7.

0 Results
7.1 Demonstration of the operation and characteristic of three different basic types of
flowmeter.

7.1.1 Venturi Meter

Experiment Manometer Reading (mm) Volume Time Flowrate, Flowrate

(L) (min) Q calculated
(L/min) using
Bernoulli’s
equation,
A B C D E F Q (L/min)
1 310 308 298 303 304 305 3 0.738 4.0690 6.200
2 398 391 353 376 381 386 3 0.340 8.8530 12.010
3 425 412 339 285 396 405 3 0.239 12.568 16.600
4 426 405 285 361 378 393 3 0.160 18.752 21.350

7.1.2 Orifice Meter

Experiment Manometer Volume Time Flowrate, Q Flowrate

Reading (L) (min) (L/min) calculated
(mm) using
Bernoulli’s
equation, Q
G H (L/min)
1 307 281 3 0.738 4.0690 5.87
2 385 294 3 0.340 8.8530 10.97
3 403 224 3 0.239 12.568 15.39
4 396 86 3 0.160 18.752 20.26
7.1.3 Rotameter

Experiment Volume Time Flowrate, Q Rotameter, Q

(L) (min) (L/min ) (L/min)
1 3 0.738 4.0690 5
2 3 0.340 8.8530 10
3 3 0.239 12.568 15
4 3 0.160 18.752 20

7.2 Determination Of Loss Coefficient When Fluid Flows Through A 90 Degree Elbow.

Volume (L) Time Flowrate, Q Manometer Differential V V2/2g

(min) (L/min) Reading Pieometer, (m/s) (mm)
I J ∆ℎ′ (mm)
3 0.738 4.0690 291 290 1 0.1277 0.83116
3 0.340 8.8530 329 326 3 0.2780 3.9390
3 0.239 12.568 295 290 5 0.3946 7.9362
3 0.160 18.752 210 202 8 0.5886 17.658

Piezometric Head Versus Velocity Head

9
8
Piezometric Head (mm)

7
6
y = 0.4022x + 1.1972
5
4 R² = 0.9704
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Velocity Head (mm)
8.0 Calculations
8.1 Sample calculation for actual flow rate, Q.

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 (𝑳)
Flow rate, Q (L/min) = 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒎𝒊𝒏)

1. 2.
3𝐿 3𝐿
Q (L/min) = = 4.0690 L/min Q (L/min) = = 8.8530 L/min
0.7377 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.34 𝑚𝑖𝑛
3. 4.
3𝐿 3𝐿
Q (L/min) = 0.2387 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 12.568 L/min Q (L/min) = 0.16 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 18.752 L/min

8.2 Sample Calculation for cross-section area.

𝝅 (𝑫)𝟐
A=
𝟒

A = Cross section area (m2)

D = Diameter of the cross section (m)

Cross – Section Cross-Section Area

𝜋 (0.0260 𝑚)2
A AA =
4

= 2.011 x 10-4 m2

𝜋 (0.0160 𝑚)2
C AC =
4

= 5.309 x 10-4 m2

The cross-section area of G and H are equal to A and C, since the diameter of the cross-
section are the same.
8.3 Sample Calculation of Actual Flow Rates for Venturi Meter (Calculated Using
Bernoulli’s And Continuity Equation).

𝑨 −𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄
Q = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝒄 [𝟏 – ( 𝑪 )𝟐 ] 𝟐 [𝟐𝒈(𝒉𝑨 − 𝒉𝑪 )] 𝟐
𝑨𝑨

Where,

Cd = Coefficient of discharge (0.98)

AC = Area of cross section at C (m2)

AA = Area of cross section at A (m2)

HA = Manometer reading at A (m)

HC = Manometer reading at C (m)

g = 9.81 m/s2

Experiment 1
2.011 𝑥 10−4 2 −1⁄ 1⁄
Q = (0.98)(2.011 𝑥 10−4 ) [1 – ( ) ] 2 [2(9.81)(0.310 − 0.298)] 2
5.309 𝑥 10−4

𝑚3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
= 1.0333 𝑥 10−4 ( )( )
𝑠 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 6.200 L/min
Experiment 2
2.011 𝑥 10−4 2 −1⁄ 1⁄
Q = (0.98)(2.011 𝑥 10−4 ) [1 – ( ) ] 2 [2(9.81)(0.398 − 0.353)] 2
5.309 𝑥 10−4

