gyp t c on ta i n e d e ighty th ou s a n d
, ,
teen th c en tu ry wh en B a gd a d w a s s a ck ed by th e M on
,
. Ma -
s o l e m erit c o n s i s te d i n th e e l eg a n c e o f th ei r chiro
g
ra p h y a n d th e b ea uty o f the i r ill u min a ti on s Durin g .
a b ov e i t ro s e in re gul a r g ra da ti on th e s ev en regi o n s
, ,
a rch a ic c on c ep ti on s o f b a rb a ri c ig n ora n c e ; to th e b e
ea rth re v o lv ed on i ts a xi s a n d ro u n d th e s un S even .
M o re th a n twen ty g en era ti on s h a d e la p s ed s in c e th e
Ara b geo gra ph er w a s firs t rega rde d by hi s c oun try
men a s a public b en e fa cto r by h i s kin g a s worthy ,
o f th e high es t h o n o rs th a t ro ya lty ca n b es to w b y th e ,
, , ,
ve
y in hi s di s c o v ery o f th e circul a ti o n o f th e bl oo d .
s p a ri n g u s e o f th e s c o u rg e o r by th e i n terv en ti on o f
th e p ri es t
. Th e A ra b s w ere th e firs t o f n atio ns to
di s c a rd thi s id e a to u s e kin dn e s s a n d th e a d min i s
,
a n d to e s ta bli s h a s yl u m s .
ti on s o f C hu rch a n d S ta te — o n e th e e xp on en t an d
~
,
o f th e a n ci en t a d e pt en d ea v o rin g to d etermin e by th e
,
a id o f th e p ro digi o u s re s o u rc es o f m o d ern s ci en c e th e
en ergy to th e d e fo rm e d s ymmetry a n d to h oa ry a n d
, ,
en c e l et u s tu rn to w h a t i t h a s a ctu a lly do n e f or m a n
,
th e m illi on th p a rt o f a s e co n d I t h as s c a nn ed th e
.
o f vi s i on s ta rs s o di s ta n t th a t th e im a g e fo rme d to d ay
-
ou s th a n th e fa b l e d re gi o n s o f th e O r i en t more w on ,
O p erator th e i n mo s t re c es s e s o f th e h uman bo dy I t .
e xce p ti on a ff e ctin g th e c om p on en t a to m s o f th e un i
,
ou r gl ob e , a n d es ta bli s h e d a s ys tem o f ch ro n ol o gy th e
v es ti a ti o n o f th e m en ta l ph en om en a o f hyp n oti s m
g
a n d tel e p a thy it h as a dd e d to th e eviden ce which
,
s on — a n d h a s re s cu e d th e mi n d o f m a n l on g buri e d
,
th e d rea d o f m e diae va l Eu ro p e
, .
CHA P TE R XXIX
78 6—1 476
or e e r a e a o
tin e I fl u ce —E mp l y m n t f E
n en us ti c T il es —Mos i cs o e o nca a
p r
ea e f Ar b i A hitec tur l M on umen ts i n S i c ily
anc o a c rc a
o e s a a o
o f H i p n o Ar b A r hitecture
s a D evel pmen t f Art i n
-
a c o o
m i n ti n — R ep r en t ti on of A n im l F orms — P i n tin g a n d
a o es a a a
Workin g o f M t ls —Arms —E n gr v d G ms — C er mi cs e a a e e a
R em in s o f th e M rs
a oo .
a dven t o f M o h a mm e d in th e s ev en th c en tu ry n othi n g
s ta cl es to th e foun d a ti on o f ci ti es a n d th e p ro m o ti on
au th ori ty o f hi s s h eik up on a n o mi n a l a ll e gi a n ce to ,
th at in th e k in gd o ms o f H i ra a n d Yem en which ,
ul a ti o n ; a n d th e c omm erc e o f th e R ed S ea a n d th e
s an i a n a n d I n di an civiliz a tion
, Great c a pitals ros e .
its n a m e fro m th e c ol or Of i ts wa l l s .
up on th e etern al ro ck temple s O f H i n du s ta n c ar
-
,
ri e d by th e Egyp ti a n p ri es ts i n s ol em n p ro c es s ion
S ta tes o f Americ a .
a n d en terta in i n g e pi s o d es i n th e a nn a l s Of hum a n in
teri a l s s eem
in a dequate to s u pp ort th e corn i ces and
en ta bl a tures a pp a ren tly re s tin g up on th em i s illu s ory ; ,
o f M oh a mm ed I t a pp ea rs in th e ru in ed p a l a ce O f
.
544 H I ST ORY OF TH E
th e .
e x ten s iv e ly in th e M o s qu e o f T ul un a t C a i ro .
a mpl es O f th e flo rid a n d d e c a d en t ta s te Of C on s ta n
I n th e a rt O f mu ra l d ec ora ti on th e Ara b s ta n ds
a l on e a n d u nriv a ll e d Th e ex teri or Of h i s e di fic es a s
.
,
a ru le w a s b a re a n d s o mb re b u t withi n th e gl owin g
, , ,
ev e n th e a pp ro a ch es to th e m o s qu es wh os e crowds ,
Th e B yz a n tin e d eriv a ti on o f m an y Of th e ch a ra c
teri s ti cs Of early H i s p a n o Ar a b a rchite cture i s em
-
p ea ra n ce c a n n ot fa il to im p res s th e m os t h eedles s
Ob s erver .
th e S p a n i s h M o s l em s i n th e m ec h a n i c a l a rts as well ,
th ey a re combin ed th e mo s a ic s Of th a t p a la c e a re a b s o
,
ha ve a ll th e brill i a n cy a n d p oli s h O f th e fin es t p or
ce l a i n Th e e dge s O f fra gmen ts which h a v e b een
.
s cri p ti on s gl o wi n g wi th a s c o re O f b rilli a n t hu es in ,
s a n ctu a ry Of th e fa m o u s M os l em templ e Th e d e.
p ea re d f o re ver fro m th e P en i n s ul a I t m a y h a ve
.
- —
A l I I a kem I I by th e Greek Emp eror o f C on s tanti
.
l on g p ra cti s e d on th e s h o re s Of th e B o s ph oru s h ad ,
ra n e a n c oa s t . Th e j ea lo u s prid e Of th e A ra b —wh o
w a s n o t a vers e to b orrowin g a rchite ctura l id ea s from
di ff eren t n a ti on s th a t were hi s m as ters i n th e s ci en ce
O f con s tructi on a n d m a n y O f which b owe d un d er his
,
a l l di ff eren t i n a s i n gl e a p a rtm en t th e H a ll o f C O
, ,
by th e h a n gi n g s o f e mbo s s e d a n d p a in te d leath er
O ften s u s p en d e d ben ea th th em Th e p e culi ar te xtile
.
to th e dr a p ery o f th e ten t a n d i s a re mi n i s c en c e o f
,
m eth o d a s s im ple a s it i s i n g en i o u s U p on th e c a pi .
o f th e e l e m en ts a n d th e v a n da li s m o f m a n th rough
on ly to th e cup o l as b u t i n th e a n gl es a l on g th e fri ez e
,
a n d up on th e pl a n e s u rfa c e o f th e w a ll s Th e d o me s .
e xp o s e d to th e a i r s h o w n o evid en c e o f c o rro s i o n
, .
n ot a pl ea s i n g e ff ect
, .
n a il s a n d en ri c h ed wi th j ew el s — l on g th e prid e o f th e ,
fore been pra cti ca lly a nn ihila ted Th e abs olute d earth
.
th e M o s l em s by th ei r co n qu erors a n d th e cl os e rel a
,
ta ri es th ey h a v e un d erg on e ra dic a l ch a n g es a n d at
, ,
s ta n c e th os e Of G ra n a da wh os e li n es o f c ircumval
, ,
th e p a l m g ro ve o f Ara bi a .
Th e M oo ri s h a rchite ctu re o f th e P en in s ul a a s th e ,
ra th er f or el e g a n c e th a n f o r g ra n de u r I t w a s n ot .
th e lo fty th e imp os in g th e c o l o s s a l
, , Th e s pirit o f .
s ub s e qu en t a g es Th e g en iu s o f th e A ra b w a s in g en
.
p l e w h o p ro fite d by a n d imp ro v e d up on th e s u gg es
ti o n s Of a s c o re o f ra c es c a n h a rdly b e s a id to h ave
borro we d fro m a n y While a rt es pe ci a lly a s a ppl i ed
.
