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Males and females, under certain conflicting situations, may resolve to various ways of
dealing with the situation. Comparing differences and similarities in terms of their decision
making, specifically of the ages 15-16 and 18-20 is the prime goal of the study.
Table of Contents
Abstract………………………………………………………………………1
Chapter 1……………………………………………………………………..4
Chapter 2……………………………………………………………………..
Chapter 3
-Works Cited…………………………………………………………..
Appendix A…………………………………………………………………..
Appendix B ………………………………………………………………….
Appendix C…………………………………………………………………..
Chapter 1
Rationale
appearance of external anatomy at birth. Sex is a way of distinguishing male and female
information that may include attitudes, opinions, emotions, and decisions between the sender and
the receiver. Communication may differ and correspond among the two sexes, depending on the
situation at hand. It is vital between the two since many factors may influence their decision-
This study is being done to compare the differences and similarities among the sexes in
relation to the different situations that they may experience. It is also done to compare the males
and females at the ages of 15-16 and 18-20 in terms of how they decide on certain matters.
Through the ages of 15-16, teens start to undergo persistent hormonal changes which affect their
brain and behavior. Hormonal imbalances in teens can cause them to react irritably and
stubbornly. Through the ages of 18-20, adults have experienced more problems that they were
able to overcome, committed mistakes caused by their irrational behavior and, have enough
information, and assessing alternative occupations. (Dartmouth, 245) Females consider multiple
points of view while making their decision, and study people and things in a more in depth and
and Sacred Heart Ateneo de Cebu with the respective age groups.
THE PROBLEM
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences and similarities of both
2.a.2 bosses
and biological)
times)
Women generally exhibit a greater amount of agreement and other positive social
Men, as a group, have higher status than women. High status group members, such as
men, are assumed to be more competent, they receive more opportunities to make task
contributions to the group decisions. Females may try to gain acceptance from their group
members, they show positive social behavior, females are not trying to compete with their
group members but are simply trying to help each other and help achieve its goals while men
are very competitive. Men and women differ in how they communicate with others. For
example, women tend to communicate more affection, and with greater intimacy and
confidence. Women are most likely to go in to details; they consider multiple points of view
while making their decisions. Men, on the other hand, are competitive. Male and female
shoppers showed a significant difference in their shopping orientation. It was discovered that
females visited more websites and more thoroughly investigated all options while online
shopping than makes, and if there were online sales or discounts, females were more likely to
find and take advantage of them. Males, on the other hand were more efficient in their
shopping habits. They made their purchases more quickly and were focused on getting
straight to the purchase rather than fussing over the smaller details that drew in the females
positive social behavior and little disagreement, whereas men are likely to disagree with one
Women have four times as many brain cells connecting the right side hemisphere to
the left side hemisphere of the brain—an important study in the field of psychology and
neurology. Women have the ability to utilize both hemispheres simultaneously in an easier
way than men, “Women can focus on more than one problem at one times and frequently
prefer to solve problems through multiple activities at a time. Nearly every parent has
observed how young girls find the conversations of young boys “boring”. Young boys
express confusion and would rather play sports than participate actively in a conversation
between 5 girls who are discussing as many as three subjects at once” (Conner, 99).
Gender cultures influence the way that people of different genders communicate. These
differences begin at childhood. According to Maltz and Broker, the games children play
categorizes into different gender culture, masculine and feminine cultures. For example, girls
playing doll house shows personal relationships and playing house does not necessarily have
fixed rules or objectives. Boys, on the other hand, play soccer or basketball; they tend to play
The significance of the study is to possibly conclude the causes of differences and
similarities among the sexes in relation to the different situations that they may experience and
expound on its affects on how males and females during adolescence and adulthood decide on
To those who are involved in humanities, specifically communication studies. The data
To those whose jobs involve mass communication and interpersonal communication such
To the general public, who can benefit from the information that this study may provide.
Many people, when interacting with others, especially the opposite sex, struggle with agitation or
To the youth, who are especially affected by relationships, both platonic and non-
platonic. Awareness of the information gathered in the study can reduce misunderstandings and
In addition, to those who study interlinguistics, that they may be assisted by the
Definition of Terms
The definition of the term Adolescence is “ the period following the onset of puberty during
The definition of the term Aggression is “the hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward
The definition of the term Anatomy is “the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure
of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the
separation of parts.”
The definition of the term Assertive is “having or showing a confident and forceful personality.”
news.”
The definition of the term Dominance is “the power and influence over others.”
