11/02 Lecture 14

RELIGION & POLITICS

I. Colonies are growing in population, in regards to the economy and territorially
II. Colonists are consuming English goods - this ties them to England
A. So they are technically culturally English
B. e.g. Franklin’s wife bought him a silver spoon and china
1. So it’s not just the planters, but the middle class is getting wealthier
III. Religion and Politics
A. With the exception of MD, the colonies were Protestant
B. Established churches (have certain privileges - could command tax support even from
those who didn’t go to the church)
1. Puritans in NE
2. Anglicans in VA
C. Some quakers were hung in the 1660s
D. Restoration (after 1660)
1. New colonies were founded
2. Broad degree of religious toleration
3. 18th cen: Anglican Church comes back and is established
a) Reduction in religious toleration in 1670s - 1730s
4. Expansion of religious toleration in older colonies like VA, MA
a) So minority denomination are tolerated and aren’t persecuted but will not
be allowed to build office or be in position/authority
E. Forced to accept a new charter in 1691 which removes provision ​and ​implement voting
policy in which you can vote if you have property
1. So you can now be an Anglican in New England
2. So there’s toleration for Protestantism
F. Lots of church building in the 18th century
1. 1500 churches by 1750 on the mainland colonies
G. Increase in colonists seeing themselves generally as Protestant
IV. The Enlightenment
A. Towards religion
B. In the early 1700s/18th century
1. Anglicans make a push to convert colonists
2. One of the strands of Anglicanism was an argument for the radical approach to
religion
a) We as protestants should be less concerned with doctrines and different
interpretations of the Bible but should focus on human reason/rationality
b) Known as ​latitudinarians
(1) Give latitude to people - room for debate & dialogue
 (a) Andrew Eliot
(i) God is reasonable, rational; He would never tell
you do anything that is unreasonable
(2) Argue against Calvinists’ idea of Predestination
(a) Unreasonable for God to choose who is damned for all
of eternity from the beginning
(3) John Locke
(a) Reasonableness of Christianity
c) The general movement is ​Arminian
(1) You have free will and can affect your own salvation
(2) Moves back to Catholicism a bit because Catholics are not
calvinists
d) Ironic because all this was made under the banner of Anglicanism
C. Great Awakening
1. Revival of Calvinism that is a reaction/concern about the older idea of
Predestination fading
2. Revive that older idea of God’s sovereignty and omnipotence
3. Jonathan Edwards was a prominent proponent of the older Predestination idea

