Smog 1

Smog
Smog is a type of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of
smoke and fog. Modern smog is a type of air pollution derived from
vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial
fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary
pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form
photochemical smog. Smog is also caused by large amounts of coal
burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide.

Smog in New York City as viewed from the

Origin of term World Trade Center in 1988

Coinage of the term "smog" is generally attributed to Dr. Henry

Antoine Des Voeux in his 1905 paper, "Fog and Smoke" for a meeting
of the Public Health Congress. The July 26, 1905 edition of the
London newspaper Daily Graphic quoted Des Voeux, "He said it
required no science to see that there was something produced in great
cities which was not found in the country, and that was smoky fog, or
what was known as 'smog.'"[1] The following day the newspaper stated
that "Dr. Des Voeux did a public service in coining a new word for the
London fog." "Smog" also appears in a January 19, 1893, Los Angeles
Times article and is attributed to "a witty English writer."

German road sign, Verkehrsverbot bei Smog (No

traffic allowed in smog conditions)

Photochemical smog
In the 1950s a new type of smog, known as photochemical smog, was
first described.
This forms when sunlight hits various pollutants in the air and forms a
mix of inimical chemicals that can be very dangerous. A
photochemical smog is the chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen
oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the
atmosphere, which leaves airborne particles (called particulate matter)
and ground-level ozone.[2]

Nitrogen oxides are released by nitrogen and oxygen in the air reacting
together under high temperature such as in the exhaust of fossil
fuel-burning engines in cars, trucks, coal power plants, and industrial
manufacturing factories. VOCs are released from man-made sources Smog in the Syrian city of Aleppo, summer 2006
such as gasoline (petrol), paints, solvents, pesticides, and biogenic
sources, such as pine and citrus tree emissions.

This noxious mixture of air pollutants can include the following:

Smog 2

• Aldehydes (RCHO)
• Nitrogen oxides, such as nitrogen dioxide
• Peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN)
• Tropospheric ozone
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
All of these chemicals are usually highly reactive and oxidizing. Photochemical smog is therefore considered to be a
problem of modern industrialization. It is present in all modern cities, but it is more common in cities with sunny,
warm, dry climates and a large number of motor vehicles.[3] Because it travels with the wind, it can affect sparsely
populated areas as well.

Characteristic coloration for smog in California in the beige cloud bank behind Golden Gate Bridge. The brown coloration is due to the NOx in the
photochemical smog.

Health effects
Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human
health.[4] Ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and
carbon monoxide are especially harmful for senior citizens, children,
and people with heart and lung conditions such as emphysema,
bronchitis, and asthma.[5] It can inflame breathing passages, decrease
the lungs' working capacity, cause shortness of breath, pain when
inhaling deeply, wheezing, and coughing. It can cause eye and nose
irritation and it dries out the protective membranes of the nose and
throat and interferes with the body's ability to fight infection,
increasing susceptibility to illness. Hospital admissions and respiratory Highland Park Optimist Club wearing smog-gas
deaths often increase during periods when ozone levels are high.[6] masks at banquet, Los Angeles, circa 1954

The U.S. EPA has developed an Air Quality Index to help explain air
pollution levels to the general public. 8 hour average ozone concentrations of 85 to 104 ppbv are described as
"Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups", 105 ppbv to 124 ppbv as "unhealthy" and 125 ppb to 404 ppb as "very
unhealthy".[7] The "very unhealthy" range for some other pollutants are: 355 μg m−3 - 424 μg m−3 for PM10; 15.5
ppm - 30.4ppm for CO and 0.65 ppm - 1.24 ppm for NO2.[8]
The Ontario Medical Association announced that smog is responsible for an estimated 9,500 premature deaths in the
province each year.[9]
A 20-year American Cancer Society study found that cumulative exposure also increases the likelihood of premature
death from a respiratory disease, implying the 8-hour standard may be insufficient.[10]
Smog 3

Areas affected
Smog can form in almost any climate where industries or cities release
large amounts of air pollution, such as smoke or gases. However, it is
worse during periods of warmer, sunnier weather when the upper air is
warm enough to inhibit vertical circulation. It is especially prevalent in
geologic basins encircled by hills or mountains. It often stays for an
Beijing air on a day after rain (left) and a smoggy
extended period of time over densely populated cities or urban areas,
day (right)
such as London, Atlanta, Houston, Phoenix, Las Vegas, New Delhi,
New York, Cairo, Los Angeles, Sacramento, São Paulo, Mexico City,
Santiago of Chile, Toronto, Athens, Beijing, Shanghai, Manila, Hong Kong, Seoul, the Randstad or Ruhr Area and
can build up to dangerous levels.

