Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Pavesi Giorgio
The Cross-Flow
Banki Water Turbine
Banki Mitchell
NOTES FOR STUDENTS
1. Summary
1. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ I
1 NOMENCLATURE................................................................................................................. II
1.1 SUBSCRIPT .......................................................................................................................... II
1.2 SUPERSCRIPT ...................................................................................................................... II
2 LIST ......................................................................................................................................... III
2.1 FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ III
2.2 NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................................ - 1 -
2.3 ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................... - 2 -
3 DESCRIPTION OF TURBINE. .......................................................................................... - 3 -
4 PATH OF JET THROUGH TURBINE. ............................................................................ - 5 -
5 EFFICIENCY........................................................................................................................ - 8 -
6 CONSTRUCTION PROPORTIONS. .............................................................................. - 12 -
6.1 BLADE ANGLE .............................................................................................................. - 12 -
6.2 RADIAL RIM WIDTH ...................................................................................................... - 13 -
6.3 WHEEL DIAMETER AND AXIAL WHEEL BREADTH .......................................................... - 19 -
6.4 CURVATURE OF THE BLADE .......................................................................................... - 20 -
6.5 CENTRAL ANGLE .......................................................................................................... - 21 -
7 TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................... - 22 -
8 THE TURBINE NOZZLE ................................................................................................. - 25 -
| Nomenclature Pavesi i
1 Nomenclature
a radial rim width
C Absolute velocity
D diameter
g gravity
H head at the point
L breadth of the wheel
Q flow rate
t blade spacing
U pheriferical velocity
y thickness of the jet
W relative velocity
absolute flow angle
relative flow angle
density or blade curvature
u coefficient dependent upon the nozzle
loss coefficient
1.1 Subscript
1 at the outside diameter of the wheel
2 at the inside diameter of the wheel
1.2 Superscript
‘ at the inside diameter of the wheel
| Nomenclature Pavesi ii
2 List
2.1 Figures
Figure 4.0. 1 Banki-Mitchel Turbine ................................................................................................. - 3 -
Figure 4.0. 2 Banki-Mitchel Runner .................................................................................................. - 4 -
Figure 5.0. 1 Path of water through turbine. ..................................................................................... - 6 -
Figure 5.0. 2 Interference of filaments of flow through wheel. .......................................................... - 7 -
Figure 6.0. 1 Velocity diagram .......................................................................................................... - 8 -
Figure 6.0. 2 Blade spacing. ............................................................................................................ - 11 -
Figure 7.1. 1 Composite velocity diagram. ...................................................................................... - 12 -
Figure 7.1. 2 Velocity diagrams. ...................................................................................................... - 13 -
Figure 7.2. 1 Path of the jet inside the wheel ................................................................................... - 17 -
Figure 7.4. 1 Curvature of blades. ................................................................................................... - 20 -
Figure 8.0. 1 Power curves for Banki turbine under 16-ft head. ..................................................... - 22 -
Figure 8.0. 2 Efficiency curves for Banki turbine under 16-ft head. ............................................... - 23 -
Figure 8.0. 3 Characteristic curves for Banki turbine under 16-ft head. ........................................ - 24 -
Figure 9.0. 1 Banki water turbine built in Oregon State College Hydraulics Laboratory. ............. - 25 -
Figure 9.0. 2 German design of a Banki turbine and nozzle. .......................................................... - 26 -
Figure 9.0. 3 Alternate German design of Banki turbine and nozzle............................................... - 26 -
Figure 5.0. 1) at an angle of with the tangent to the periphery, the velocity of the water before
entering would be
C1 u 2gH (1.1.1)
The relative velocity of the water at entrance, W1, can be found if U1, the peripheral velocity of the
wheel at that point, is known. would be the angle between the forward directions of the two latter
velocities. For maximum efficiency, the angle of the blade 1b should be equal to 1. If AB represents
the blade, the relative velocity at exit, W2' , forms '2 with the peripheral velocity of the wheel at that
point.