,
a n d m en ta l p e culi a riti e s o f th e p eo pl e by wh o m i t i s
g es ti ve fa ct th at o f th e s e v en hu n dre d m os qu es re
quire d f or th e wors hip o f th e M os le m c a pita l b ut on e ,
c es s i ve g en era ti on s h a ve i n a dditi on to th e a b ov e
,
a s h a s a l rea dy b ee n s ta te d f or th e m o s t p a rt d ep en d
,
c i a ll y a pp a ren t i n th e m a g n ific en t d e c o ra ti o n s o f th e
a rti s a n s were B yz a n ti n e
, B ut th es e precio u s mos a i cs
.
marvels i s a bs en t Th e M ihra b o f th e M o s qu e Of
, .
a ble to th e m a i n ten an c e o f th o s e re l a ti o n s by m ea n s
s im il ar c on di ti on s a lon g th e s a m e li n es o f th ou ght ,
s ta g e Of i ts d ev el o pm en t Th e g en iu s which in s pi red
.
a lg eb ra ic s ci en c e ; i n th e frette d w a ll s with th e ir g or
g e o u s a r a b es qu e s ; i n th e in t ert wi n e d m ottoes d o u b ly ,
g re s s es th e es ta b li s h ed rules Of th a t s ci en c e a s ra di
c a lly a s th e pro du cti on s o f man y a uth ors wh os e ,
n o qu es ti on ca n a ri s e a s to th e c o n s umm a te s kill th at
en ti fic di s c o veri es wh o s e la rg e toleran c e wh os e i n
, ,
th e j eweller th e en a m eller
, I ts p a i n te d b a ttlemen ts
.
b e fo re th e ten th c en tu ry Mu s s ul m a n a rti s ts w h o d e ,
ta ms i r c on ta in e d p e a c o ck s a n d g a z e lles O f life s iz e
,
-
,
th e y e xcite d th e a s to n i s hm e n t O f th e multitud e a s i n
ven ti on s o f th e g e n ii F ro m th e s tatemen t o f th e
.
1 3 63 th e re p res en ta ti on Of we ll kn o wn e v en ts as well
,
-
,
a s o f th e f e a tu re s o f di s ti n gui s h ed p ers o n a g es o n th e
a n d a n im a l s c a rve d in m a rb l e a n d j a s p er by a c un ni n g
Tw o o f th em re p res en t s c en es o f w a r a n d th e c has e ,
o f v a ri o u s c o l ors
, th e s words with curi ous hilts a nd
s c a bb a rd s o f go ld a n d s il v er th e y ell ow s lippers at
, ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E UR OPE 7
c
on e s ugges t th e Orien t ; a n d pla ce b e fore th e ey e
th e e x a ct c os tumes an d p erh a p s th e li n ea men ts o f
, ,
f or th e c o lors Th e fl a tn es s o f th e l a tter a n d th e
.
c ep ti bl e O f v a ri ety o f a rra n g em en t a n d h a rm on y Of
th e virtu es o f th e p rin c e o r th e b e au ty Of th e bu il di n g
it a d orn e d glittere d u p on th e p an ell ed w a ll s or en cir
,
5 68 H I ST ORY OF TH E
a re th e s e ch a ra c ters a d a p te d to th e pu rp os e s o f d e c o
ra ti on th a t S p a n i s h a n d I ta li a n w o rkm en ign o ra n t o f ,
th e i r s ig n ific a n c e a n d s u pp os i n g th e m to b e a ra b es qu es ,
a s f o r brilli a n cy ; a n d th e p erm a n en c e o f th o s e u s e d
o rn a m en t up o n wh o s e lids w ere s c u lp tu re d l on g i n
,
which n a me th ey were kn o wn to th e A ra b ; th e s ta la c
ti ti c w ere s trikin g a da p tati on s o f th e p om e gra n a te
dives te d o f its s ee ds Th e a ra b es qu es a re bu t re p ro
.
o f I n di a a n d Egypt wh os e my s teriou s s ig n i fic an ce wa s
s a n c tu a ry o f th e M o s qu e o f C o rd o va i s o n e o f th e
,
i n g Ob j ects i n th e a n ci en t temple wh os e ho ly o f h o li es
i t emb elli s h es . S tars a re s c attere d in en dles s p ro f u
s i o n th rough out th e Alh a mb ra ; i n th e c en tre o f
mos a ic des ign s ; through th e belts o f fl ora l p attern s
whi ch en c omp a s s th e h a lls ; i n th e lo fty c eilin g s ,
s u rp a s s e d
, by th e rich a n d ele ga nt c ombin a tion s o f
Ara bi an g en iu s Th ere is n o rea s o n to b elieve th at th e
.
a ll
. Th e p a ti en c e which w a s n ot exh a us te d by y ea rs
o f to il u p on a n O b j e c t in ten d e d f o r th e u s es o f th e
o rn a m en t a n d th e glory o f th e c a pi tal Th e s ta in ed .
s ta tes Of M oh a mm e d a n S p a i n Th e modifica ti on s
.
ti on s o f th e h a rm o n i o u s a n d th e b ea utiful— which
were u n derg on e b y thi s bra n ch o f th e a rts a re more
pron oun c ed th an i s u s u a lly n oticea b le in th e material
a n d in tell e ctu a l p ro g re s s o f a p eo pl e from a s ta te o f
a pp ea rs th e cu lm in a ti n g e ff o rt o f i ts l ab ors a p a la c e ,
5 74 H I S T O RY OF TH E
n e s s a n d o blig a ti on o f a n o a th ; i t w a s a tok en o f
a lli a n c e a pl a c e Of re c o n c i li a ti on f o r e n e mi es a s y m
, ,
n a ti on th a t re ceive d th em with th ei r cu s to m s a n d n ot ,
ti o n . M an y Of th e fu gi tives s ettle d in Y em en a nd
o th er p a rts Of A ra b i a wh ere th ei r in flu en c e s ub s e
,
ta ri es o f a ll .
I n th e exten s ive an d va ri ed do m a in o f th e in du s
tri a l a n d th e u s e ful a rts H i s p an o Ara b g en iu s d evel
,
-
th e bi t o f th e key th at u n lo ck ed th e grea t d oo r o f
th e c as tle On s wo rds a n d kn ives on vas es an d thim
.
,
B u t s uch i s n o t th e c a s e Th e h a tre d o f th e S p an i a rd
.
f o r e v erythi n g M oh a mm e d a n e xten d e d e v en to th e
in a n ima te o bj e cts on which his va n qui s h e d e n emi es
h a d e x erci s e d th ei r s kill, a n d which w ere a t o n c e s u g
g es tive o f h eres y a n d i n di re ctly , o f his o w n ign o ra n c e
,
a n d m e ch a n ic a l i n c a p a ci ty I t w a s th e C hri s ti an cu s
.
to d i a n s O f th e M o s qu e o f C ord o v a w h o b rok e to pi e c es .
th a n f or th ei r i n tri n s ic v a lu e w ere c on s ig n ed by th e
,
h a v e n ot b een a bl e to wi th s ta n d i t i s n ot s tra n g e th at ,
a n d e xultati on o f victory .
i s h S p a in .
s a cre d s ig n ific a n c e
, With th e ea gle i t h a d b een a s
.
,
s ig n ed a pl a ce i n th e eighth h ea ven o f th e M oh a m
re pl a c e d th e tw e lve o x en th a t s u s ta in e d th e b ra z en
o f th e P ri n cipl e o f G oo d .
Th e art o f d a m as c en in g m eta ls w a s a s th e n a me ,
a rm s a n d a rm o r th e M o o ri s h a rtificers O f S p a i n h a d
a n d s c a bb a rd we re l a vi s h e d th e fin e s t e ff o rts o f th e
ro ugh u s a g e th e y w e re d es ti n e d to u n d erg o th es e ,
NO n a ti on e xc ell ed th e S p a n i s h M os l em s i n th e c o s tly
a n d exqui s i te a do rn m en t o f th e i r a rm s Th e hilts .
ov a l s
, glo b es a n d c ro s s es ; a lw a ys in la id with a ra
,
o mn ip re s en t l e g en d s ugg es tive o f th e u n qu en ch a b le
,
c o v er a s p a c e o f fif ty s ix s qu are in ch e s -
Their .
i n feri or i n a n y res p e ct to th os e ma de in I ta ly a n d
G erm a n y fou r c en tu ri e s a fterwa rds .