The definition of the term Frustration-aggression is” the failure to reach a certain desired goal
The definition of the term Instinct is “an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in
The definition of the term Overt-aggression is “when the aggressor openly and unabashedly
The definition of the term Predispose is “to make someone liable or inclined to a specified
particular way.”
The definition of the term Relational-aggression is “also known as covert aggression, or covert
social status.”
The definition of the term Self-reinforcement is “a process whereby individuals control their
own behavior by rewarding themselves when a certain standard of performance has been attained
or surpassed.”
The definition of the term Violence is “the behavior involving physical force intended to hurt,
Conceptual Framework
Dollard’s theory on the
relationship between
Instigators of aggressive behavior
frustration and aggression
Dill’s theory on
Bandura’s theory on the the development
influences of aggressive Relational and overt aggression of aggression
behaviour. theory through aversive
interaction.
Aggression
While studying many different shopping habits among college students, Seock and Bailey
found that male and female shoppers showed a significant difference in their shopping
orientation. It was discovered that females visited more websites and more thoroughly
investigated all options while online shopping than males, and if there were online sales or
discounts, females were more likely to find and take advantage of them. Males, on the other hand
were more efficient in their shopping habits. They made their purchases more quickly and were
focused on getting straight to the purchase rather than fussing over the smaller details that drew
in the females. These sorts of findings can be especially important to marketers who are trying to
sell their products more efficiently, because it lets them target their audience by selling things in
Women would tend to take a longer amount of time, based on their more selective
A number of children (735 boys and 312 girls) between the ages of 6 and 16 participated
in a decision-making game designed to assess their willingness to take risks. The results
indicated a sex difference in risk-taking propensity which emerged between the ninth and
eleventh year of age, The difference was in the direction of our cultural stereotypes: boys were
Children as early as in the primary grades picture the typical boy as more daring than the
typical girl. Furthermore, boldness has been found to be positively correlated with popularity for
boys but negatively correlated with popularity for boys (Tuddenham, 345).
Chapter 2
Scenario I: You are shopping at the local supermarket and are second in line at the cashier. The man
in front of you has emptied his groceries on the conveyor belt. You start to empty your cart and
notice that the man had hidden a large package of chicken under the bottom rung of the cart from
the cashier but the cashier did not notice. What do you do?
N=48
Female Count 6 5 11 2 24
Total Count 11 18 17 2 48
trying to steal a package in the grocery store. They are given several choices: do nothing, speak
to the man, speak to the cashier, or other. The option of doing nothing shows qualities of
passiveness, while speaking to the man shows a direct approach to the conflict. Speaking to the
In Table 1, the highest number of people chose to speak to the man and were males while
the highest number of people for females chose to speak to the cashier. More males and females
decided to speak to the cashier than do nothing. Although, there were a greater number of
females that chose to speak to the cashier and do nothing than the number of males who chose
those as well. Thus, majority of the males chose a direct approach in this situation while majority
Scenario II: You are shopping at the local supermarket when you notice that the guy in
font of you has a large package of chicken down below on the bottom of his cart. It is
hidden from the cashier’s view and he does not notice. Your closest relative is the head
of the meat department and has to personally pay for shortage of goods in stock. What
do you do?
N=47
Female Count 1 7 15 1 24
Total Count 2 22 20 4 48
In Scenario II, the respondent is given a similar situation to Scenario II, however, he/she
is under a circumstance wherein a close relative of the respondent is held responsible for
paying for the stolen goods. The researchers believe that this may affect the amount of
In Table 2, majority and equal amounts of the males and females chose to speak to
the man rather than speak to the cashier. Therefore, speaking to the man was the most
abundant decision made by both genders. The number of females and males who chose to
do nothing decreased when told that one of their relatives would have to pay for the
Scenario III: While doing your hours of community service, you saw one of you
classmates put too many hours on their record. That classmate has always been
helpful and cooperative, but if the numbers didn’t add up at the end, the supervisor
would get in trouble. What do you do?
N=48
Female Count 18 3 2 1 24
% within 72 12 8 4.2 100
gender
Total Count 36 6 4 2 48
In Scenario III, the options of confronting the employee, pretending to not know
what was happening, and adjusting the client’s bill are given. Confronting the employee
shows signs of confidence and assertiveness which are notable qualities in males.
Pretending to not know what was happening shows qualities of passiveness. Adjusting
the client’s bill is an alternative method of finding an, though not direct, effective
solution.
In Table 3, majority and an equal amount of men and women chose the decision to
confront the employee while only a very few chose the other choices. Thus, they chose
the more direct approach.
