STATISTICS AND PROBABLITY 2.

PIE GRAPH - is useful when presenting the sizes

of components that make up a certain whole entity

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
3. LINE GRAPH - graph show trends and increases or
decreases in sales, scores , body temperatures of
patients, enrolment of students in certain courses, or
1. NOMINAL - measurement scale classifies
population per year
elements into two or more categories.

4. BAR GRAPH - graphs are usually presented to

2. ORDINAL - measurement scale ranks individuals compare data or to determine which class or interval
in terms of the degree to which they possess a is common or appears frequently in the text
characteristic

MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

3. INTERVAL - measurement scale that, in
(UNGROUPED DATA)
addition to ordering scores from highest to
lowest, establishes a uniform unit in the scale so
that any distance between two consecutive 1. MEAN - finding by sum of the given values
scores is of equal magnitude. and dividing it by total number of values.

4. RATIO - mesurement scale that, in addition to

being an interval scale, also has an absolute zero in
the scale EXAMAPLE: THE SCORE OF THE STUDENTS
(12,11,10,9,8,8,9,10,12,13)
MEAN = 12+11+10+9+8+8+9+10+12+13
TYPES OF VARIABLES
= 102
= 102÷10(divided by 10 bec. The total
1. QUALITATIVE VARIABLE - are variables that are
number of values is 10)
classified according to some attributes or categories.
= 10.2 FINAL ANSWER

2. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE - are variables that are

classified according to numerical characteristics MEDIAN - is the value separating the higher half from
the lower half of a data sample

1. ARRANGE THE GIVEN VALUES INTO HIGHEST TO

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES LOWEST/LOWEST TO HIGHEST

1. DISCRETE - are variables whose values are H-L = 13,12,12,11,10,10,9,9,8,8

obtained by counting

2. GET THE MIDDLE OF THE NUMBER

2. CONTINUOUS - are variables whose values are
obtained by measuring.
13,12,12,11,10/10,9,9,8,8

THE MIDDLE IS BOTH TEN, THERFORE THE MEDIAN

TYPES OF GRAPH NOW IS 10. IT SIMPLY (10+10 = 20 ÷ 2 = 10)

ANOTHER EXAMPLE: 10, 10, 9, 8, 7

1. FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM - graphs can be applied
for grouped data
MEDIAN = 9 (from highest to lowest the middle number is n=6
9, therfore the median is 9)

STEP 3: i = Range ÷ n
MODE - is the value that appears most often
i = 29 ÷ 6

i = 4.8
13,12,12,11,10,10,9,9,8,8
i=5

CREATE A DISTRIBUTION TABLE:

MODE = 12, 9, 8 ( bec. 12, 9,8 are appears twice)
*ALWAYS START FROM LOWEST NUMBER

ANOTHER EXAMPLE: 10, 10, 9, 8, 7

f x fx L U Cf

1-5 2 3 6 0.5 5.5 2

MODE = 10 (bec. It appears twice)
6-10 6 8 48 5.5 10.5 8

11-15 1 13 13 10.5 15.5 9

ANOTHER EXAMPLE: 10, 9, 9, 8, 8,8
16-20 3 18 54 15.5 20.5 12

21-25 12 23 276 20.5 25.5 24

MODE = 8 (BEC. IT APPEARS THRICE)
26-30 6 28 168 25.5 30.5 30

N ∑fx=
MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL TENDENCY = 565
30
(GROUPED DATA)

MEAN : ∑fx ÷ N
STEP 1: FIND THE RANGE
= 565 ÷ 30
RANGE = HIGHEST SCORE - LOWEST SCORE
= 18.83 (is in the range of 16-20)

N 
STEP 2: FIND THE CLASS INTERVAL   Cfa 
n = 1+3.3logN MEDIAN : Lmd +  2  xi
 f 
 
 
STEP 3: FIND THE CLASS SIZE
 30 
i = Range ( R ) ÷ class interval (n)
 9
= 15.5 +  2  x5
 3 
 
 
EXAMPLE:
 15  9 
=15.5 +   x5
 3 
30 25 25 30 26 24 23 24 24 5

6 9 9 9 21 21 20 12 18 20 6
=15.5+   x5
1 30 30 21 22 25 25 28 9 6
3
=15.5 + (2)x5

STEP 1: RANGE = HIGHEST SCORE - LOWEST SCORE =15.5 +10

= 30 - 1 = 25.5

= 29

 1 
MODE: Lmo+   xi
STEP 2: n = 1+ 3.3 log N  1   2 

n = 1+ 3.3 log 30 (N=30, bec.the total given *To get 1 you need to get the frequency -
values is 30) frequency above ( 3-1=2)

n = 5.8
 *To get 2 you need to get the frequency -
frequency above ( 3-12=-9)

 2 
= 15.5 +   x5
 2  (9) 

 2 
= 15.5 +   x5
7

 2
=15.5+    x5
 7

 3
=15.5+   1 
 7
=14.07

PROBABILITY:

SAMPLE SPACE OF AN EVENT:

1. You rolled a die and would like to know the chance of

getting an even number as a result?

S={2,4,6}

2. ROLLING A 5 ON A DIE

S= {5}

3. DOUBLE-DIGIT EVEN NUMBER

S={10,12,14,16,18,20…}

4. Number of females among two newborn

babies
S={0-F, 1-F, 2-F, 3-F, 4-F}