I n th e glyptic a rt a s d ev el o p e d by th e S p a n is h
,
m on who s e w on d erful p o w er m a de th e fo rc es o f
,
n a tu re a n d th e g en ii o f th e s pi ri t w orld a lik e s u b s er
th e M o s l em i n a mul ets ch a rm s a n d ta li s m a n s, Th e ,
.
o f th e c a m eo d oe s n ot s e em to h a v e b een a d o p ted by -
th em b u t th e w o rd i ts e lf which d o es n ot exi s t i n th e
, ,
j ection Th e n a me o r m on og ra m Of th e o wn er a
.
,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 5 83
n um b er b u t a mulets c on s ti tute d n o s m a ll p a rt O f th e
,
ti on o f th e Sign et w as n ot o n ly a m a rk o f th e in di
v i d u a l it
y Of th e own e r b u t in dica ted h i s piety by i ts
,
rin g s du rin g th e h ou r o f p ra y er .
ex e cu ti o n as i n M o h a mm e d a n S p a in Th e c on qu es t
.
s kill . B es id es th e i s la n d o f M a j o rc a wh os e town s ,
n es s w a s d ep en de n t up on th e p red o min a n c e o f on e
m ent .
ti qu i ty th e a b s orb in g p a s s i o n o f th e P ers i a n f or
,
h a mm ed a n S p a in Th e b e a uti es Of th e ro s e a n d the
.
a re vo lu ti o n i n th e m a n u fa c tu re o f p o rc el a in Th e .
n a n d IV a nd C h arles V a t th e in s ta n c e O f th e
. .
,
d ea th by torture .
by th e Ara b s i n th e c on s truction O f th e to mb o f M o
ha mm ed Amon g th e M o ors o f S p a in th e pro c es s
.
,
n a ti on s o f O p a qu e pi e c es o f p orc el a i n .
s i ti on
, a n d i n ra re in s ta n c es th e p e culi a r i rid es c en t
th e Alh a mbra .
en th c en tu ry in b oth th o s e c o u n tri es a ll c l as s es u s e d
,
Of both th e E a s t a n d W es t to a c on diti on o f a hn os t
, ,
th e Mu s s u l m a n s o f S p a in w h o wrote a p e cu li a rly
,
to th e fl a m es th e me ch a n ic a l p ro c e s s es th at g a v e to
,
in flu en c e o n th e a rts in S pa in A s th e M o s lem c on .
qu es t w a s pl a nn e d in th a t c o un try s o i t s ub s e qu ently ,
o f M a u ri ta n i a w ere h o w ev er s oon re fin e d a n d i m
, ,
o f th e Al j a f eri a a t S a ra g os s a a n d a n a rch i n th e ,
n i a l to th e n a ti o n a l di s p os iti on o f G a ul a n d L atin ,
o f l etters .
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUR OPE 595
C H AP TE R XXX
T OM S AN D AM USE M E NT S
,
750~l 609
th e S o il—M i n e ra l R es o u rc es o f th e P en i n s ul a— M a n u f a c
tures — Th e G rea t Mo s l em E mp ori um s o f th e M e dite rra n e a n
C o mmerc e ive R mi fi ti I ts x
A ti l o f
E ten s a ca on s r c es
T r ffi c C mmer
a sp o c a i lP
ity f S i ily Th M gn ti ro er o c e a e c
N dl —Gun p w d
ee e d A till ry— W —C i n g —
o ~Ch
er a n r e ar o a e ar
t ri s ti s
ac e f th Kh lif
c o D m li z ti f th P e p l
e a s- e ora a on O e o e
Th B th— G
e a r l P v l n f S up titi —S i l Lif
en e a re a e ce o e rs on oc a e
of th M s l me f E ur p
o —P rivil g f W m — P lyg
e s O o e e es o o en o
amy nd M l —S l v y— Am u m t — Th G m
a o ra s fa er se en s e a e o
of th R i n g s — H w ki n g — P ecu li iti
e f Hi p n A b
a ar es o s a o- ra
C ivili z ti Th C u s d s —Th i E ff t
a on -
e Ch i t d m
r a e e r ec on r s en o
— Un riv ll d A hi v m t
a e f th M ci Eu p e e en s o e oo rs n ro e
C lu i n
on c s o .
in h o p el es s Ob s cu ri ty ele g a n t p ro duction s Of th e m os t
,
ruin e d by d a mp by i n s e cts
, ,by a cci d en ta l con fl ag ra
ti on . Th e c a rel es s n es s o f in a pp re ci a tiv e g o vern m ents ,
a id e d by th e s tupidity o f th e m a s s es a n d th e inn a te
g eni tors .
5 98 H I ST ORY OF TH E
vice an d luxu ry
, .
Th e a gricultura l s ys tem o f th e S p a n is h M oh a m
med a n s wh o un ders too d th e s o il a n d th e re s o urce s o f
,
th e v a ll ey Of th e N ile — th os e g a rd en s o f th e a n c i ent
,
kn owle dge thu s a ppro pri ated were a dde d th e res u lts
Obta in e d fro m in ve s tig a ti on an d experi ment ; from
th e i ntro ducti on Of foreign pl an ts ; from th e a d o pti on
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E U ROPE 5 99
th e E as t — to Egypt M es o p ota mi a
, , H in du s ta n
, ,
ta g e ou s s ugg es ti on s by th e M oors o f th e P en in s ul a .
to a d a pt th em s elv es a t on c e to th e ci rcum s ta n c es o f
thei r n ew en vironm en t Th eir progres s in th at s ci en c e
.
h e re o f th e D es ert s e em e d c on g en i a l to in d e p en
p ,
h a d e v er b een s ee n n o w fl o we d n o i s y rivulets a n d
,
‘
,
, , q ,
ti on s o f l a w w ere p a s s ed u p on by a c ourt— wh os e
-
é
la s t d a y Of th e M u s s u hn an week a t th e door o f th e ,
th e G re a t M o s qu e un der th e rule Of th e fa mo u s Om
mey a d e mo n a rch s ten c en turies a g o .
a d o p te d u n d er th e R o m a n a n d G o thi c d omi n a ti on s ,
. .
mi d ab le to ch e ck th e en terpri s e a n d i n du s try o f th e
M oo ri s h cultiv ator H e tun n ell e d through moun
.
s kilful i n th e di s tilla ti o n a n d re fin i n g o f es s en c es ,
a n d th ey we re s o a bu n d a n t a n d ch ea p th a t th ey w ere
a tta i n e d hi s m a j o rity o n e o f th es e m a g a zi n es w a s p re
,
tacl es th a t wh ea t i n p erf e ct p re s e rv a ti on w a s fo u n d
i n s o me o f th em n ea r G ra n a d a wh ere i t h a d la in two
,
h au s tiv e m a nn er n o t on ly O f th e m etho ds fo un d by
,
th e e xp eri en c e o f c en tu ri es to b e th e b es t a d a p ted to
the s o wi n g a n d h a rves tin g o f gra in to th e pl a n tin g ,
a n d cultiv a ti on o f o rch a rd s to th e p ro p a g a ti on o f
,
g ra s
,
t h a t a rtifici a l d eli c a cy s o d ea r to th e e picu re a n d ,
a th o u s a n d y ea rs a g o a s to d a y a n i n v a lu a bl e a dju n ct
,
-
,
o f c ooki n g a n d th e p re p a ra ti on O f v a ri o u s c on f e c ti on s ,
th e M o s lem a n d wh o s e i mm en s e c on s umpti on h a d
,
tem a n d ord er
,
.
th ei r re pu ta ti o n du rin g th e M o s l e m a n d N orm a n
d omin a ti on s bu t durin g th e con tes t Of th e Empi re
, ,
w a s p ra ctica lly e x ti n ct f or m o re th a n a c en tu ry .
a s p a ra gu s ; s uch s pic es a s m a c e n u tm e g a n d p e pp er ; , ,
s ug a r c a n e
-
whos e pro duc t b ea rs a lm o s t u n a ltered
, , ,
th e n a m e b es to w e d by th o s e w h o w ere th e firs t to
ex tra ct i t w ere a l s o i n tro duc e d b y th e A ra b s
, Th e .
th e m e lo n s o f C i n tra Th e p e a rs g ro wn at D a ro c a
.