BUT later the Great Awakening, through people like Whitfields, moved to
universal salvation - opposing Predestination
a) “Only God can save you, but he doesn’t choose an elect”
4. Happens in MA, CT, NY, NE
5. Dies out in the 1740s but is impactful and causes people to question the
established churches
6. Weakens the established churches and gives license to a more open-styled
preaching
a) Empowers minorities like the Baptists who have been challenging the
established churches
V. Natural Rights vs English Law
A. Natural rights was more radical - and this was the main rationale of the Declaration of
Independence
1. Forces you to consider the rights of women and slaves
VI. Assemblies start to gain more power than the government
11/07 Lecture 15
SLAVERY AND SLAVE TRADE PT. 1
(Early 1700’s period - period of growth and expansion)
RECAP FROM FRIDAY :
I. Religious toleration still prevalent
II. Push by the anglicans against the doctrine of predestination
A. The Enlightenment
1. These thinkers are applying a standard of rationality and reasonableness to
the Bible.
2. Moderation of Protestant Christianity
III. At the same time, there’s a reaction: The Great Awakening
A. Revival of the doctrine of predestination (Edwards)
IV. Politics
A. Some kind of representative assembly in every colony
B. William Penn makes the best short case for how the English understood the
government (said you must have a parliament)
1. Penn family sends a governor over (exception)
C. Assemblies gradually grow in power and authority
D. Post-Glorious Revolution: Monarch works with parliament
E. Governors have Power of the Purse (they control money/can levy taxes)
1. Money used in funding militia, etc.
F. Governor is the representative of the King in the colonies
1. The governors can’t control the assemblies that gradually grow in power
G. Colonists deal with authorities in London but lol none of the bodies in England give a
crap about the colonist governments
H. However, assemblies are subject to some laws in London so they can’t do things as freely
as they wanted to
I. Federation emerges in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution:
1. King has a lot of power, but
2. Power of Parliament is increasing (eg: they pass the Navigation Acts)
3. Laws that affect the everyday lives of colonists come from the Assembly and are
signed (sometimes reluctantly, sometimes vetoed) by the Governor.
J. Kings in the 1730’s and 40’s were German
1. Colonists were happy that their kings were Protestants
2. Ideally to live under a Protestant monarch who had limits to his power i.e. the
king was not above the law but under the law
 3. At the time, colonists are happy and mostly had negative feelings toward
Republicanism because it’s associated with the upheaval and violence of English
Civil War (but that would change before the Revolutionary War)
K. Catholics and non-Anglicans appealed to the king that it was unjust
1. Tolerate non-Anglican protestants
2. The law was overturned
L. How democratic were these colonial assemblies?
1. Limited to men; no women (they are subordinate, second class citizens in terms
of the law)
2. Had to have property to vote - not independent and could not exercise your right
in an independent way e.g. using your ‘master’ to vote or something like that
3. BUT franchise was much bigger than it was in England - easy for white males to
acquire property (way easier than in England) - waaaay more democratic than
England
a) 50-80% of white men had sufficient property
b) So it was very democratic compared to England (where 5% of white men
owned property and could vote)
(1) So the English Parliament was much less democratic
4. Turnout, however, is very low ~ approx. 25%
5. Prof. Yirush’s speculation
a) Democratic, but the small merchants, people, etc. deferred to the ​elites​ in
the colonies.
b) Men of wealth, property, and education controlled the House of
Burgesses.
c) Could get a more democratic voice depending on what the issue was at
the time
d) Gentry league!
6. Washington bought a crap ton of alcohol to get votes
a) Some in some sense, he had to appeal to the farmers to get their vote, so
the small landholders did have power.
V. Slavery
A. Small African groups in Jamestown colony
B. Slavery was ubiquitous (so most cultures around the world, even the Natives, had slaves),
BUT not hereditary or based on race. Captives of war were often slaves, but would often
be “adopted” into the culture.
C. Growing lucrative crops
D. Small scale slavery in Africa and then they start trading slaves
E. Portuguese gets control over Brazil - grows ​sugar​ cane in a way that’s profitable,
shippable (to Europe)
1. Large scale and voracious demand for labor
F. Labor from Native Americans initially, but they were pretty badly affected by European
diseases
G. Difficult to keep them in the plantations when they could escape into the mountains
H. So they (the Portuguese) develop the idea of importing African slaves.
I. 12M Africans were forcibly taken from their home and transported across the Atlantic
1. 2M died before enslavement (like during the passage over), so 10M were
enslaved.
2. Largest forced migration in human history
3. E.g. Venture Smith’s reading
J. Cram Africans in ships - more profitable to overload the ships because they’ll lose a
percentage that doesn’t matter
K. There’s a development of a much more destructive form of slavery because some African
Kingdoms are the ones who actually went inland to capture slaves to be sold to
Europeans.
1. Huge demand for Sugar and Tobacco
a) So changes in European consumption affects the slave trade (starting
with sugar)
L. By 1670s, Barbados (the tiny island) is growing more sugar than Brazil! Shows how
many slaves they are importing.
M. Move toward African slaves:
1. English servants are temporary, you have to free them. And they are English!
They know they will eventually be free, they know their rights.
2. Africans are more expensive upfront, but greater return in the long run. They are
slaves for life.
a) You can beat them with less fear of revolt as would be the case if you
beat an English servant.
b) Can’t all speak the same language
N. Jamaica because the most prosperous colony for the English at one point because of
sugar.
O. Barbadians eventually make a move to South Carolina.
P. Virginians eventually switch from servant labor to African slave labor.
11/09 Lecture 16
SLAVERY AND SLAVE TRADE PT.1I

I. Proprietors invite Barbadians to come and they bring their slaves with
II. Virginia
A. Aftermath of Bacon’s rebellion
B. A sense among elites in VA that it wasn’t ideal to rely on servants because they can rebel
C. 1680’s: There were Africans in VA but they were free Africans
D. Early 1700’s, VA adopted African slavery up till the American Revolution
E. By 1750’s, 150k africans were enslaved (massive slavery growth)
F. English have taken over from the Portuguese and Dutch as main traders of slaves
III. Rise of Slavery
A. Glorious Revolution
1. Headed up by the Royal Africa Company (led by James II)
a) Monopolized slave trade to English colonies
2. Outcome: greater impact on English people on liberty (inclusive of equal rights
to trade slaves)
3. No particular monopoly - ironic bc it was based on the liberty of English people
to trade
B. Period of Economic Growth
1. From crops that slaves are growing
IV. Maryland
A. Population of slaves is growing by natural increase
1. Not dependent on slave trade that constantly supplies more slaves
2. Slaves were able to grow food
V. Colonies north of Maryland
A. They have slaves too
1. BUT they weren’t used to grow stable crops
2. Grow grains, working on docks in port cities, household slaves
3. Less central to the economy
4. E.g. NY - 15% population is slaves
B. Also profiting from slavery even if their economy isn’t centralized on slaves
1. Continue since 1640 to ship grains, wheat, livestock, cattle
C. Used to grow molasses, make rum, trade rum
D. Slavery rebellions and revolts
1. Low level resistance sabotages, etc.
2. English were worried that they could be killed by their slaves
3. A lot of animosity towards slaves
VI. Colonies passed slave codes
A. Use the autonomy they have (the law-making power) for comprehensive slave codes
 B. Codifying the criteria for slaves e.g. race, religion, inheritance of slavery status, etc.
1. Differentiation between white and black
2. Required the white male population to be armed
C. 1660’s - 1705’s
VII. The rise of African American community
A. Starts to multiply in America, forms families
B. Some of them who were farmers back in Africa crucial in plantations
VIII. 1770’s : Moral critique on African slavery