𝑚3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
= 2.0009 𝑥 10−4 ( )( )
𝑠 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 12.010 L/min
Experiment 3
2.011 𝑥 10−4 2 −1⁄ 1⁄
Q = (0.98)(2.011 𝑥 10−4 ) [1 – ( ) ] 2 [2(9.81)(0.425 − 0.339)] 2
5.309 𝑥 10−4

𝑚3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
= 2.7661 𝑥 10−4 ( )( )
𝑠 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 16.600 L/min
Experiment 4
 2.011 𝑥 10−4 2 −1⁄ 1⁄
Q = (0.98)(2.011 𝑥 10−4 ) [1 – ( ) ] 2 [2(9.81)(0.426 − 0.285)] 2
5.309 𝑥 10−4

𝑚3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
= 3.5418 𝑥 10−4 ( )( )
𝑠 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 21.250 L/min

8.4 Sample Calculation of Actual Flow Rates for Orifice Meter (Calculated Using
Bernoulli’s And Continuity Equation)

𝑨 −𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄
Q = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝑮 [𝟏 – ( 𝑮 )𝟐 ] 𝟐 [𝟐𝒈(𝒉𝑮 − 𝒉𝑯 )] 𝟐
𝑨𝑯

Where,

Cd = Coefficient of discharge (0.63)

AH = Area of cross section at H (m2)

AG = Area of cross section at G (m2)

HG = Manometer reading at G (m)

HH = Manometer reading at H (m)

g = 9.81 m/s2

Experiment 1
2.011 𝑥 10−4 2 −1⁄ 1⁄
Q = (0.63)(2.011 𝑥 10−4 ) [1 – ( ) ] 2 [2(9.81)(0.307 − 0.281)] 2
5.309 𝑥 10−4

𝑚3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
= 9.7771 𝑥 10−5 ( )( )
𝑠 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 5.87 L/min
Experiment 2
2.011 𝑥 10−4 2 −1⁄ 1⁄
Q = (0.63)(2.011 𝑥 10−4 ) [1 – ( ) ] 2 [2(9.81)(0.385 − 0.294)] 2
5.309 𝑥 10−4

𝑚3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
= 1.8291 𝑥 10−4 ( )( )
𝑠 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 10.97 L/min
Experiment 3
 2.011 𝑥 10−4 2 −1⁄ 1⁄
Q = (0.63)(2.011 𝑥 10−4 ) [1 – ( ) ] 2 [2(9.81)(0.403 − 0.224)] 2
5.309 𝑥 10−4

𝑚3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
= 2.5654 𝑥 10−4 ( )( )
𝑠 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 15.39 L/min
Experiment 4
2.011 𝑥 10−4 2 −1⁄ 1⁄
Q =(0.63) (2.011 𝑥 10−4 ) [1 – ( ) ] 2 [2(9.81)(0.396 − 0.086)] 2
5.309 𝑥 10−4

𝑚3 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
= 3.3760 𝑥 10−4 ( )( )
𝑠 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 20.26 L/min

8.5 Sample Calculation For The Velocity Of Water Flowing Through The 90⁰ Elbow

𝑚3
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒,𝑄 ( )
𝑠
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (𝑚/𝑠) =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚2 )

Area of the pipe cross-section, 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐

Diameter of the pipe = 26 mm

1. 2.
4.069 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 𝑚𝑖𝑛 8.853 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
V= 𝜋 ( )( ) V= 𝜋 ( )( )
(26 𝑥 10−3 )2 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 (26 𝑥 10−3 ) 2 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
4 4

= 0.1277 𝑚/𝑠 = 0.2780 𝑚/𝑠

3. 4.
12.568 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 𝑚𝑖𝑛 18.752 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
V = 𝜋 ( )( ) V = 𝜋 ( )( )
(26 𝑥 10−3 )2 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠 (26 𝑥 10−3 ) 2 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠
4 4

= 0.3946 𝑚/𝑠 = 0.5886 𝑚/𝑠

 𝑽𝟐
8.6 Sample Calculation For Velocity Head, 𝟐𝒈

1. 2.
𝑉2 0.1277 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚𝑚 𝑉2 0.2780 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚𝑚
= ( ) = ( )
2𝑔 2 𝑥 9.81 10−3 𝑚 2𝑔 2 𝑥 9.81 10−3 𝑚

= 0.83116 mm = 3.9390 mm

3. 4.
𝑉2 0.3946 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚𝑚 𝑉2 0.5886 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚𝑚
= ( ) = ( )
2𝑔 2 𝑥 9.81 10−3 𝑚 2𝑔 2 𝑥 9.81 10−3 𝑚

= 7.9362 mm = 17.658 mm