,
c a y o r g ra in mild ew a n d p ro vi s i on s m ight b e k e p t f or
,
o f s ta te wh os e m a rbles a n d a ra b e s q u es w ere on e o f
,
s l o p es o f th e H im a l a y a s o th ers c ol l e c te d i n th e fo re s ts
,
en du ra n ce a re to b e a ttribu te d m a n y o f th e m os t s i g
o f th e m o s t i n to l era bl e g ri e va n c es en du re d by th e
S p a n i s h p ea s an try .
n o t o n ly f a cili ta te d th e d ev el o pm en t O f th e a rts b u t
a id e d m
,
s id e by s id e wi th th e ci rcul a r e xc a v a ti on s o f th e R O
s in gl e l o c a li ty
, i n dic a tes th e m a gn itude o f mi n i n g
o p era ti o n s a pu rs ui t wh o s e i n tellig en t p ro s e cu tio n a n d
,
l ed o .
s a n d five h un d re d g a ll o n s ; e ve ry d a y du ri n g th e o liv e
a bu s ed . I n l o c a lities un fa vo ra b l e to cultiva ti on th e
de ficien ci e s Of th e s o il were s upplie d by un tirin g in dus
try . W a lls o f p on derou s ma s o n ry s upported terraces
wh ere th e v ery cli ff s were ma de pro ductive a n d wh ere ,
o n ly a bu s h or a vi n e c ould b e pl a n te d th e n a rro w
s p a ce w a s u tiliz e d No t o n ly w ater bu t l oa m an d
.
'
,
Th e dim en s io n s th e s pl en d o r th e Opul en ce o f th e
, , ,
ric e pl a n ta ti on s
. Th e g a rd en s o f Al m eri a e xtended
f or a ra diu s o f tw en ty mil es n orth ea s t a n d w es t , ,
re ven u es a re a t th e p re s en t d a
,
y b a rren a n d u n i nh ab
i ted . Th e s o l e tra c es o f former p ro s p erity in dis tricts
n o w re lin qui s h e d to th e b a n dit a n d th e s muggl er a re
cla s s es — tho s e w h o o rg a n iz e d c a ra va n s a n d th o s e wh o
,
Th e c on tro l o f th e s ea by th e n a vy o f th e kh a lifs
e x ten d e d imm e a s ura bly th e f a cili ti e s o f m erc a n til e
reb . B u t th e d a u n tl es s s pirit o f th e M o o ri s h M os l em
w a s n ot limi te d to m a ri tim e tra d e ; hi s f a c tors were
to b e fo un d i n eve ry c o un try a cc es s ibl e to th e i n fl u
en ce s a n d th e en terp ri s e o f civiliz a ti o n ; hi s c a ra va n s
a b l e pl a in s O f C en tra l A s i a , th e m a rs h e s a n d j un gl es
to th e p i
enter r s e o f th e S a ra c en s A mb er was th rown
.
M ala ga
I nlan d traffic wa s a s s i s ted by mea n s o f fa i rs —th os e
.
s tu ff s ; th e s pl en di d ly c a p a ri s on e d h ors es ; th e s ump
ou g h f a re a n d pl a i n th e
, foreign in flu en c e which ,
th e p a s s e s o f th e P yren e e s th ey c o uld re a ch th e m a r
kets Of N o rth ern Eu ro p e T h u s bro ught in con ta ct
.
wi th remote n a ti on s which h a d n o o th er me a n s Of
c o mmun ic a tion th e Eu ro pea n M o ors en j oyed peou
,
th ey we re s ub s e qu en tly to th e p e rs e cu tin g S p a n i a rd s .
en ergy a n d e n te rp ri s e to th e M o s l em s a l rea dy en vi ou s
,
o f th e i r s ucc es s a n d th e i r O pul en c e I n th e n in th c en
.
w a s m a de f o r b oth s e cu ri ty a n d p ro fit Armed g al .
pie c es o f j e welry on th e c o a s t o f S c a n di n a vi a a n d
a lo n g th e riv ers o f G erm a n y a n d P o l a n d i n dic a tes ,
th e b od y gu a rd o f th e kh al if s Th e h aw k s s o g en er
’
-
.
,
th e m o s t p a rt b re d o r fu rn i s h e d by th e M os l em m er
ch an ts T h ey a ls o i m p orte d from A fric a wild a ni
.
c al c o ll e cti on s a n d f o r s a l e in di s ta n t co untri es A .
M a la g a an d P a lermo
, .
to p a y th e e xci s e on win e .
o n ly to th e Ara b s Of S p a i n Th e cl a y foun d in th e
.
a n d en c o ura g e d th e d ev el o pm en t o f th e high es t s ci
n ot h a ve l e ft in ta c t to p o s teri ty a s i n gl e s p e cim en o f
o f h er c a bin et m a k e rs a n d j o in ers
-
a l s o en j o y e d a ,
w a s p re p a re d a re s till to b e s een in S p a i n
, Th e .
a n d w ere th en d e c o ra te d in a cc o rd a n c e wi th th e c a n on s
a n d th e l ea rn e d o f every M o s l e m n a ti o n ; a n d es p e
a ry pu rs uits b e c a m e n ot o n ly a f a s hi o n b u t a plea s u re ;
a n d th e el a b o ra tely d ec o ra te d c as es in which th e v ol
eb on y a n d s a n d a l
, .
Th e ch a n g e fro m th e roll Of th e a n ci en ts to th e
s qu a re fo rm Of b ook s n o w u s e d d a tes fro m th e middl e
ca s t th e m a n u s cripts a wa y Th e ma gn ificen ce o f
.
bigot o f th e time .
a rticl e o f e xp o rt n o n e w a s m o re i n de m a n d or m ore
rich el s e wh e re i n Eu ro p e i t w a s o n e o f th e ra res t Of
,
s es s i on o f a s m a ll pi e c e o f a s tu ff which f o r g en era
ti on s h a d fille d th e s h o p s a n d fu rn i s h e d th e wa rd rob es
O f w ea lthy citiz en s o f G ran a d a C o rdova a n d S eville
, ,
.
pra cti cal Op era tion O f life deman din g a high d egree
Of m ech an ic al s kil l th e S p a n i s h M oor exhib ited on
,
a n d u tiliz ed in a n i n s ta n t c o n c ep ti on s th a t i n dividu a l s
tha g en a ; th e li n en s o f S a la m a n c a ; th e w oo llen s o f
S ego vi a ; th e s ilks Of Gra n a d a ; th e da mas ks o f
Almeri a ; th e bla des a n d a rmo r O f S eville a n d T oledo .
n o le
p . F rom C ordova c a me th e en a melled l ea th er ,
lo n g fa m ou s fro m th e n a me o f th e Omm ey a d e c a pi ta l .
th e ki n gd o m Of G ra n a d a a hu n d red th ou s a n d were
regul a rly m a i n ta in e d f or th e u s e o f th e c rown An .
a s i n gl e e xp e dition o f Al M a n s ur c o n v eye d to C o r
-
ch a n tm en w ere to b e en co un tere d i n e ve ry Eu ro p ea n
ta in i n a n in s ta n t th e p o i n t to whi c h h e s ho u ld di re ct
hi s fa ce durin g th e h o u rs Of pra yer .
X i n 1 2 5 7 A cc ordin g to I b n Kh a ldun i t w a s u s ed
.
, .
-
,
in th e a rm y Of Alfon s o XI b e fo re A l gezira s in ,
1 34 2 c a rri ed th e kn o wl edge o f th e i n v en ti on to E n g
,
wh o p os s es s e d i t a c en tu ry b e fo re th e p orten to u s s e cret
became kn own to th e n a ti on s o f Chris ten dom .
th a n a h a lf a rm e d ra bble
-
If repuls e d a t th e firs t
.
th ei r v o ws a n d th ei r p en a n c e s p res en te d a s trikin g
,
a n a l o gy to th os e o f th e o rd ers o f S a n ti a g o Al c an ,
ta ra a n d C a la tra v a wh o s e o rg a n iz a ti on th ey ev i
, ,
o f th e H o s pita l a n d th e T e mpl e by m o re th a n tw o
Th e c o in a g e o f th e Omm ey a d es o f S p a in w a s th e
pures t th e mos t a rti s ti c in d es ign th e m os t el eg a n t
, ,
to tw o d oll a rs ; th e di rh em o f s ilver e qu a l to tw el ve
'
, ,
c en ts ; a n d va ri ou s s ma ll pi ec e s o f Co pp er o f fl u ctu
a ti n g v a lu e .