I. Native Americans
A. By 1690’s/1700’s, coastal Native Americans have been subjugated/conquered
1. Try to rise up but were defeated
B. 1710’s - 30’s
1. Live on reserves as English colonies grow around them
C. Fur trade is still a profitable trade with English
D. Increasingly participating in the Atlantic World -- trading stuff back and forth
E. Become a part of the larger atlantic economy
F. Preserving their autonomy by signing treaty with English, French, and Spanish
G. Go to Montreal and sign treaty with French
1. Try to stay out of anything with English and French
2. The English/French were worried that the Natives would turn back on them
3. E.g. Treaty of Lancaster
H. Most of them are autonomous, living on their own land in the decades before the
American Revolution
II. Those living on the coast (in the middle of trade geographically)
A. Subjugated to English law and treated as second class citizens/subordinates
B. E.g. Mohegans who were in CT, they sided with the English when they had defeated the
Pequots
1. By 1700’s, they’re living on a diminishing reserve in CT
2. Can’t resist by force because the English was too numerous
3. Some assimilate, but they mainly sue them in London
4. Mohegans won!
a) The court in London wanted to limit the power of the colonies
(1) Use Native legal resistance to beat down CT’s autonomy
b) Also Mohegans were right - unfair treatment
5. CT does nothing, ignore it
6. Continue to insist that their chater didn’t allow the king to have the special king
court in the colony
a) English authorities were really weak
7. Mohegans continued to lose their land…
11/14 Lecture 17

I. At this time, colonies are growing and the Natives (on the frontier) are in league with the French
(who are in Quebec and Ontario).
A. Colonists fear alliance between the French and Indians.
1. Catholics and savages coming together is their worst nightmare
2. It’s like a cold war - they’re waiting for something to happen.
B. Early 1750s
1. The English and French both start descending into Ohio Valley (lots of rich
farmland there)
a) English have a land hunger, fed by slavery and tobacco, so they want to
expand over the mountains.
(1) Mainly Virginia and Pennsylvania.
2. 1755:
a) English send a large army led by Gen. Braddock (with Washington) to
the disputed territory between the French and English. Gets beaten bad.
(1) The Indians help the French because Braddock said they couldn’t
stay on their land.
3. 1755-56:
a) War starts. French send over a sizable force.
b) Hudson/Champlain corridor is very important:
(1) From New York, up the Hudson, to Lake Champlain
c) Strengths/Weakness of each:
(1) French were united; one governor with all the power. They also
have a long diplomatic relations with the Natives.
(2) English were still 13 separate colonies; they’re divided. British
have better access to the ocean (coastal colonies). British navy is
stronger. British have large population in the colonies. They are
also able to borrow more money/better credit risk.
4. 1757:
a) English colonies don’t want to help fund the war (build barracks/house
troops) because they still don’t have representation.
5. William Pitt changes the way the war is funded and fought.
a) Asks the colonies instead of demands; they respond positively
b) But Britain starts to go into debt; will be a problem before the
Revolution.
6. 1758: English capture Louisbourg.
a) They also capture Ft. Duquesne.
(1) They make a promise to the Ohio Indians that they can stay on
their lands after the war. So they switch sides from the french to
the British.
 (2) Natives also start to see that the English have better goods for
trading.
7. 1759: English take Quebec.
8. 1760: English take Montreal.
a) The hated catholic enemy is now defeated.
9. Meanwhile the English defeat the French in India. The Spanish lose Havana and
Manila to the English as well (cause the Spanish allied with the French). It's a
world war in many respects.
C. 1763: Peace treaty is signed. English are now arguably the most powerful empire since
Rome.
1. The Colonists also share in this English mindset of being the best empire in the
world… for now.
D. But England starts to change mindset towards the colonists:
1. The colonists should be the ones to pay off the war debt.
2. The English army remains in the colonies after the war.
a) They don’t want a frontier war; troops are a buffer between the colonists
and natives.
E. The colonists are proud to be English, but they start to consider the implications of being
english subjects. They think the English don’t value liberty as much.
11/16 Lecture 18