London
In 1306, concerns over air pollution were sufficient for Edward I to
(briefly) ban coal fires in London.[11] In 1661, John Evelyn's
Fumifugium suggested burning fragrant wood instead of mineral coal,
which he believed would reduce coughing. The Ballad of Gresham
College the same year describes how the smoke "does our lungs and
spirits choke, Our hanging spoil, and rust our iron."

Severe episodes of smog continued in the 19th and 20th centuries and
were nicknamed "pea-soupers". The Great Smog of 1952 darkened the
streets of London and killed approximately 4,000 people in the short
time of 4 days (a further 8,000[12] died from its effects in the following
weeks and months). Initially a flu epidemic was blamed for the loss of
life. In 1956 the Clean Air Act introduced smokeless zones in the
capital. Consequently, reduced sulfur dioxide levels made the intense
and persistent London smog a thing of the past. It was after this the
great clean-up of London began and buildings recovered their original
Victorian London was notorious for its thick
stone façades which, during two centuries, had gradually blackened. smogs, or "pea-soupers", a fact that is often
Smog caused by traffic pollution, however, does occur in modern recreated to add an air of mystery to a period
London. costume drama

Mexico City
Due to its location in a highland "bowl", cold air sinks down onto the urban area of Mexico City, trapping industrial
and vehicle pollution underneath, and turning it into the most infamously smog-plagued city of Latin America.
Within one generation, the city has changed from being known for some of the cleanest air of the world into one
with some of the worst pollution, with pollutants like nitrogen dioxide being double or even triple international
standards.[13]
Smog 4

Tehran
In December 2005, schools and public offices had to close in Tehran, Iran and 1600 people were taken to hospital, in
a severe smog blamed largely on unfiltered car exhaust.[14]

United States
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated
over 300 U.S. counties to be non-attainment areas for one or more
pollutants tracked as part of the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards.[15] These areas are largely clustered around large
metropolitan areas, with the largest contiguous non-attainment zones in
California and the Northeast. Various U.S. and Canadian government
agencies collaborate to produce real-time air quality maps and
forecasts.[16]

Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley

Being in low basins surrounded by mountains, Los Angeles and the

San Joaquin Valley are notorious for their smog. The millions of A NASA astronaut photograph of a smog layer
over central New York.
vehicles in these basins plus the added effects of the San Francisco Bay
and Los Angeles/Long Beach port complexes contribute to further air
pollution. While strict regulations by the multiple California
government agencies overseeing this problem have reduced the
number of Stage 1 smog alerts from several hundred annually to just a
few, these geologically predisposed entrapment zones collect pollution
levels from cars, trucks and fixed sources which still exceeds health
standards and is a pressing issue for the more than 25 million people
who live there.

Major incidents in the US

Counties in the United States where one or more
• 1948, October 30–31, Donora, PA: 20 died, 600 hospitalized, National Ambient Air Quality Standards are not
thousands more stricken. Lawsuits were not settled until 1951.[17] met, as of June 2007.

• 1953, November, New York: Smog kills between 170 and 260
people.[17]
• 1954, October, Los Angeles: heavy smog shuts down schools and industry for most of the month.[17]
• 1963, New York: blamed for 200 deaths [18]
• 1966, New York: blamed for 169 deaths [18]
Smog 5