1' '2
'U W
'
1U' '
22
C2' 1 2
9 '
8' U'2
C
' '
D C'1
W1 '
W2
C2
U'1
U2
1765
h
18°
Part of the formula (1.1.2) can be reduced by plotting all the velocity triangles as shown in Figure
6.0. 1.
1
10°
29°
C1
C2
16°
W2
W1
U2
29°
U1
C2 cos 2 W2 cos 2 U2
(1.1.3)
W2 cos 2 U1
W2 W1 (1.1.4)
which is small in most cases, where is an empirical coefficient less than unity (about 0.98).
From the velocity diagram Figure 6.0. 1,
W1
C1 cos 1 U1 (1.1.5)
cos 1
Substituting equations (1.1.3), (1.1.4), and (1.1.5) in the power equation (1.1.2)
cos 2
P Q C1 cos 1 U1 U1 1 (1.1.6)
cos 1
C12 1
P QgH Q (1.1.7)
22 2
The efficiency, , is equal to the ratio of the output and input power,
U cos 2 U1
22u 1 1 cos 1 (1.1.8)
C1 cos 1 C1
2 = 1,
then efficiency
U U
22u 1 1 cos 1 1 (1.1.9)
C1 C1
Considering all variables as-constant except efficiency and U1/C1 and differentiating and equating
to zero, then
U1 cos 1
(1.1.10)
C1 2
1
Max 2u 1 cos 2 1 (1.1.11)
2
1
It is noticeable (see Figure 6.0. 1) that the direction of C2 when U1 C1 cos 1 does not become
2
radial. The outflow would be radial with
U1 u C1 cos 1 (1.1.12)
1
only when and u are unity, that is, assuming no loss of head due to friction in nozzle or on the
blades. To obtain the highest mechanical efficiency, the entrance angle l should be as small as
possible, and an angle of 16° can be obtained for , without difficulty. For this value cosl = 0.96,
cos 2 1 0.92 .
Substituting in equation (1.1.11), u = 0.98 and = 0.98, the maximum efficiency would be 87.8
per cent. Since the efficiency of the nozzle varies as the square of the coefficient, the greatest care
should be taken to avoid loss here. There are hydraulic losses due to water striking the outer and inner
periphery. The latter loss is small, for according to computations to be made later, the original
thickness of the jet s0, Figure 6.0. 2, increases to 1.90, which means that about 72 per cent of the whole
energy was given up by the water striking the blade from the outside and 28 per cent was left in the
water prior to striking the inside periphery. If the number of blades is correct and they are as thin and
smooth as possible the coefficient may be obtained as high as 0.98.
| Efficiency. Pavesi - 10 -
313
t
S1
20
W1
S0
11,54
C1
30
000
W2
r1
90°
R1
R 660
r2
2S00
2
| Efficiency. Pavesi - 11 -
6 Construction proportions.
6.1 Blade angle
The blade angle 1b can be determined from 1, C1, and U1 in Figure 6.0. 1 and Figure 6.1. 1.
If
1
U1 C1 cos 1 (1.1.13)
2
then
C1
39°
W1
23°
U1
'
68°
68°
C2
90 C'
W2 W'1 1 '
°
°
90
U2 U'1
' W'2
32°
C'2
' U'2
90°
66°
66°
68°
73°
C2 C2
C'1 W2 W' C'1 '
90 W2 W'1 '
96
°
°
1
84°
°
84
U2 U'1 U2 U'1
direction.
Assuming no shock loss at entrance at point C then '2 90 , that is, the inner tip of the blade
must be radial. On account of the difference in elevation between points B and C (exit and entrance to
the inner periphery) C1' might differ from C'2 if there were no losses between these points.