POST WAR
British have to manage/rule the lands/peoples they now control
● Pontiac’s Rebellion ​ - The Native Americans rebel under British rule because English don’t
honor obligations regarding land ownership
Reformed rule in London
● King-in-Parliament​ - royally appointed position in government (government by Ministers)
● Royal proclamation - colonist are barred from going west of the mountains
● Sugar act (1764), stamp act, navigation acts (tightened) were all implemented post war
● Stamp Act​ - all paper goods in the colonies had to bought through the English government
- Colonist rightly viewed this as taxation without representation
- Sons of Liberty ​- coerce (sometimes violently/mob) the “stamp collectors” to refuse their
positions
- The colonial resistance was so strong the Stamp Act was repealed (colonial anger also
initiated some boycotts)
- The British government issues the ​Declaratory Act​, asserts that British taxation powers
are the same in colonies as in England
- Additionally, they establish ​Parliamentary Sovereignty ​- the British government is
superior to all colonist governments (​Imperio in imperium​)
- Colonists are offered seats in parliament, but decline because
1. It wouldn’t be practical to travel back and forth
2. They would have constituted a small minority, and thus have no power
3. If they joined they can’t complain about representation
- Virtual Representation ​- the idea that all members of parliament can speak for all
British subjects, regardless of their geographical representation
- Townshend Acts​ - duties levied on a variety of items. Colonist become upset because
duties are supposed to be for regulating trade, but these are essentially a tax.
- English back off again in 1769?
11/19 Lecture 19
FINAL PAPER
I. Good writing matters
A. Come up with your thesis last
1. It should flow out of all the sources you’ve read
B. Revise, revise, revise
1. And read your own writing out loud
C. Passive Voice:
1. “It was decided to close the school”
2. But who decided?? There’s no ownership. It adds words and obscures agency.
D. Quotes:
1. Stay away from brackets; better to change my words than the document’s.
II. How to get an A:
A. About a debate between federalists and antifederalists
B. Antifederalists:
1. They oppose the constitution, mainly because there is no bill of rights.
C. Federalists:
1. Many argued that a bill of rights would be harmful
D. Organize your notes:
1. List all the arguments for both sides
E. You can use the first person in the evaluative section (like in the thesis: “I will argue
that…”
1. Thesis:
a) Although… (con)
b) Nevertheless…(thesis)
c) Because… (pros; support for thesis)
F. Every paragraph has a topic sentence… evidence… analysis...and a transition to the next
paragraph.
11/26 Lecture 20

1770’s
I. 1760: English try to reform the colonists
II. Colonists considered themselves slaves to the british because they had no say in their taxes.
A. They start to boycott British goods
B. British back down
1. Repeal the Stamp Act and Townshend act
C. 1770 - 73: Relative peace in colonies
III. 1773 - 74: ​Inevitability​ of a revolt
A. East India company - charter corporation - gained new territory in India
B. In India, things are getting expensive
C. Parliament took it upon itself to help the company out (owned shares)
1. Dropped the levied duty on tea
a) Waive the duty when it gets to England in hopes of selling it more?
b) Reduce smuggling by making it less profitable
2. The decide to only sell to certain merchants in America
D. Merchants who decided to sell the tea are attacked by angry colonists
E. In Boston, Thomas Hutchinson almost lost his life
1. Was Chief Justice and then Governor of MA
2. Insists that tea ships are unloaded - advantage of British troops in Boston
3. Then the Boston Tea Party happens (dump tea in the harbor)
IV. Intolerable (Coercive) Acts:
A. Attempt to crack down on the colonists, but the ones in Massachusetts in particular.
1. Closes the port of Boston (till repayment for the tea dumped in the harbor is
received)
2. Alters the way Massachusetts gov’t is structured (but how?)
a) Change the MA charter
V. Quartering Act:
A. Colonial gov’t was responsible for caring for the British army
B. Boston was under the Military Occupation
VI. Murder Act:
A. British soldiers didn’t have to have a trial in the colonies
B. Colonists thought this gave soldiers immunity (e.g.: Boston Massacre)
VII. Quebec Act:
VIII. Colonial assemblies (VA House of Burgesses) began to protest the course of Acts in summer of
‘74​ through ​boycotting
A. Began to issue proclamations and declarations
B. Outpouring of protest (towards the course of acts)
C. Colonies that have royal governor can send colonial assemblies back
D. Refused to be dissolved - form an ad hoc ​company
 E. Govern VA as a provincial convention
F. This is the colonist taking government into their own hands
IX. 1774 - 75:
A. Assemblies ​appeal​ directly to the king (​‘74​)
1. Violation of rights - appeal for an intercession
2. John Adams thought parliament should have no involvement in the colonies
(because they had no representation). Thought they should go directly to the
King. (cause all the colonies got their charter from the king in the first place, not
parliament).
3. Parliament should have NO CONTROL over colonies
a) Parliament and the political elites didn’t like this cause the king could
grow stronger (cause he would have all these little kingdoms that
parliament isn’t involved with)
b) Parliament wants to be ultimate authority
4. Colonists begin thinking federally ~ central government with smaller state
governments.
5. Parliament sees no other option but to coerce the colonists to submit to its
authority
B. 1774 - Continental Congress (composed of delegates from each colony)
1. Issue a series of declarations
2. Offer a fig leaf… effectively consent to parliamentary law
a) Self-government
(1) Unacceptable to the English
3. Pass another series of attempts to boycott British goods
a) Occurred in ‘75 and ‘76
C. 1775 - British have troops in Boston (since ‘67) and now affect the military occupation of
Boston.
1. MA gov’t leaves Boston and meets somewhere else and begin to govern
themselves without the royal governor
a) A british general - Thomas Gage.
2. Surrounding sides controlled by rebels
3. English offer an olive branch - deal to the colonist
a) Lord North says ‘look, things are getting outta hand. We don’t wanna
war or revolution, no violence or bloodshed. We’ll forget everything
you’ve done which y’know is totally legal or wtv, IF YOU promise to
‘tax yourselfs’ to the amount we specified to fund the cost of government
e.g. salaries, military, etc. then we’ll back off from the taxes in the
parliamentary acts.
b) Colonists saw this as a form of coercion - nothing has really changed but
more so of the English just trying to make them carry out the English
parliamentary laws lol i mean they were going to pay the salaries of the
chief justice, governors, etc. and like lol whut that doesn’t make sense bc
it’s still contributing to Britain
 c) Design to eradicate American liberty
d) ‘We see proofs of systematic assertion of arbitrary power everyday’ ~G.
Washington (he wasn’t even a radical, but he saw it)
4. April ‘75 - first shots are fired (wha bang bang pew pew)
a) British are militarily occupying Boston
b) British go to Concord. On the way, in Lexington, they encounter
resistance (first shots).
c) At Concord, they are repelled by the militia and they take losses from the
colonists all the way back to Boston as they retreat.
d) British thought militia were gonna be bad soldiers at first (cause they
complained during the 7 years war)…
(1) After Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, they don’t think
this anymore.
5. ‘75 Continental Congress meets again
a) But there’s still people who don’t want to declare independence.
(1) E.g.: John Dickinson - thinks it’s risky; should wait for French
aid.
(a) Olive Branch Petition
(2) August 1775 - King deems colony rebellious
(3) Wanted to have that relationship with the king to retain
monarchy on the terms of which they have colonies
6. Early ‘76 - acting as though they’re still in the empire
a) No Declaration of Independence yet.
b) King’s unwillingness to listen to American petition
c) January ‘76 - Thomas Paine - “Common Sense” pamphlet is published.
(1) Right to the heart of the problem - MONARCHY ITSELF is
corrupt.
(a) Not the issue of the king or other specificities but the
idea that gives birth to all of these in the first place.
(2) English constitution is corrupt because English king is a
hereditary ruler - following lineage
(3) Blabla this is horrible for them (all of Europe is like this)-
constant warfare
(4) So America should not divert towards that form of government
d) So Paine issues a powerful case for a Republican Gov’t.
(1) Declaring independence is just and will be most prosperous in
the long run.
11/28 Lecture 21