Southeast Asia
Smog is a regular problem in Southeast Asia caused by land and forest
fires in Indonesia, especially Sumatra and Kalimantan, although the
less political term haze is preferred in describing the problem. Farmers
and plantation owners are usually responsible for the fires, which they
use to clear tracts of land for further plantings. Those fires mainly
affect Brunei, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore and
Thailand, and occasionally Guam and Saipan.[19] [20] The economic
losses of the fires in 1997 have been estimated at more than US$9
billion.[21] This includes damages in agriculture production,
Singapore's Downtown Core on 7 October 2006,
destruction of forest lands, health, transportation, tourism, and other
when it was affected by forest fires in Sumatra,
Indonesia economic endeavours. Not included are social, environmental, and
psychological problems and long-term health effects. The latest bout of
haze to occur in Malaysia, Singapore and the Malacca Straits is in October 2006, and was caused by smoke from
fires in Indonesia being blown across the Straits of Malacca by south-westerly winds.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) reacted and signed Agreement on Transboundary Haze
Pollution, formed a Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP) and established a co-ordination and support unit (CSU).[22]
RHAP, with the help of Canada, established a monitoring and warning system for forest/vegetation fires and
implemented a Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS). The Malaysian Meteorological Service (MMS)[23] has issued a
daily rating since September 2003. The Indonesians have been ineffective at enforcing legal policies on errant
farmers.

Natural causes
An erupting volcano can also emit high levels of sulphur dioxide, creating volcanic smog, or vog.

Pollution index
The severity of smog is often measured using automated optical
instruments such as Nephelometers, as haze is associated with
visibility and traffic control in ports. Haze however can also be an
indication of poor air quality though this is often better reflected using
accurate purpose built air indexes such as the American Air Quality
Index, the Malaysian API (Air Pollution Index) and the Singaporean
Pollutant Standards Index.

In hazy conditions, it is likely that the index will report the suspended
particulate level. The disclosure of the responsible pollutant is
mandated in some jurisdictions. Smog in São Paulo

The American AQI is divided into six color coded categories.

Technically AQI runs only from 0 to 500. The 301 to 500 range is categorised as hazardous and colored maroon.[24]
The Malaysian API does not have a capped value; hence its most hazardous readings can go above 500. Above 500,
a state of emergency is declared in the affected area. Usually, this means that non-essential government services are
suspended, and all ports in the affected area are closed. There may also be prohibitions on private sector commercial
and industrial activities in the affected area excluding the food sector. So far, state of emergency rulings due to
hazardous API levels were applied to the Malaysian towns of Port Klang, Kuala Selangor and the state of Sarawak
during the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 1997 Southeast Asian haze.
Smog 6

Cultural references
• The London "pea-soupers" earned the capital the nickname of "The
Smoke". Similarly, Edinburgh was known as "Auld Reekie". The
smogs feature in many London novels as a motif indicating hidden
danger or a mystery, perhaps most overtly in Margery Allingham's
The Tiger in the Smoke (1952), but also in Dickens' Bleak House
(1852):

[A]s he handed me into a fly after superintending the removal of

my boxes, I asked him whether there was a great fire anywhere?
For the streets were so full of dense brown smoke that scarcely
anything was to be seen.
Claude Monet made several trips to London
"Oh, dear no, miss," he said. "This is a London particular."
between 1899 and 1901, during which he painted
I had never heard of such a thing. views of the Thames and Houses of Parliament
"A fog, miss," said the young gentleman. which show the sun struggling to shine through
London's smog-laden atmosphere.
—Charles Dickens, Bleak House
• The 1970 made-for-TV movie A Clear and Present Danger, which featured Hal Holbrook, E.G. Marshall, Joseph
Campanella, Jack Albertson and Pat Hingle, was one of the first American television network entertainment
programs to warn about the problem of smog and air pollution.[25] (This film is not to be confused with the 1994
film with a similar name.)
• 'Smog' or 'Smoggy' has also come into use to describe a resident of Teesside (in North East England) or a
supporter of Middlesbrough Football Club, due to the high concentration of chemical and heavy industry in the
Teesside area. Although it has now been proven that the Teesside air is cleaner than London, Newcastle,
Sunderland and many other British cities, the main source of pollution in the air is now vehicle exhaust fumes,
like most urban areas.
• Ulrich Beck, Classic Quote by Ulrich ‘Poverty is hierarchic, smog is democratic’.[26]
• Hedorah, a monster from the Godzilla movie, Godzilla vs. Hedorah, feeds on pollution and is referred to as "The
Smog Monster".
• South Park, The town of South park is beset by smug, in the episode Smug Alert!, a satirical reference to both
smog and celebrities who wish to prevent environmental degradation.
• The history of smog in LA is detailed in Smogtown by Chip Jacobs and William J. Kelly (Overlook Press).[27]