Th e b a l a n c e wh o s e v a lu e to th e m erch a n t w oul d
,
i s a l s o a n in ven ti o n O f th e Ara b s Th e M o o ri s h un it .
o f lin ea r m ea s u re w a s re p res en te d by a h o rs e h a ir S ix .
th e o rigin a l s o u rc e o f a ll M os l em j u ri s pru d en c e In .
empi re .
th e te rm th ey kn e w n othi n g
, Th e d e c rees O f th e kh a .
th e tra di ti on a ry O pi n i on s o f th e P ro ph et e mb o di e d in
th e S un n a h fo rm e d th e en tire b o dy o f le g a l p rin cipl es
,
s o v ere ig n an d th ei r a u th o rity w a s
, e xc e p t un d er ,
s ch ool m a s ters
-
Th ey di s p ers ed s treet crowds Th ey
. .
M ohtes ib w a s en fo rc e d by fin es an d s c ou rgin g an d , ,
s i on th ere w a s n o a pp ea l .
s at in j udgm en t a t th e g a te o f h i s p a l a c e H e de .
Th e d o ctors o f th e l a w w h o reg a rd e d a ll l ea rn in g
,
re vo lu ti o n th a t migh t Op en a n a v en u e to th e th ron e .
e a ch o th er wi th u n qu en ch a bl e h a tre d y et j o in i n g in ,
'
No r were th e ch a ra c ters o f th e kh a lifs a lwa y s s uch
a s in s pi re re s p e c t C on s id era ti on s o f politic a l ex p e
.
th e m o s t p o p ul a r a mu s em en ts o f th e i m p eri a l c ou rt .
d em n ed by M oh a mm e d a s remin i s cen c es o f P a ga n is m
a n d o ff en s iv e to G od were pra ctis e d everyw h ere
, ,
f o r religion w a s o n ly a cc en tu a te d by th e a pp a rent
re g a rd m a n ifes ted f o r i ts ou tw a rd Ob s erv a n c es I nfi .
”
vic es o f d e c a d en c e an d th e vic es o f b a rb a ri s m Th e.
e n v el o p e d th e c ou rt o f H i s ch em II a n d wh o s e evil
.
,
th es e th e h a rem O f th e Kh a lif a b s o rb ed a l a rg e p ro
p orti on ; th a t o f A l N a s s ir c on ta in ed n ea rly s even
-
j a s min e an d ora n ge th e in c en s e O f mu s k a n d a mb er
, ,
tu ti on a n d a n i n s trumen t Of luxu ri ou s pl ea s u re v i ed
, ,
w i th s u s pici on a s a c on v en i en t m e a n s o f m ora l co r
rup ti on ; a n d th o s e wh o s e circum s ta n c es p ermi tted i t ,
I n th e a b o d es Of th e rich it w a s in v es te d with a ll th e
s pl en d o r which th e c o mm a n d o f un l i m ited m e a n s c ould
ro ck c rys ta l a n d a l a b a s ter
-
Th e lu x ury o f th e M os
.
to ok p re c e d en c e o f th e m os qu e f or a C h ri s ti a n c h urch
,
ey e a b eli e f in wh o s e in flu en c e f o r c en tu ri es p rev a
, ,
o f I s l a m w a s o n e o f th e m o s t p o pul a r fo rm s o f th e
,
a n ci en t s ymb o l s o f I s l a m . Th e R o m a n s m a y h a v e
re c e iv e d i t fro m th e A ra b s f or i t a pp e a rs i n th e c en tre
,
A t th e ti me o f th e C on qu es t o f Gran a da i t w a s s o fre
quen tly worn th at th e s uppres s ion o f i ts u s e claim ed
th e a tten ti on o f th e e ccles i a s tic a l a uth oritie s an d ,
s tacl e s
, h o wever th e cu s to m s urvive d an d th e ta li s
, ,
ti on — i s s till to b e m et wi th a mo n g th e moun ta in p ea s
a n try o f S p a in .
s a n c ti o n e d by th e religi on O f th e s ta te a n d en terta in e d
a rmy o f s en ti en t b ei n g s ra th er th a n th e g org e ou s
ph a n toms o f a n en ch an ted vi s i on .
m en t o f th e pro du ct o f hi s to il By me a n s o f wa tch .
Th e ch a ra cter Of th e M u s s u lm a n s o f S p a in w as
d efil ed by a ll th e vic es wh ich fo llo w in th e tra in Of
65 0 H I S T OR Y OF TH E
in a n a g e Of d e c a d en ce ho we ver th e i n fluen ce Of
, ,
a dva n ta g e a t S e vil l e .
us e it .
ma rk o f co n s e qu en c e wi th th e M os lem th e s h a p e h a d ,
f m h ic l v o f th e p al a c e ; th ey
g r a n ce ro t e p r e es s a s e
s in gl e ros e .
a p ro fu s i on o f d a zzlin g g em s ; t h e p o or w ere fo rc ed
”
as S a ida H a ppy ;
, S ob eih a Auro ra ; S a fia , ,
th e S a ra c en s o f S p a i n .
in th e P en in s ul a th e H is p a n o Ara b in ve s ted h e r p er
-
n o t c on c ed e d to h er meri ts by m embe rs O f a n
y ra c e
or religi on . F ro m s uch n ovel do ctrin es were e volved
th os e chiv a lrou s s en timen ts which imp a rte d to Eu ,
la ws a n d cu s to ms wo ma n did n o t exis t i n a s ta te o f
tutel a g e . Th e qu a li ty o f in fa n t o r ch a ttel h a s to a ,
w as d e c ri e d a s p ed a n try o r w o rs e ; i t w a s ra rely th a t
a h ou s e wif e c o uld write h er n a m e ; a n d ev en th e p rin
th e m a n d which i s a s old a s th e P h a ra o h s
, N ever ,
within th ei r g a rmen ts By th e ta le o f J o s e ph b e
.
a dm o n i s h ed a n d gu a rd a g a in s t th e i r s tra ta g em s
, .
f or s o m a n y a g e s I t i s emin en tly un fa ir f o r u s to
.
th ei r p ro p ri ety w e a t a di s ta n c e o f eight th ou s an d
,
deb a s emen t Th e s ta n da rd o f mo ra l s u n de r th e H i s
.
n oun c ed a s in fa mo u s th e hu s b a n d w h o p ermitted h i s
s p ou s e to l a b or i n o rd e r th a t h e migh t p ro fit by h e r
ea rn i n g s I n c a s e O f his d ea th s h e w a s e n title d to a
.
th e d es c en d a n ts o f a free dm a n to a s s i s t a n d protect
a t th e ri s k o f th ei r liv es a ll m e mb ers o f th e fa mily
b oa rd h a d a ls o a c a b a li s ti c a n d a s trologic a l s ignifi
c an c e L on g b e fore th e a pp ea ra n ce o f M oh amm e d
. ,
thi s g a m e w a s th e s o l a c e o f th e v a g ra n t s h eik s o f th e
D e s ert an d th e de light o f th e wea lthy tra ders o f
Yemen I t foll owe d ev erywh ere in th e tra in o f th e
.
a rm s , th e pl a te th e fu rn iture Of th e p a la c e
, S ome .
th e c o urt ; a n d it w a s n o u n u s u a l o cc urren c e f or
pl a ye rs to p a s s th e en ti re d a y en gros s ed by i ts fa s ci
n a tion s a n d en tirely oblivio u s o f th e i r s u rroun din g s .
fore th e H e gi ra N a ip e th e S p a n i s h n a me f or them
.