B R I T I S H A T T E M P T Federal
I. Bill of Rights was potentially dangerous
II. Note the federalist argument against the Bill of Rights - hardest to understand.
III. Monarchy is an illegitimate form of government

I. Lord Dunmore (last royal governor of VA) issues a proclamation in late ‘75
A. “Any slaves who comes to British lines will be free”
B. Leaves VA and takes some Africans with him
II. Continental Congress - body of delegates from all the colonists
A. John Dickenson - all reasons for not declaring independence
B. BUT we need to declare independence because otherwise we’d just be the rebel subjects
of a European monarch.
1. Might be able to negotiate treaties if we are sovereign, other countries will take
us seriously, etc.
III. Natural Rights / Natural Equality is the main argument
A. John Wise - piece the vindication of the church of New England - argues about natural
rights back in the early 1700s.
B. Rights that everybody has by simply having a virtue of human nature.
1. AKA human rights…
2. NOT English rights
C. Consequences:
1. “All men are created equal” - “this is opening up a big can of worms” -yirush
a) Well what about those who don’t have property?
b) Women?
c) Religious minorities?
d) Slaves and Africans? (Americans?)
2. How radical was it?
D. ‘Taxation No Tyranny’
1. Pushed by British critics to mock them for their arguments about liberties while
they’re holding slaves
2. INCONGRUENCE
IV. Necessity of having a balanced government
A. Protection for English(?) liberty
V. Declaration is issued in ‘76 -- How widespread is this change going to be?
A. Washington come back to NY in July ‘76
1. 30k troops, hundreds of ship
B. Kicked across everywhere (he is chased across the Delaware River) lol #rejected
C. Why did Howe not finish Washington off in fall of ‘76?
 1. Possible Reasons:
a) Offered peace to the Americans (King told him to do this)
(1) Rescinding the Declaration of Independence
(2) He wants to avoid alienating more Americans
b) Most British generals have this view that most of the population is loyal
and that this revolution is led by a small band of radicals who are
coercing everyone else
(1) Never really happens in sufficient/strong numbers
D. What Washington does
1. Although he desperately wants to meet the British in classic, European-style
battle, (he does engage them) he is very clever in avoiding them in a full scale
battle
2. Keeps the Continental Army afloat (he wins simply by not completely losing)
3. Counterattacks at Trenton and Princeton
4. British go back to NY
5. He sits outside of NY and NJ for the rest of the year
6. British lost their best chance to deal a decisive blow to the American side
E. British driving the war
1. Americans just responding
VI. 1777
A. British decide to do something that they presumed to end the war
1. Controlled Canada and Quebec
B. Under General Burgoyne
C. Join up with the British army in NY and this will cut off New England
1. The heart of the resistance was in MA / New England (more broadly)
a) They thought that the New Englanders were the most problematic/least
loyal of the colonists e.g. puritans who left england, etc.
D. Burgoyne was supposed to meet up with Howe but at the same time, Howe thinks he has
a better idea
1. Seize the rebel capital in Philadelphia, travels there via sea
2. The continental congress moves
3. Comes from Canada with a lot of big bois (British army + Indian allies)
4. Problem is that he was hit very badly by continental army and New England
army along the Hudson corridor.
a) Loses his Indian auxiliary and gets stalemated
b) Forced to battle in Saratoga
c) Burgoyne is forced to surrender in October ‘77
VII. Allows the Continental Congress to have diplomatic relations with other countries e.g. Dutch,
Spanish, French
A. Negotiate an alliance with the French.
B. French not 100% on board with helping build a revolution (which will lead to a republic),
but they start to see that the Americans are winning on the battlefield, and they want to
hurt the British lol.
 C. Turns into a massive war
D. After 1778, the war switched to the South.
E. British abandon Philly after the switch?
1. Stay in NY for the rest of the war
VIII. 1779
A. British goes to the Savannah, take Georgia in ‘78, take Charlestown in ‘79
B. War switches to the South (Even after ‘79)
C. Policy: any slave that escapes and comes to british lines will be free.
1. The Americans have this policy too, but not on the same scale as the british.
IX. 1780
A. Battle of Camden: British defeat Gates and the Americans
B. As the British took over the south, loyalists there were empowered. Enacted revenge on
the patriots, because for the past few years (without the British there) they had been
oppressed by the patriots. Bloody civil war between loyalists and patriots there.
X. Cornwallis moves into VA. moves to the coast (Yorktown) ‘cause he hopes to regroup with the
navy there. But he doesn’t communicate well. The French come south and cut off the Chesapeake
coast. Washington comes down from New York. Several week long siege. The British surrender
(Oct. 1781).
A. The British still control New York and Charleston and Savannah.
B. But there is great opposition in parliament to the war now. And Yorktown is the last
straw. Edward Gibbon, a member of parliament and one who opposed the war, (roman
empire historian) says “it’s better to be humble than to be ruined…..’
11/30 Lecture 22
I. 1783: Treaty of Paris
A. The Americans get all the territory east of the Mississippi
1. Without Native American consent (they were not at the treaty)
II. Early 1780s
A. The US is broke
1. High inflation;
B. Articles of Confederation
1. The gov’t under which they had fought the war.
2. But there were serious problems, namely, *the central govt had no ability
to coerce the states to raise revenue or raise an army.
a) The states had all the power
III. Political and Social Changes during and immediately after the War:
A. What difference did the political ideals of the Constitution make to people's actual
lives? Was the war an engine of change? How radical was the revolution?
IV. Politics:
A. All men are created equal; natural rights
B. They start writing new state constitutions (1776-1780)
1. They become republic states
2. Everything’s about the people
3. These state constitutions have bills of rights with explicit rights
4. First explicitly republican gov’ts since Greece and Rome
C. Not everything is radical change:
1. Still have things from English law:
a) Jury trials (William Penn)
b) militia/bear arms
c) Unreasonable search & seizure
2. Still the question of slavery
a) “All men are created equal” so slavery is called into question
b) Violation of natural rights
c) “We are enslaved by the British” -colonists to the british
(1) So the africans hear this, and begin to think about their
own freedom and their own rights.

d) Quock-Walker case: slave sues his master for ​ass🍑​( ) in

Massachusetts.
(1) HAHAHAHHA SLAVE SUES HIS MASTER FOR ASS^ -
ASS SALT
e) Quakers at the edge of eradicating slavery
 D. In VA and SC they are so into slavery that they don't offer freedom to slaves as
an incentive for military service even when the british are winning in those areas
(and even though the british offer freedom to slaves who run to their lines). ☠
E. About 12,000 free blacks right after the revolution
1. Good argument that slavery as an institution was on its way to extinction
after the war (except in SC)
2. Transatlantic trade opened again in the 1820’s
a) Intensification of slavery in the deep south
V. Women in the colonies during revolution
1. Lol they still stuck in ​the kitchen making sandwiches
2. Married women were still 2nd class citizens, no property, life still sucked
to be a woman
3. They still don’t get the vote till 1919-1920 (revolution didn’t make much of
an impact on women’s place in society)
4. However, women played an integral part in the revolution. They were a
strong economic force, and by boycotting etc., they aided in resisting the
British
5. Because men are away at war, women actually gain more responsibilities
in the household/estates/plantations.
a) They even followed their husbands to war - “derisively camp
followers”
b) Cooked, nourished wounds, cleaned - contributed to the army’s
strength on the field
6. E.g. Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams writes to him when he’s in the
continental congress
a) “As you men are writing new laws for our new republics,
remember the ladies because all men would be tyrants if they
could”
b) She wanted some form of legal protections, diminution of power of
men; even though she didn’t ask for the vote.
c) She was someone who speculated bonds, buys out bonds from
the continental army
VI. Native Americans
A. Largely sided with the British or tried to remain neutral
1. E.g. Iroquois are against the Americans - burned houses, children, etc.
B. Not really defeated BUT British signed away their land to the American republic
C. What happens to them??
VII. Religious Toleration
A. Every is equal, everyone shouldn’t pay taxes without consent to churches
B. Religious minorities make this argument during the revolution
C.
“Molestation” -craig (up for interpretation)🍆