Assuming '2 90 (Figure 6.1. 2a) W1' would not coincide with the blade angle and therefore a
shock loss would be experienced. In order to avoid this 2 must be greater than 90°. The difference in
C'2 and C1' however is usually small because h2 is small, so 2 might be 90° in all cases.
s1 t sin 1 (1.1.16)
Assuming 2 = 90° the inner exit blade spacing is known for every radial rim width. (a),
r2
s2 t (1.1.17)
r1
As long as (a) is small the space between the blades will not be filled by the jet. As ( a ) increases
s2 decreases so ( a ) will be limited by
W1
s2 s1 (1.1.18)
W2'
It is not advisable to increase the rim width (a) over this limit because the amount of water striking
it could not flow through so small a cross-section and back pressure would result. Moreover, a rim
width which would be under this limit would be inefficient since separated jets would flow out of the
W1 W2' U1 U'2
2 2 2 2
(1.1.19)
or
W U U W
' 2
2
' 2
2 1
2
1
2
but
s1 r
W2' W1 W1 1 sin 1 (1.1.20)
s2 r2
and
r2
U'2 U1
r1
Calling x r2 r1
2
W 2 W1
2
x 1
2 1
x sin 1 0
2
(1.1.21)
U1 U1
1
If the ideal velocity of wheel U1 C1 cos 1 then
2
W1 1
(1.1.22)
U1 cos 1
x 2 0.33x 0.332 0
x 0.435
r
x 0.5 2 0.66
r1
Therefore
This value of ( a ) , the radial rim width, was graphically ascertained from the intersection of the
two curves (Figure 6.0. 2).
2
r
W ' 2
2 2 U12 W12 U12 (1.1.19)
r1
and
r1
W2' W1 sin 1 (1.1.20)
r2
The central angle bOC, Figure 7.2. 1, can be determined from equation (1.1.19) and
ˆ
bOC
'2
2
U1 U1
W1
cos 1 0.866
r2
0.66
r1
W2'
tan '
'
2
U2
1.326 (1.1.25)
53
'
2
ˆ 106
bOC (1.1.26)
The thickness of the jet ( y ) in the inner part of the wheel can be computed from the continuity
equation of flow (Figure 7.2. 1) ,
therefore,
s0
y 2cos '2 cos 1 (1.1.28)
r2
r1
The distance between the inside edge of the inside jet as it passes through the wheel and the shaft
of the wheel, y1 (Figure 7.2. 1) ,
d
y1 0.1986 0.945k D1 (1.1.31)
2
In a similar manner the distance y2, the distance between the outer edge of the jet and the inner
periphery, can be determined.
For the case where the shaft does not extend through the wheel, the only limit will be y2.
For most cases k = 0.075 to 0.10 then y1 + d./2 =(0.128 to 0.1040)D1, y2 = (0.0606 to 0.0369)D1
D1N
U1 (1.1.33)
60
1 D1N
C1 cos 1
2 60
1 D1N
U 2gH cos 1
0.5
2 60
cos 1
D1 30U 2gH
0.5
(1.1.34)
N
H0.5
D1 39.84
N
The thickness so of the jet in the nozzle is dependent upon a compromise of two conditions. A
large value for so would be advantageous because the loss caused by the filling and emptying of the
wheel would be small. However, it would not be satisfactory because the angle of attack of the outer
filaments of the jet would vary considerably from 1 = 16°, thereby increasing these losses as the
thickness increased. The thickness should be determined by experiment.
In finding the breadth of the wheel ( L ) , the following equations are true:
Q u s0 L 2gH
0.5
(1.1.35)
u kD1L 2gH
0.5
Q
D1
u kL 2gH
0.5
(1.1.36)
39.84 0.5
H
N
QN
L
39.84H 0.5u k 2gH
0.5
(1.1.37)
0.0578QN 0.0771QN
to
H H
but
AO r1
OB r2
AC BC
r12 r22
2r1 cos 1
1
sin 180
r1
2
r2 1
sin 90 1
2
(1.1.38)
1
sin
2
1
sin 1
2
1 cos 1
tan (1.1.39)
2 r
sin 1 2
r1
Figure 8.0. 1 Power curves for Banki turbine under 16-ft head.
Figure 9.0. 3, a lever is attached to the gate A and actuated by the turbine governor. At C the water
is forced to enter the turbine blades at the required angle for best operating efficiency, regardless of the
flow of water. In Figure 9.0. 2, the thickness of the jet may be changed by a slightly different patented
device. The effect is the same as before.
| Pavesi - 27 -