, ,
th e M o h a mm e da n p o p ul a tion O f th e P en in s ul a , b u t
th e c o pi o u s a cc o u n ts Of th e prev a len c e o f oth er vic es
un der th e domin a tion O f th e emirs a n d th e kh a lifs
would s eem to i n dic a te from th e g en era l s ilen c e on
,
thi s p oi n t th a t g a min g w a s n ot c o mm on ly p ra c ti s ed
, .
eff u s i on s
, wh ile th ey c ould s c arc ely b e dign ifie d by
th e n a me o f p o etry y et o ften c on tribute d to th e diver
,
n a ti on s to th e S p a n i s h gyp s i es Of o u r d a y w e re c on ,
a s w e u n d ers ta n d it w as u n kn o wn to th e M o s l em s
, .
th e g h awa z ee Of Egyp t o f th e J ew es s o f T un i s Of
, ,
h ave witnes s ed th em .
a n d f o r c en tu ri es th e vers es o f th e K o ra n h a ve been
th e o c ta v e a n d i t i s s a id by l ea rn e d a uth ori ty on th e
,
o f th e A ra b s o f S icily a n d S p a in .
o cc a s i o n s b u t i ts n ote s b ro ugh t c o n s o l a ti on a n d c om
,
o f s o u n d p ro m ote d c o n v a l e s c en c e I ts a ph ro dis i a c al
.
m a n do cto rs th at to h ea r mus i c i s to s in a g a in s t th e
l a w ; to m a k e mu s i c i s to s in a g a in s t religion ; to take
”
pleas u re in it i s to b e g uilty o f i n fidelity Notwith .
th e Ara b s ; a n d th e pro fe s s i on a l mu s i c i an wh os e ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 6 67
c u s s i o n a n d e s p e ci a lly drum s a n d ta mb ou ri n e s
, were ,
a th ru s t a l on g th e s pi n e i n fro n t o f th e s h oulder to ,
Th e s c en e w a s l a id i n on e o f th e m a n y s qua res o f th e
va s t M os lem c a pita l A s eri es Of a rc a des a nd gal
.
th e Atlas a n d th e S o ud a n wi th g em s tudde d w ea p on s
,
-
a n d a rm or d a m a s c en e d with g o ld Th e b a lu s tra d es Of
.
mél é e th e retreat
, I n th e con fu s in g movements o f
.
a n u mb er Of ri n g s o f g o ld On e a fter a n oth er th e
.
s en t i t to th e l a dy wh o s e c o l o rs h e h a d w orn i n th e
s to w e d up on th e m o s t o rth o d o x M os l e m .
s i on a l rel a x a ti o n s o f a rdu o u s a n d p ro l on g e d m en ta l
ou s c o n s titu e n ts o f a p ro u d a n d tu rbul e n t s o ci e ty th e ,
e th n ol o gy ca n b e d ra wn th a n th a t p res en te d by th e
mu s t f or th e p ro o fs o f i ts grea tn es s a n d th e
look
tro phi es o f i ts glory I ts s a lu ta ry i n flu en c e i n mo di
.
tribute o f g ra titud e .
l i g i o n a n d h is la n gu a g e a re on ce es ta bli s h e d th ere th ey ,
th e e a s tern s h o re o f th e Atl an ti c to th e C hi n a S ea .
a rm s —w ere c o m p ell e d to
g o in to exi le o r ren oun ce
th e ir fa ith an d a b an d on th ei r l a n gu a ge I n n either .
MOORI SH E M P IRE IN E UROPE 675
a n d th e e xp eri en c e o f S i x c en tu ri es which h a v e l on g ,
s e qu en t o n M oo ri s h e xpul s i on .
a n d m e ekn es s o f i ts Di v i n e F ou n d e r— ra g e d fie rc ely
tortu re d m en .
th e M o s lem s up eri o r to th o s e o f a ll h i s p re de c es s o rs
, ,
a ll ow a n c e w a s m a d e f or th e ch a n g e d con diti on s re
i n im ic a l to th e on e which w a s p ro fe s s e d fro m th e
M e di terra n ean c oa s t to th e verge O f th e Arcti c C i rcle .
a dv a n c emen t o f m a n kin d .
s ea s. Th e S a ra c en s O f S icily s a ck e d th e s ubu rb s o f
Rom e a n d i n s ulte d th e s a cre d m a j e s ty Of th e H oly
F a th er in th e Va tic a n I n every tra de c en tre o f th e
.
-
E a s t a n d W e s t i n th e s treets of C a n to n a n d D e lhi
, ,
i n th e b a z a a rs Of D a m a s cu s a lon g th e cro wd e d qu a ys
,
o f Al e x a n d ri a b es id e th e s c a ttere d w e ll s o f th e S a
,
th ei r pu rch a s es a n d th e s h rewdn es s o f th ei r b a rg a i n s .
en e a n d en er
c gy ha ve n ever been able to s urpas s ; in
th e c o ll ec ti on o f im men s e libra ri es ; i n th e ma in ten é
a n d b e a u ty th e v a u n te d p o mp a n d s em i b a rb a ric c ere
,
-
le ft by a s wa rm o f lo cu s ts M a n y works o f clas s ic
.
th e ir c a u s e a n d s e cu re d th e ete rn a l c on tempt o f th e
O ri en ta l ; f o r even th e n a me o f Ch ri s tia n ity w a s u n
worthil y degra de d by s uch vile a s s o ci ati on s Th e .
s ecure d a d oubl e m e a s u re o f c on s e qu en c e a n d p ow er .
g u i n a ry ta s te s e n g e n d e re d by th e C ru s a d es I n oth er .
e v er a pp roa ch e d th e A ra b s Th e ir c on qu e s ts were
.
s e cu re d a n d th ei r g o vern m e n t m a d e p e rm a n en t by
, ,
th e a ppro p ri a ti on o f th e w o m en o f v a n qui s h e d n a
ti on s . Th eir comm erc e to which i n a la n d de s titute
,
s i ty d ev e lo p e d th e i r tra di n g p ro p en s i ties a n d by a s s o
, ,
th e m en Of a ll ra c es a n d th e p ro du cts o f a ll c o un tri es ;
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 6 83
th e i n ce s s a n t fluc tu a ti on s O f hum a n O pi n i on a n d th e
in fin i te va ri a tion s o f religious b eli e f h a ve reta in e d ,
th e mo s t en ligh te n ed thin ke rs o f th e p re s en t a g e Th e .
s tron gh o ld o f M os l em p o w er th e h o m e o f M o s l em
,
wa ke o f th e exultan t c on qu eror .
686 IN DE X
Alf on s o L, Kin g o f th As turi e as , i . 3 5 7 ; 11 15 e x p editions , 35 9 ; h i s
d ea t h , 3 61 .
Alf on s o I II .
, e xp l oits o f, i . 5 32 .
Alf on s o VI .
,
re fo rm s o f , I I . 1 62 p row es s o f, 1 83 ; e n ters T ole do ,
185 .
Alf on s o VI I I w i n s . b ttle a Of L as Na v as , ii 33 1. .
Alf on s o X .
,
gr ea t t l t a en s o f, ii . 44 1 ; liter ry a wor k s, 443 ; his
d ea t h ,
4 44 .
Alf on s o XI Gi br l t . 483
,
d ea t h o f, b f e o re a a r, I I . .
Al —
H k m I as n d s th
e thr n i 4 40 ; d f t h i un c les 4 43
. a ce e o e, . e ea s s , ,
i g n d de th 4 74
n s a a , .
Al H k m I I
-
a i
e f i 636 637 ; h r ter f 668 ; hi s
.
,
a c c es s on o , .
, c a ac o ,
Alh m b a igin f i 5 4 7 ; m g ifi
ra , o r e 5 2 5 ; g rd n s 5 2 9 o , . a n c en c ,
II . a e , .
Al h d g b ttl e f i 5 8 8
an e a, a o ,
. .
Al H r pp in te d m i b y th Vi c oy f Afri
-
or a o i 2 72 e r e er o c a, . .
Ali ru l r f Sp in ii 8 7 ; h i s v m u es 8 9 90 ; h i de th
, e o a ,
. se e re ea s r , , s a ,
93 .
Al —
M a ghreb, i ts e xt en t an d f rtility i e , . inv i n o f by
134 ; as o ,
Ab d ll h 1 38 ; b y I bn
a a , H j ij 14 1 ;
a , i s c n que r d b y Okb h
o e a ,
Mu s a , 1 62 .
Al Ma n s ur— s e e l b n ~a b i —
-
Amir .
Alm h des o a , i
r s e o f, ii . 255 .
Al Mo n d h i r, cha ra c te r o f ,
-
i . 5 33 ; is p o i s o n ed , 5 35 .
Al Morth a d a , ii 9 1
-
. .
Al Na z e r, Ki n g o f Gra n a d a , ii 4 5 4
-
. .
Al S amh, E m i r, i 2 73 ; i nva de s F ra n c e, 2 76 ;
-
. iskilled 2 77 , .
Al —
Z a ga l de fe a ts Chri s ti a n s , ii 5 63 ; b ec omes . kin g 5 9 1 ; b dic , a a
ti on o f , 664 .
AlZ k l c l p yd
-
ar a , e s ra of, ii . 1 64 ; qu a d ra nt of, iii . 4 35 ; su gges ts
lli pti c l b it
e a or , 4 77 .
Amu l t f A b i e s O ra s, . 36 .