Twinsies hahahha

MY IDOL
f12/03 Lecture 23
I. Religious minority in the colonies (church was not properly established)
A. Same as no taxation without representation
II. You have the right to choose your religious belief and you’re not compelled to support a
church you don’t believe in
A. Fight in VA over religious liberty
B. Anglican church in VA
1. Reestablished the episcopal church
2. Arguments were made against religious taxes
3. Madison and Jefferson wins, Patrick Henry loses
4. Patrick Henry thinks that all churches should get tax support
5. “General Assessment/Tax”
a) Society functions with moral people
b) We need morality for people who live in the republic
c) If we don’t support religion, we won’t have any morals and we won’t be
able to rule VA
C. In MA in 1780, when they finally ratify their Constitution, there is a provision in there
which is like the provision that Henry wanted for VA -- religious tax for the same reason
- need christian religion structure for morality sake for the state
D. Primarily for MORAL reason
E. E.g. MA and CT
1. They didn’t have religious tax till 1820
F. Churches retained policies that went against the First Amendment
G. Don’t want to break the tie between state and church
III. State Constitution (during war against the British)
A. All the mainland colonies write their own Constitutions between 1770-80
1. Become republic
B. How they did this and some of the consequences of it
1. The man who made the revolution saw the creation of new state governments
which had formerly been colonies
2. Point of the revolution
3. Jefferson says in 1776 that ‘the whole object of the present controversy is the
writing of the constitution of the states for should a bad government be
instituted…’ - sounds like anti federalists’ argument - for the sake of guaranteed
protection
4. John Jay of NY says “americans were the the first people who heaven has
favored” to design their own government … .
5. By 1775, most colonies were being governed without their governments but by
ad hoc provincial conventions i.e. the leftover body of men (governors when they
start to protest course of acts)
a) Illegally reconvene
 6. Colonies ask Continental Congress what they should do
a) Cautious about telling them to form a new government
(1) In 1775, the Declaration of Independence was still being written
so writing a constitution is in essence rejecting the declaration of
independence
7. VA is now an independent republic as of the summer of ‘76
8. CT and Rhode Island didn’t need to write a new constitution
a) They both actually elected their own governors
b) They were basically already their own republics -- > quasirepublics
c) All in ‘76 too
9. VA model is a bicameral legislature and a weak structure
a) Lower house and upper house
b) Example of continuity
c) Balance point between people and king
10. If you have a unicameral legislature with a weak executive, you get one house
a) Adam says that with a one house assembly, it’s going to accrue all power
to itself
b) One example is the English parliament in the 1650’s
c) Should not have one house because then it will not be kept accountable
with its power
11. Some dude made argument for unicameral
a) We’re no longer a monarchy, we don’t have any aristocrats in America
but there’s no one with a hereditary title in America so what would you
need a house based on the authority of the people, in a society that is
going to be democratic
b) If it’s bicameral, good bills might not be passed because it was vetoed by
the house of lords or someone (gridlock)
(1) Both houses have to pass the bill before the President’s desk
(2) Creates factions among men
12. Concern for balance on one (bicameral) and concern for lack of accountability
(unicameral)
13. Most of these colonies are bicameral
14. PA and GA were unicameral
a) But then PA adopts the bicameral constitution
C. These constitutions were written by the sitting legislature; they’d make a committee,
then pass it themselves.
1. But this mode is questioned;
2. *Because their will be inherent bias
3. Who writes it then?
a) The people at large
b) The ones in power already can’t create the rules that will limit them.
4. MA:
a) 1778: they put it out for a popular vote - fails.
 b) 1779: they do it again
(1) Its written by a constitutional convention (created for this
specific purpose), not the legislature
(2) Ratification process (democratic)
(3) This is the way constitutions are still written
c) Has an independent governor (executive) who is separate from the
bicameral legislature (and he’s elected independently; has veto power;
but can be overridden by a ⅔ vote)
d) In England, they don’t yet have a constitution; no check on parliament’s
power.
5. How democratic?
a) Exclusively male; No women;
b) Still some form of property requirement (but its reduced)
(1) Because property gives you liberty; you’re not under the control
of someone else; can’t be a servant
c) All go to some form of annual election, at least for the lower house.
(1) Less susceptible to corruption
12/05 Lecture 24
I. Congress (the Founding Fathers) really invents the modern constitution; define the
government’s powers; in the interest of the people as a whole