See also
• 1997 Southeast Asian haze
• 2005 Malaysian haze
• 2006 Southeast Asian haze
• Contrail
• Criteria air contaminants
• Emission standard
• Inversion effect
• Nitric oxide
• Ozone
• Umweltzone
Smog 7

References
[1] Gaia Piazzesi 2006 (http:/ / ega. web. psi. ch/ Piazzesi, PhD thesis, ETH Zurich, 2006. pdf)
[2] "What is Smog?", Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, CCME.ca (http:/ / www. ccme. ca/ assets/ pdf/ pn_1257_e. pdf)
[3] Miller, Jr., George Tyler (2002). Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions (12th Edition). Belmont: The Thomson
Corporation. pp. 423. ISBN 0-534-37697-5.
[4] USA Today (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ weather/ news/ 2004-04-15-air-quality-ap_x. htm)
[5] Airnow.gov (http:/ / www. airnow. gov/ index. cfm?action=health2. smog1#4), "Who is most at risk from ozone?"
[6] CWAC.net (http:/ / www. cwac. net/ air_pollution/ ozone. html), Ozone in Wisconsin
[7] Airnow.gov (http:/ / www. airnow. gov/ index. cfm?action=health2. smog1#4)
[8] EPA.gov (http:/ / www. epa. gov/ ttn/ oarpg/ t1/ memoranda/ rg701. pdf)
[9] Wheels.ca (http:/ / wheels. ca/ reviews/ article/ 256058), $3.83 to power hybrid plug-in for 6 days
[10] NPR.org (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ transcript/ transcript. php?storyId=101694787), Smoggy Skies May Cause Respiratory Death
[11] Environmentalgraffiti.com (http:/ / www. environmentalgraffiti. com/ offbeat-news/ environmentalism-in-1306/ 725), Environmentalism in
1306
[12] "A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1959: The Role of Influenza and Pollution" (http:/ / www.
ehponline. org/ members/ 2003/ 6539/ 6539. html). Environ Health Perspect 112 (1): 6–8. January 2004. doi:10.1289/ehp.6539. .
[13] SBC.ac.at (http:/ / www. sbg. ac. at/ ipk/ avstudio/ pierofun/ mexico/ air. htm), Air pollution in Mexico City, University of Salzburg
[14] "Hundreds treated over Tehran smog" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ middle_east/ 4516430. stm). BBC News. 2005-12-10. .
Retrieved 2006-08-03.
[15] EPA.gov (http:/ / www. epa. gov/ oar/ oaqps/ greenbk/ ), The Green Book Nonattainment Areas, Green Book |
[16] Airnow.gov (http:/ / www. airnow. gov)
[17] Radford.edu (http:/ / www. radford. edu/ ~wkovarik/ envhist/ 7forties. html), Environmental History Timeline: 1940-1960
[18] Washingtonpost.com (http:/ / washingtonpost. findlaw. com/ supreme_court/ briefs/ 99-1257/ 99-1257fo5/ text. html)
[19] SaigpanTribune.com (http:/ / www. saipantribune. com/ newsstory. aspx?cat=1& newsID=61706)
[20] Sun2Surf.com (http:/ / www. sun2surf. com/ article. cfm?id=15717)
[21] Asean.org (http:/ / haze. asean. org/ info/ faq-combatinghaze), ASEAN secreatriat on smog cost
[22] Asean.org (http:/ / haze. asean. org/ )
[23] KJC.gov.my (http:/ / www. kjc. gov. my/ english/ service/ climate/ afdrs/ fwi. jpg)
[24] EPA.gov (http:/ / www. epa. gov/ airnow/ aqibroch/ aqi. html)
[25] IMDb.com (http:/ / imdb. com/ title/ tt0065558/ ), A Clear and Present Danger (1970) (TV)
[26] Risk Society: Towards A New Modernity (Sage, 1992)
[27] Overlookpress.com (http:/ / www. overlookpress. com/ book-detail. php?book_isbn=1-58567-860-0& last_url=search.
php?search=smogtown/ ), Smogtown, The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles by Chip Jacobs & William J. Kelly