An b a s a h —
I bn —
S oh i m s u cc ee d s Ab d—l a -
h
R a ma n , i . 2 87 his s e er v
i nv des S ep ti m n i 2 90
i ty , 2 8 8 ; a a a, .
i flu c e 10 n en , .
I N DE X 68 7
1 9 ; di ff er c f m th r p tor l n ti n 1 9 ; bl d r en e ro o e as a a o s, oo e
id l t y 30; r l ti n hi p w ith J w 32 ; tr d f 39 ;
o a r , e a o s e s, a e o ,
w d e fu l onr f th r c e 5 4 ; reb l ft r d th f M
r c a ree o e a , e a e ea o o
h mmed 1 2 8 a
ec 5 40 er oo s o a , . .
Art b s n e f i n Ar b i iii 5 35
, a e c o , a a, . .
A turi f u d ti n o f th ki n gd m f i 34 1
s as , o n a o e o o , . .
l tter 735 a , .
Av rr e iii 4 73—4 75
e o s, . .
Kh lif 2 72 a , .
B di Ki g f G d
'
a s, 1 34
n o ra n a a, II . .
B lj —I b B h b ieg d i C ut i 3 14 ; li v d by Ab d l
a n- es r es e n e a, . re e e -
a
B l t k b y th F k i 4 5 0
a rc e o n a a en e ra n s, . .
B z i g f ii 65 1 ; p itul ti
a a, s e e o f 663 ,
. ca a on o , .
B do i s lif d h t f i 1 7
e u n , e an c a ra c e r o , . .
B e i Kh ldu c l f i 5 5 2
n -
a n, an o , . .
Be b igi
r e rs , o r d h t i ti c f i 1 36 ; l n gu ge
n an d gov c a ra c e r s s o , . a a an
m t 1 3 7 1 3 8 ; pp
e rn en d b y A b 3 1 3 32 5
, , O res s e ra s, , .
B mu d
er Ki g f Leo a, d s h m ge t Al M u i 72 7
n o n , ren er o a o -
an s r, . .
B h t u t fB l
e rn ar , kill d i 49 2
co n o a rc e on a , e , . .
B ez i e s de t u ti
r f iii 9 8
, s r c on o ,
. .
B i s c y i t u gg d s d v
a , s r lim te i 338 e ne s an se e re c a , . .
B l ck S t
a f K b i 35 on e o aa a, . .
B b dil t k p i
oa t Lu a 5 68 ;
en l s d 5 72 ; h i r s on e r a c en a , II . re ea e , s
w thl s ch or t 5 94 es a ra c e r, .
B t y f Sp i h M l ms iii 4 86 4 8 7
o an o an s os e , .
, .
B y z ti E mp i
an nediti f ft b b i que t i 70;
re , c on on o , a er a r a r a n c on s , .
l es 38 1 382
c as s , ,
.
C m
ar t k by A b i
on a a en ra s, . 2 35 ; i ts S i e ge ra s e i d by Ab d -al
R hm n I 4 00 a a .
,
.
688 I N DE X
tr de 1 4 8 ; r ligi n 1 5 1 ; b u i l din g s 1 5 2 ; th Me g ra 1 52 ;
a e o a
,
e , , ,
th e R m n c i ty i ts a rt o i ts le rn in g
a n d i ts vi c es 15 3 ; , s, a ,
a ,
t rme d b y H
s o n 154 as s a ,
.
h i d e fe t n d de th 4 02
s a a a ,
.
Ch rl m gn inv d Sp in i 405
a e a e a es a , . .
Ch s g me f i tr du d by th e Ar b s iii 66 1 662
e s, a o n o ce a ,
.
, .
uti n
c f b y th e kh lifs 204—
o o 206 , a , .
2 36 ; h i de th 2 3 7 s a , .
1 9 4 2 1 1 ; i n r s in g p w r of ii 42 0; w
, lth of 4 22
c ea o e , . ea ,
.
Sp in 2 2 4 ; r ti re t C eut 2 59
a , e s o a, .
C v don g b ttle f i 35 0
o a a, a o , . .
De H a ute vill H e, o us e o f , ii . 54 .
E gi h i s tyr n n y i 2 1 6
za , a , . .
E gy pt e ff ct o f i t c ivili z ti on on th e Arabs
, e s a , i . 1 32 :
E lvi r foun d ti n n d w rs of i 5 4 2—5 49 ;
a, a o a a , s urre n d ers to Ab d
l—
.
R hm n I I I 5 67
a a a .
, .
69 0 I NDE X
vi z ie f M oh mm e d de fe
H a s c h i m, r o a ,
a te d b y th e Ch i s ti n s i 5 19 r a ,
. .
H s d i mb s s dor of th e Kh li f i
a a , a a a a ,
. 5 9 3 ; cu res S a n cho th e F a t ,
5 95 .
H gie ra , i . 88 .
H i s c h em I .
, Em ir i , . 42 1 ; his c h a ra c te r, 4 22 ; i h h is
wa r w t
un c es , l 425 ; h is ar m i es
inv de Fr n c e 42 9 ; a a ,
h i s death 4 39 , .
H i s c h em I I . k pte in tutel g i 7 1 6 ; ev re re
a e, . s e s tr i n ts imp s e d
a o
h i m, 7 1 7 ;
on s a pp e a ra n c e of , 76 1 di .
H i s c h em I I I , 71 ; ea t o f , a t S a ra
. ii . h d gos s a, 1 08 .
H uma n s a c r fice s o f ra s , 37 i A b i . .
I be i th ei
r ans , ud ss d ig c e i 3 39 34 0
r r en e an n o ra n , .
, .
I b A bbn- mi is t f Z b i ii 1 2 9
as , n er o o a r, . .
I b n b i Ab d i v d
-
a -
Le d i d f t d i 5 76 5 77
a n a es on a n s e ea e ,
.
, .
I b —bi Ami
n a t -
m i s s i o t Af i r s en i 64 9 ; h i b s t i n thon n o r ca , . s oa e
g d e 68 6 ; ar ly n, f 68 8 68 9 ; d uc t f i ea r c a ree r o , , c on o ,
n
707 ; b u b ks f th lib y 7 1 0; rn s g i z es th my
oo o e ra r ,
reor a n e ar ,
7 1 1 ; b e me ul e f Mo i s h Sp ico 72 0; h i s c mp ig
s r r o or a n, a a ns ,
72 3 72 4 ; m d Al M s u
, 72 4 ; h i i v i o na f G lic i e -
an r, s n as n o a a,
7 3 8 ; h i s d e th 74 4 ; h i s ch t 74 4 74 5 a , a ra c e r, , .
I b Abu d e th f iii
n- , a o , .
I bn l Aw m b t i c l w k o f iii 607
-
a -
a , on a n a or , . .
I b D j hw
n- i f ii 1 06 ; g e t t l t f 1 1 2
a a r, r s e o , . r a a en s o , .
Ib F n- t K di f T
o ra i i v d s S i ily ii 1 2 ; h i s d th 1 7
a o un s , n a e c ea
pu s u s Ab d—l R hm
, , .
,
.
I b H b i b Vi e y f Af i c
n- a , c ro i 38 7 o r a, r e a -
a a n, . .
I b H ud f mily f ii 1 1 5
n- ,
a o , . .
I bn K u -
hien ev l t i 64 7 n, d f ts Al H kem 64 7 t ke to
s r o , . e ea -
a ,
a n
C d v 65 1 p t to de th 730
or o a, u a , .
Ib — S h b y d w e l th o f i 61 5
n o e ,
a ,
. .
I m p vi ti ro p i z d by A b i 5 0
sa on r e ra s, . .
I du t i l
n t i Sp i
s r a iii 5 75 —5 77
ar s n a n, . .
I t di t i t t
n er c iii 335
, s e rro rs , . .
I ig ti
rr i M
a i h Sp i iii 601 602
on n oo r s a n, .
, .
I b ll
sa h
e t a,of ii 5 39 ; h p pul ity e t s th e mp
c a ra c e r , . er o ar ,
n er ca
b f M l g 632 ; id my b f e B z 661
e o re a a a, a s ar e or a a, .
I s l m i t u p ec e den te d c
a , s e ni 61 63 ; s l w p g
r f wh a re r, .
,
o ro res s o , en
i t 1 1 4 1 1 5 ; th b
, e fit i t ,
f e d on th e A bs 1 1 6 1 1 7 e en s c on e rr ra , ,
it g d hi v m ts 12 5
s ra n ac e e en , .
I m il I Ki g f G
s a d ii 4 5 9 n o ra n a a, . .