II. Continental Congress
A. Had been sitting since 1775; won the war, but now…
B. 1780s, they are heavily in debt (and the state gov’ts are too)
C. Articles of Confederation: league of sovereign that came together to win the war
1. Congress had control over External Affairs
a) War, peace (Treaty of Paris), trade
2. But they didn’t have control over Internal Affairs
a) Emancipation at the state level
3. They had the view that the local government was really where your rights
were going to be protected
4. Voluntary taxes: requisitions
a) British didn’t buy it before the war
b) So they constructed the national govt during the war
(1) There’s no taxing power over American citizens
(2) Central govt has to rely on the states to comply with
congressional requisitions (they couldn’t force the states to
pay taxes)
5. Loose, voluntary federation
6. Each state had one vote for the purposes of determining the policies
regarding the external affairs (so each state was equal)
7. During war, congress had a lot of issues - financial issues, requisitionally -
they were just short of things
8. Congress had promised in the Treaty of Paris to (a lot of these were
viewed as obligations)
a) Compensate The Loyalists (who opposed the Revolution) who
have had their property taken away
(1) But there was intense animosity towards the Loyalist and
the states ultimately not willing to compensate - patriots
viewed them as traitors
(2) British staying in the lands and not passing it over to the
Americans since Congress isn’t willing to compensate
Loyalists
9. British restricted American trade from the West Indian ports
a) Slave, food, livestock, etc.
b) Main source of foreign revenue is stock(?)
 c) States won’t agree on passing a universal tariff against the British
(1) There’s no even uniform commercial policy
d) British can do whatever they want essentially
10. Continental Army have not been fully paid
a) Near mutiny in the army
b) The fact that Washington just laid down his sword and went home
instead of seizing power at the end of the war amazed the world
c) Develop the critique the war is fought
(1) Washington is writing this letter to the state as he is
stepping down from the army
(2) Argues that there must be a power to govern over the army
(a) Necessary for the happiness of the states
(b) Revolution will fail and we will be the sport of
European politics
(3) Nationalists think that this needs to be restructured
11. Madison doesn’t like the way the government is running themselves
a) too democratic, they’re a republic so
(1) Problem is that it becomes a majoritarian tyranny
b) He wants people to live in a republic
(1) And unlimited democracy will violate the rights of the
minority
(2) They believe that they were tests in a republic
self-government that if it failed, it has worldwide
consequences
12. They were supposed to revise the Articles of Confederation
a) But they rewrote a Constitution since the articles weren’t savable
b) Historians argued that this was a coup
c) Adopt the model that MA had perfected
(1) Write it, send it out to the representatives during
conventions
13. Madison was concerned about states getting too much power
a) Ends up defending the Constitution that he’s not such a big fan of
14. The Constitution that comes up is a compromise - a no longer a body that
depends on the states
a) Proposing a national govt that can operate on the citizens
immediately without needing the consent of the states
(1) Independent taxing power
b) Blocked by Rhode Island and New York
c) Able to raise up an army
 d) Government will have revenue and military power to negotiate
e) Congress will be able to regulate trade
(1) Could be used as a negotiating gambit with British (any
future relations)
f) States are limited by this new federal constitution
(1) Can’t act like sovereign countries
(2) Can’t issue money - control over inflation
(3) Can’t sign their own treaties
(4) Limited to any type of external sovereignty
g) Slave trade will end in 1808
15. Ratified very narrowly
a) Big states e.g. VA, PA, NY had a debate on this
b) Federalists vs Antifederalists
D. Antifederalists
1. Power to new federal government without limits
2. X Bill of Rights
3. This new fed govt will not be representative enough of the people
a) Thinks that only the lower house will be elected (And therefore be
representative of) the people
4. ‘Consolidated government’ - without real taxing power, the state
governments are going to wither away and it will become more of a
monarchy
a) Too much central authority than state authority
(1) And they believed that rights and liberties were really
preserved and protected at the state level.
b) Concerned about power to tax
5. Wants Congress to remove standing army/militias - danger to the citizen’s
liberties
6. LOL THEY LOST rip… well not really cause they got what they wanted
only a few year later but yeah technically they lost
E. Federalists
1. They were assertive in telling everyone to suck it
F. Passes only because Madison and ___ promised a _____???
G. Antifederalists swallow their concern because they AT THE VERY LEAST get
the Bill of Rights
12/07 Lecture 25