Table 4: Counts and percentages of Scenario VI results by gender
Scenario IV: Every week, while working in the grocery store, you see your manager
take home a few goods. Your uncle who got you this job is related to the person who
owns the store. What do you do?
N=48
Female Count 5 17 0 2 24
Total Count 5 36 3 4 48
When given the situation in Scenario IV, the respondents are given choices to do nothing,
contact their uncle, or to also start taking merchandise. The option of doing nothing shows
passiveness, while contacting their uncle would serve as an indirect but effective approach to a
solution. Based on statistical data, homocide and theft, which corresponds to the option of
In Table 4, majority of both males and females chose to contact their uncle while three
Scenario V: While reviewing your classmate’s papers at the end of the year, you notice a few
of her scores were not properly counted and are not as big as they should be. The total number
of points that should have been recorded but were not is a significant difference. To fix this
miscalculation, you must rewrite every single test score from the start of the year, which would
take a lot of time, and nobody is there to help you do it. You are the only one who knows about
the error. What do you do?
N=48
Femal Count 3 12 8 1 24
e
% within 12.5 33.3 50 4.2 100
gender
Total Count 4 16 25 3 48
Scenario V presents a situation in which the respondent is put in a position to either let
their client, who is being greatly overcharged, know about the error, tell their supervisor so he
can make the decision, or do nothing. Telling the supervisor shows characteristics of inferiority
or unassertiveness while letting the client know about the error shows opposite attributes.
In Table 5, majority of both males and females chose the direct approach which
was to let the client know about the error though more males chose that decision than
females. More females chose the more passive and unassertive decision to do nothing and
let the supervisor know so that he can make the decision, than males.
N=30
Answer options Total
Femal Count 3 8 2 2 15
e
% within gender 0.2 0.533 0.133 0.133 1
Total Count 4 11 12 3 30
trying to steal a package in the grocery store. They are given several choices: do nothing,
speak to the man, speak to the cashier, or other. The option of doing nothing shows
qualities of passiveness, while speaking to the man shows a direct approach to the
In Table 1, most males were likely to speak to the cashier, followed by the response
of speaking to the man. More than half of the female respondents chose to speak to the
man. Males were more than twice as likely to speak to the cashier than females, and more
females chose to do nothing compared to males. In this scenario, majority of the males
chose a less aggressive advance while majority of the females chose a more direct
approach.
Table 2 lists: Counts and percentages of Scenario II results by gender
Scenario II: You are shopping at the local supermarket when you notice that the guy in
font of you has a large package of chicken down below on the bottom of his cart. It is
hidden from the cashier’s view and he does not notice. Your closest relative is the head
of the meat department and has to personally pay for shortage of goods in stock. What
do you do?
N=30
Femal Count 0 8 4 3 15
e
% within gender 0 0.533 0.267 0.2
Total Count 1 14 11 4 30
In Scenario II, the respondent is given a similar situation to Scenario II, however, he/she
is under a circumstance wherein a close relative of the respondent is held responsible for
paying for the stolen goods. The researchers believe that this may affect the amount of
In Table 2, the highest number of males chose to speak to the cashier, while most
females chose to speak to the man. The number of females who chose to do nothing
decreased when told that one of their relatives would have to pay for the stolen package
of chicken. Less males chose to speak to the man directly, however females were half as
likely to speak to the cashier rather than speak to the man. Almost half of the respondents
would speak to the man rather than remain silent or speak to the cashier.
Table 3 lists: Counts and percentages of Scenario III results by gender
Scenario III: An employee you supervised was putting hours that he/she did not work
on their timecard. She/he was a very good employee and always completed projects
under budget. All of the hours were billed directly to a client, and they were happy with
the cost considering how much work was done.
N=30
Femal Count 10 2 1 2 15
e
% within 0.667 0.133 0.067 0.133 1
gender
Total Count 21 2 4 3 30
In Scenario III, the options of confronting the employee, pretending to not know
what was happening, and adjusting the client’s bill are given. Confronting the employee
shows signs of confidence and assertiveness, notable qualities in males. Pretending to not
know what was happening shows qualities of passiveness. Adjusting the client’s bill is an
More males than females decided to adjust the client’s bill, however more females
Scenario IV: While at work at a clothing store, you see your manager run off with a few
products every week. Your uncle, who got you the job, is an associate with the owner.
What do you do?