INDE X 69 1
J ime I of Ar gon
a . h te of a , c a ra c r ,
Middl e Ages 1 1 8 1 1 9 ; g d i fl u c of i Sp in 1 2 7 ;
, , oo n en e ,
n a ,
J unquera b ttle of i 5 8 3 , a , . .
K dir
a , ru er o f l T ol edo ii ,
. 1 79 ; e x p ll d e e , 1 84 .
2 79, 2 80 .
K h d i j h m rri s M h mm d i 8 4
a a a e o a e ,
. .
1 08 ; b en ign p r pt 1 09 ec e s, .
Koreis h gu rd i a ns o f t mp l f M
,
a i 81 e e o ecc a , . .
La s Na v s d e T ol b ttl f ii 3 3 1
a os a , a e o , . .
L i b raries o f th e Ar b iii 4 70 a s,
o4 60 a ,
. .
Loj c rri d b y s to m
a a e r ,
Love C ou ts o f iii 80
,
r ,
. .
Luce r S r c en ol y f iii 5 2
a, a a c on o , . .
Ma gi c o f th e Ara b s i 3 6 ,
. .
Ma lik - I bn -An a s , s ec t o f, i 4 35
—
. .
Moal l k t i 4 6 4 9
a a , .
, .
o f hi ms el f 96 ; h i p rs on l pp e r n e an d ma nn ers 98 s e a a a a c , .
i 5 01 5 03 ; oh so o a -
a an
ta ins th e em
,
.
,
i r te 5 05 —5 07 ; h i s z l 5 08 ; death of 52 5 a ,
ea , , .
Moh mmed I I Ki n g f G n d ii 4 3 6
a .
, o ra a a, . .
Moha mme d I I I d ep s d ii 4 5 0 . o e ,
. .
Mohamme d VI I p rid e of ii 5 03 .
, ,
. .
f es s ors , 78, 79 .
Leon a n d C s tile 2 4 4 ; tt m p t d re f rm o f 2 5 9 ; th e ir
a ,
a e e o ,
Gr n a d 2 77 h d th ugh th e m untai n s 2 99 ; fin al
a a, c as e ro o ,
exp u l s i on from th P n in ul 3 18 3 19 e e s a, , .
M s h fi vi z i er of Al —
o a ,
H a k m I I i 65 1 ; riv lry w ith I bn abi e .
,
. a
-
667 , es o , .
troub le s o f 5 4 2 5 5 2 ; d e th o f 633 a
Mus a I bn —
.
, , ,
-
Nos s ey r h i s origin i 15 7 ; a pp oi n ted gen era l i n , ,
.
2 5 3 ; h i s p un i s hm n t n d d th 2 5 6 2 5 7 e a ea , , .
69 4 INDE X
P op ul tion o f Mooris h Sp in i 61 3 ; i ts great c iti es 61 4
a a , .
, .
P ub lic wo k s of th e M i 6 14 6 1 8
r oors , .
, .
Qua dros , 11 44 9 . .
Ques a d a ta ken b y S a n ch o el B v ii ra o, . 4 47 .
Reven ues kh a li f i 6 1 4
of th e s, . .
Ro de rick a c ces s i on o f i 2 1 9 ; h i s h
, , . c a ra c ter, 220; viola tes d a ugh
ter o f C oun t J ul i n 2 2 1 a , .
R us f h g rd en o f i 4 12 62 4
a a , a ,
.
, .
S a l a d o ba ttl e o f th e ii 4 8 1
, , . .
S n cho el B r vo Ki ng of C tile ii 44 5
a - -
a , as , . .
S ep ti m n i a i ts origin
a d x t nt i 2 74 2 75
, an e e , .
, .
411 .
o f i ts p eop l e 69 , .
S ia l li fe o f th e H is p n o Ar b i ii 652 65 3
oc a -
a , .
, .
I NDE X 69 5
St. J a m es th e Ap s tl l gen d f i 4 7 1
o e, e o . .
S tuc c o iii 5 4 9
, . .
S yr cu s fi t s ie g
a e, rs e of, by th e Moo rs ii 13 ; s to rm e d by them
—
,
.
,
38 4 0 .
T ik inv d Sp i i 2 2 5 ; m h
ar a es thw d 2 37 qu a n, . a rc es n or ar ,
a rre s l
w ith M us 2 48 a, .
T rub tr che y o f i 5 01
a , ea r , . .
T x ti
a a f t i b ut ri s i 2 60
on o r a e , . .
T n dill
e C u t f C pt in G n r l f Gr d iii 2 4 0
a, o n o a a -
e e a o ana a, . .
Th l ba a is d t p w i 3 1 8 ; h i ru lty 3 1 8
a ra e o o e r, . s c e ,
.
Th d mi r u r n d r M ur i t th A b i 2 4 7
eo o s r e e s c a o e ra s, . .
Th l gy i n A b i n Sp in iii 4 60
eo o ra a a ,
. .
T t Qu
o a, f N v h bility i 5 92 ; vi it C o d v
ee n o a a rre, er a , . s s r o a, 5 94 .
T i bu l o f th e W t
r na iii 602 603 a e rs , .
, .
T ub d urs in flu n
ro a f iii 82 8 3
o , e ce o ,
.
, .
Ub ed a s a c ke d b y th e Chris ti a n s , ii 34 0 . .
5 63 .
V l
a en c a i ta k en by J im ii a e, . 38 2 ; e xp l io u s n of M oors f ro m, iii .
3 14 .
V a s es f th H i p o A b iii 5 8 5 e s an o - ra s, . .
Vi ig th
s igi
o d m ig ti
s , or f i n an ra on s o , . 1 66, 1 67 c on s t ituti on a n d
g ve m t 1 69 1 70 ; u il
o rn en , ,
co nc s, 1 71 ; hu h c rc es , 195 ; a rts ,
1 9 6 ; m n u f tur 1 9 6 ; m di c i a ac es , e n e, 19 7 ; d e s r s , 1 99 ; p ro fli
f th d li e of th i r p w r 2 63
g cy 2 2 7 a us ca es o e ec n e o e , .
,
Wa d h i h govern or ,
of C d v i 75 9or o a, . .
W a te r, s ymb li o c us e o f m g O ie t l
,
a on r n a n a t on s ,i i ii 5 73, 5 74
. .
69 6 INDE X
Wi ti za b ec omes ki n g i , . 2 17 ; his w i se m ea s ures , 2 1 8 ; hi s ex
c es s es , 2 19 .
K at iv pros p rity
a, e o f, ii . 38 7 ; b es ieged b y J ime a , 38 9 ; s u rren der
o f, 39 1 .
A b ic m us c i pts
ra an r at Gr ana d a, 243 .
Ab d l R hm n I I 4 68
-
a -
a a .
, .
Y hy I b n S l m h E mi r i 2 9 1
a a- -
a a , , . .
Y ku b l —
a M n u i nv d es A n d lus i ii 307 d th f 3 14
-
a a s r a a a, . ea o , .
Yu u f—l F hri E m i i 32 0 ;
s a -
b dic tes 394 i killed 396
e ,
r, . a a , s , .
Y us u f Ki g f Gr n d
, t th b ttl
n f S l d
o ii 4 8 0; h r a a a, a e a e o a a o, . c a
a c ter o f , 4 84 .
Yu s u f S ult
, an ofAlmoh d ii 2 99 ; publi c w ks f a es , . or o ,
at S evil le ,
ter o f, 241 .
Z hir f n d d by Al M ur i 7 1 7
a a ou e -
an s ,
. .
Z i d w li f B
a , l a hi h o i d f n c i 44 9 a rce o n a , s e ro c e e e, . .
Z ll c
a b ttle f ii 204
a a, a o , . .
Z m r s t rm d b y th M rs i 732
a o a o e e oo , . .
Z yd—I b n K s d v rru A d lu i i 2 38
e -
e a e o e ns n a s a, . .
Zi d t All h S lt
a e -
f Af ria ii 1 0 , u an o c a, . .
Zi y b th mu ic i n i 4 9 6 ; h i v r ti l ity 4 9 7
r a , e s a , s e sa
Z iy d—
.
I bn —
.
,
a Afl h p re f t id c n p i r y i 709 a , ec , a s o s ac , . .
Z b ir I b
o e l hi cc s d u i g th e i nv s i n
n- a f Afri s su es r n a o o ca, i .
Z n ri Heb r w p roph t i 2 89
o a a, e e , . .
E ND OF V L O UM E III .