I. Anti-Federalists are afraid the government will be too big. They think that a truly free
republic can only happen at the level/scale of the states.
II. Federalists want a stronger government so that there will be enough power to defend the
country with an army.
III. Federalist 10 (Madison): the larger the republic, the the greater the degree of interest
groups (more factions), and thus the less chance of a majority rule over the minority,
because people are split.
IV. Constitution was narrowly ratified
V. Decade after the ratification of the Constitution (1790s):
A. Madison answers the critiques of the anti-Federalists and forms a Bill of Rights
1. Limits it to things concerning the citizens (eg: freedom of speech, jury
trial)
2. The Bill of Rights applies only against the federal government
B. Hamilton becomes the first secretary of the treasury
1. Makes the new central government take on the burden of the war debt
(relieves the states)
2. Stresses the importance of making the payments so to build a good credit
history
3. He saw this as vital if the economy was going to take off
C. Formation of a party system
1. So there was a full blown party system even during Washington's
administration.
- Jeffersonian Republicans
- Federalists (Washington)
D. British begin impresses US citizens
1. [something important happens here]
2. As a result the US has a standing army (a fear of anti-federalists) and
expands into Ohio and drives the spanish out of the South
E. Adams become president in 1796
1. Sedition Act (1798):
a) Immigration act (made it harder to enter, and harder for new
immigrants to vote)
(1) Passed during the tension of a quasi war with france (naval
hostilities)
F. During this time, and throughout the 19th century, most power would be left to
the states
fin