N=30
Answer options Total
Femal Count 1 12 0 2 15
e
% within 0.067 0.8 0 0.133 1
gender
Total Count 2 23 2 3 30
When given the situation in Scenario IV, the respondents are given choices to do nothing,
contact their uncle, or to also start taking merchandise. The option of doing nothing shows
passiveness, while contacting their uncle would serve as an indirect but effective approach to a
solution. Based on statistical data, homocide and theft, which corresponds to the option of
However, more males chose to start taking merchandise. Majority of both the male and female
respondents chose to contact their uncle. As a total, the options of “taking merchandise” and
Scenario V: While reviewing a financial record of one of your clients, you noticed that some of the
numbers were too big, resulting in the client being overcharged. The overall difference of the funds
was large. In order to fix the miscalculations, every single error must be acknowledged. This would
take a lot of time and currently, there are not enough people to help you. You are the only person who
knows about this situation. What do you do?
N=30
Female Count 0 5 10 0 15
Total Count 0 17 13 0 30
Scenario V presents a situation in which the respondent is put in a position to either let their
client, who is being greatly overcharged, know about the error, tell their supervisor so he can
make the decision, or do nothing. Telling the supervisor shows characteristics of inferiority or
unassertiveness while letting the client know about the error shows opposite attributes.
In Table 5, none of the respondents chose to do nothing. More females chose to tell their
supervisor so he could make the decision rather than let the client know about the error. In
comparison with the male respondents, females were less likely to let the client know about the
error. Overall, majority of the respondents chose to tell their supervisor about the error.
For example, the Table in Scenario I showed that three female respondents chose to do
nothing when observing that someone was stealing a package of chicken. Scenario II, which
presented nearly the same scenario as Scenario I, explained that the closest relative of the
respondent was in charge of the shortages in the meat department. The amount of females that
Chapter 3
I. Introduction
The purpose of the study was to determine the characteristics that are exhibited by
both sexes, what factors may influence moral engagement and decision-making, and what
differences and similarities were observed between the two and also in regards to both
age groups. Real life situations were used to indicate whether men or women would
rather speak up or stay silent when interacting with bosses or subordinates, when kinship
was involved, or one which threatened to deviate from prevalent gender stereotypes.
in males and females. Age and sex were the two main factors that were considered and
used to appropriately make a conclusion from the data gathered from 78 respondents.
Two different sets of questions were given to each age group. The scenarios that were
used were altered to be more applicable to the respective age group, while not changing
A purposive sampling was conducted in order to gather the respondents for the
study. The respondents included those from the ages 15 and up, separated into their
respective age groups: adolescent, and adult and students of the schools University of San
Carlos and Sacred Heart Ateneo de Cebu. Quantitative data can be seen when the
information collected from the surveys are compiled and organized by sex and age group.
III. Conclusion
1.
IV. Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations have been made:
1.
Works Cited
Reiter, Kallie. Gender Differences in Decision Making When Faced with Multiple Options.
Tilley, Elspeth. Ethics and gender at the point of decision-making: An exploration of intervention
Wheeler, Ladd. Sex Differences in Social Participation. University of Rochester. 1977. WEB.
Paper presented at the American Psychologist Association. Vol. 45, No. 4, 513-520. 1990. WEB.
Appendix A
Raw Data
Tally of Data
Age group 15-16
Female 1 c b a b b
Female 2 c c c b c
Female 3 c c d b a
Female 4 d c a b c
Female 5 a b a b c
Female 6 c c a d c
Female 7 a c a b c
Female 8 c c a b c
Female 9 a d c a a
Female 10 c c a b a
Female 11 c b a b b
Female 12 b b a b b
Female 13 a c b b b
Female 14 b b a d c
Female 15 d b a b b
Female 16 a c a a b
Female 17 c b a b b
Female 18 c c a b c
Female 19 c c b a d
Female 20 b c a b b
Female 21 b c a a b
Female 22 a a b a b
Female 23 b c a b b
Scenario I Scenario II Scenario III Scenario IV Scenario V
Female 24 c c a b b
Tally of Data
Age group 18-20
Male 1 b c a b b
Male 2 c c a b b
Male 3 c c a b c
Male 4 c d a b b
Male 5 d b d d c
Male 6 a a c a b
Male 7 c c c b b
Male 8 b b a b b
Male 9 c c a b b
Male 10 c c c b b
Male 11 b c a b b
Male 12 c b a b c
Male 13 c c a c b
Male 14 c c a c c
Male 15 c c a b b
Female 1 a d a a c
Female 2 b b a b b
Female 3 d b c d b
Female 4 b b a b b
Female 5 b b a d b
Female 6 b c a b c
Female 7 b c a b b
Female 8 b b a b c
Female 9 c c d b c
Female 10 b b a b c
Female 11 d d d b c
Female 12 c c a b c
Female 13 d d b b c
Female 14 b b a b c
Female 15 b b b b c