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Wireless

© Hitesh Mohapatra

➢ Wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth.


➢ Connecting Devices:
➢ Passive Hub
➢ Repeater
➢ Active Hub
➢ Bridge
➢ Two layers Switch
➢ Router
➢ Three layers Switch
➢ Gateway
Wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth.

 IEEE has defined the specifications for a


wireless LAN, called IEEE 802.11, which
covers the physical and data link layers.
IEEE 802.11 - WLAN/Wi-Fi
 Wireless LAN (WLAN, also known as Wi-Fi) is a set of low tier, terrestrial,
network technologies for data communication.
 The WLAN standards operates on the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Industrial, Science
and Medical (ISM) frequency bands.
 It is specified by the IEEE 802.11 standard [2] and it comes in many different
variations like IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n.
 The application of WLAN has been most visible in the consumer market
where most portable computers support at least one of the variations.

Standard Ad hoc Infrastructure

802.11a/b/g/n Yes Yes


802.15.1 Yes No
802.15.4 Yes No
802.15.6 Unknown Unknown
History of Wi-Fi

 Wireless Fidelity, more known by its short form Wi-Fi, is a digital


communications protocol, through which gadgets can communicate with
each other in a unicast or a broadcasting manner without using any wires.
The idea of fast speed wireless LAN originated when the United States
Federal Communications Council, a communication agency of the US
government, decided in the year 1985 to utilize a few bands of wireless
spectrum without subjecting them to a license fee. Following this, the IEEE
committee for 802 standards which manages networking protocols among
electronic devices, formed an extension 802.11 which would work on the
wireless mode. This committee was founded in the year 1990 and was
headed by Victor Hayes, Father of Wi-Fi. Taking on the license free bands
(now being termed as ISM bands) and collaborating with networking giants
such as Nokia, Motorola etc, the committee introduced WLAN legacy of
Wi-Fi in the year 1997.
Block Diagram Explaining Data
Communication in Wi-Fi Network
Overview of How MAC Layer uses Distributed
and Point Coordinated Function
MAC layers in IEEE 802.11 standard
Medium access
 In order to conduct two-way wireless communication a protocol detailing how the wireless
terminals are to access this medium must be established.
 The 802.11 standard specifies a method called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) used by Ethernet is the
wired counterpart to CSMA/CA. The CSMA/CA technique allows wireless transmissions to
be completed without interference from other terminals. When CSMA/CA is used a part of
the potential data rate is lost to the overhead of this protocol.
 If the communication was one-way only the communication channels could be better
utilized because the source terminal would not have to take into consideration
transmissions being sent from other terminals.
 In order to deal with the hidden terminal problem 802.11 can also use a request to send,
clear to send (RTS/CTS) scheme in order to reserve the channel for communication.
CSMA/CA
CSMA/CA and NAV
Example of Repetition Interval
Basic Service Sets (BSSs)
 A BSS without an AP is called an ad hoc network; a BSS with an AP is called
an infrastructure network.
Architecture
When two or more gadgets (stations or STA) are
connected to each other through Wi-Fi, they form a
basic service set (BSS) and the area that devices
connected in a BSS are covering is termed as Basic
Service Area (BSA). A BSA can extend up-to tens of
meters inside with BSS units can communicate in a fully
fledged manner. Interestingly, two or more BSS can be
collocated with the same BSA and will still not interfere
into each other’s working. This is possible through ad-hoc
networking. Under ad-hoc networking, the stations are
specifically connected to the one they want to
communicate with. Ad-hoc mode of networking is
temporary and stations connected under it can be
disbanded whenever the user wants.
When one BSS has to communicate with the other, a service called Access Point is added to the BSS.
Through Access Point, a wireless distribution system (WDS) gets created which connects two or more
BSS. Interconnection of multiple BSS’s is termed as Extended Service Set (ESS). It is through an ESS that
users of the wireless system can connect to a wired system like internet or an Ethernet network. Aiding
ESS in this connection is portal which is placed on the borders of the distribution system.
Extended Service Sets (ESSs)
Frame Format
Subfields in FC Field
Control Frames
Addressing Mechanisms
Hidden Station Problem
Exposed Station Problem
Use of handshaking in exposed station
problem
IEEE 802.15.1 - Bluetooth

 The IEEE 802.15.1 standard [3] is the basis for the Bluetooth wireless
communication technology.
 Bluetooth is a low tier, ad hoc, terrestrial, wireless standard for short range
communication.
 It is designed for small and low cost devices with low power consumption.
 The technology operates with three different classes of devices: Class 1,
class 2 and class 3 where the range is about 100 meters, 10meters and 1
meter respectively.
 Wireless LAN operates in the same 2.4 GHz frequency band as Bluetooth,
but the two technologies use different signalling methods which should
prevent interference.
Definition of Bluetooth

 Bluetooth is a wireless LAN technology designed to connect devices of


different functions such as telephones, notebooks, computers, cameras,
printers, coffee makers, and so on. A Bluetooth LAN is an ad hoc network,
which means that the network is formed spontaneously.

• Architecture
• Bluetooth Layer
• Baseband Layer
• L2CAP
Piconet
Scatter net
Bluetooth Layers
Frame Format Types
Reference

 Author: Behrouz A. Forouzan


 Publication:· Book
 Data Communications and Networking (McGraw-Hill Forouzan Networking)
 McGraw-Hill Higher Education ©2007
 ISBN:0072967757
AsKAny Question
hiteshmohapatra@yahoo.com

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