External links
• Smog (http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Smog)] A Citizendium article
• Eoearth.org (http://www.eoearth.org/article/London_smog_disaster,_England), London Smog Disaster,
Encyclopedia of Earth
• NPI.gov.au (http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/69.html), National Pollutant Inventory
- Particulate matter fact sheet
• Contrails.nl (http://www.contrails.nl), Pictures of Contrails and Aviation Cirrus (- Smog), since 1995 until now.
• Ausetute.com.au (http://www.ausetute.com.au/photsmog.html), Photochemical Smog
• Iras.uu.nl (http://airnet.iras.uu.nl/products/pdf/airnet_wg3_toxicology_report.pdf), Airnet Workgroup
Toxicology Report
News
• BBC.co.uk (http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/10/a4914010.shtml), "When smog was a
frequent occurrence, WW2 People's War, BBC 2005-08-10. Accessed 2006-08-03.
Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and Contributors

Smog  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=392803501  Contributors: 213.112.220.xxx, Aaronkavo, Adrian, Aitias, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, AlexiusHoratius, Alvis, Amir.h.110,
Ancheta Wis, Android Mouse, AndyBQ, Antandrus, Archanamiya, Astral, Atif.t2, Atmoz, Aussie Alchemist, Baan4c, Balthazarduju, Bbik, Beaverfever, Beland, Ben Hateva, Bikeable, Billtubbs,
Blue520, BlueEarth, Bobak, Bradleyosborn, Branddobbe, Brianga, BrokenSphere, CGHW1, Calmer Waters, Calvin 1998, CambridgeBayWeather, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me,
CanadianLinuxUser, Capricorn42, Chanub, Ckatz, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker, Computerjoe, Conversion script, Courcelles, Crazzyninja, Crispmuncher, DabMachine, DaddyT,
Daniel.Cardenas, Daniel5127, DanielCD, Dapang, Darth Panda, Dawnseeker2000, Dejvid, DerHexer, DerechoReguerraz, Discospinster, Donikanuhiu, Doodoggy, Dreamyshade, DrumCarton,
Dsyzdek, Dysepsion, E2eamon, Earth, EchoBravo, Ed Fitzgerald, Ed g2s, EdH, Edmundosargento, Edson Rosa, Ela.oregon, Element16, Eliot red, Eliz81, Ellywa, Emezei, Emperor Genius,
Endroit, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Essjay, FaerieInGrey, Farosdaughter, Favonian, Feezo, Fragglet, Franknoppel, Frecklefoot, Fredrik, Freefighter, Frédérick Lacasse, Furrykef, Fxhomie, Fyyer, Fæ,
Gabriel Kielland, Gaius Cornelius, Garthman69, Gene Nygaard, Giftlite, Gilliam, Gogo Dodo, Graham87, Greggygreggreg, GregorB, Greyyhawkk, Gripper101, Gökhan, HalJor, Hazy,
HeHeHaHaLolz, Hei hei, Horrorshowj, Huangdi, Husond, Hut 6.5, Hyperionides, Iain.mcclatchie, Ichakrab, Ingolfson, Irish Pearl, IronGargoyle, Isaac17620, Itsmine, J.delanoy, JForget, JRR
Trollkien, JackyR, Jacob Myers, Jameswilson, Janet Davis, January, Jazzman67, Jclemens, Jebus989, Jerome Charles Potts, JimVC3, Jimmy Slade, Jkoskie, John Reaves, John67832,
Johnfravolda, Jonathunder, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joyous!, Jst123l, Jthain, Jui 221.coollyric, Jusdafax, Kaiser matias, Ke4roh, Keilana, KeithH, Kevorkmail, Kidcudi10, KnowledgeOfSelf,
Kpjas, Krapitino, Kusunose, La goutte de pluie, LarryBH, Law, LeaveSleaves, LegitimateAndEvenCompelling, Leonard G., Leuko, Lightmouse, Linnell, Lmharnisch, Lokantha, Lotje,
Lowellian, Lph, Mac, Macintosh User, Makemi, Malcolmxl5, Mandarax, Manop, Marco1234, Marqueed, Martial75, Martin451, Matthew Desjardins, Mbeychok, Mee Goring plus, Mentifisto,
Metamagician3000, Minimac's Clone, Mintguy, Mitsein, Moon&Nature, Morrisjones, Mr. Wheely Guy, Mridu Verma, My76Strat, Mzhao, N1RK4UDSK714, NHSavage, Nacerak, Nagy, Natural
RX, NawlinWiki, Ne0Freedom, Neemaz, Neurolinguist, Nichalp, Nickptar, Nk.sheridan, No Parking, Nopetro, Nut-meg, Nuujinn, Oda Mari, Orphan Wiki, Ottava Rima, Oxymoron83, Ozgod,
Pascal666, Peterlewis, Petr Kopač, Ph0987, Phil Bridger, Pikazilla, Pinethicket, Pkchan, Pointillist, Possum, PrincessofLlyr, PseudoSudo, Purifier123, Radiojon, RangerOfFire, Rayhusthwaite,
Razimantv, RedMabuse, Renato Caniatti, Rettetast, RexNL, Richard Keatinge, RickK, Rmhermen, Ronhjones, Rror, Rvanwaning, SJP, SQGibbon, Saturday, Schnolle, Scienceman123,
Scoops20, Sean D Martin, Shaddack, Shakil, Shell Kinney, Shoeofdeath, Siim, Silvergallium, Sionus, SkyWalker, Skysmith, Slakr, Slowking Man, Smitz, Smogthepyroking, Smp5000,
Snigbrook, Sokari, Sole Soul, Solipsist, Someguy1221, SpikeToronto, SpuriousQ, St.daniel, Stemonitis, StephanieM, Stephen Turner, Stephenb, Stone, Storeye, Stromcarlson, Stu42, Stupid2,
Summerbaby201091, Supersquid, Svetovid, Synchronism, Syrthiss, Tarquin, Tarret, Tarsie, Tawker, Templationist, Tghe-retford, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheCatalyst31, Thebigone125,
Theshibboleth, Thorpe, Tide rolls, Tillman, Towerman, TransUtopian, Treecko 09, Tresiden, Uncle Dick, Valley2city, Vegaswikian, Versus22, Vsmith, Wackywace, Walor, Wereon, Why Not A
Duck, Wikidudeman, Wimdit, XVreturns, XalD, Xaliqen, Xezbeth, Y1997xf11, YAWADarren, Yms, Yosri, Yossiea, Zenohockey, Zigger, 765 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:SmogNY.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SmogNY.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Gryffindor, Quasipalm, Saperaud, 1 anonymous edits
File:Zeichen 270.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zeichen_270.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cfaerber, Cäsium137, Umherirrender
File:Air pollution in Aleppo summer 2006.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Air_pollution_in_Aleppo_summer_2006.JPG  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Aboalbiss
Image:Lightmatter Golden gate bridge.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: By Aaron Logan
File:LA smog masks.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LA_smog_masks.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Original uploader was Tillman at en.wikipedia
Image:Beijing smog comparison August 2005.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Beijing_smog_comparison_August_2005.png  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: w:en:User:BobakBobak
Image:LondonSmog.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LondonSmog.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Bhoeble, BrokenSphere, D-Kuru, Diwas, Jborme, Lobo,
Saperaud, Solipsist
Image:Upstatenysmog.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Upstatenysmog.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Nut-meg at en.wikipedia
Image:US-overall-nonattainment-2007-06.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US-overall-nonattainment-2007-06.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Beland,
Bkell, Iain, Monkeybait, 1 anonymous edits
Image:Downtown Core, Singapore, Oct 06.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Downtown_Core,_Singapore,_Oct_06.JPG  License: unknown  Contributors: Common
Good, Jacklee, Sengkang
Image:Zona Leste - São Paulo-Brasil.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zona_Leste_-_São_Paulo-Brasil.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
 Contributors: User:Gaf.arq
Image:Claude Monet 015.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Claude_Monet_015.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anna reg, Ardfern, Bhoeble, Croberto68,
Hailey C. Shannon, JackyR, Olivier2, Rlbberlin, Schlurcher, Szilas, The Duke of Waltham

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