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INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLES
Environmental Impact Assessment Training Manual
u The need “to identify and predict the impact on the examples to illustrate why EIAs are important. This will help you to gain a
guide the next steps.
u An assessment of the impact of a planned activity on An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is commonly described
activities on the environment, including impacts on biodiversity, vege
the environment (UN, 1991) can be seen as a process of identifying, predicting, and evaluating the
and other impacts of a proposed project or development to define m
impacts but also provide positive contributions to the natural environ
EMB
Thru PD 1586 (ECC)
Solid Forestry & Agricultural Zoning Water Air Housing Mining Fisheries
waste protected Pesticides RA 7160 Pollution Pollution BP 220 RA 7942 RA 8550
RA 9003 Areas RA 8435 PD 984 RA 8749 PD 957 RA 7076
PD 705 PD 1144 PD 856 PD 1899
RA 7586
PERMIT CLEARANCES
FROM CONCERNED GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES
EIA and ECC Defined
Example #2: If the EIA review finds a coral reef of high ecological significance, it can recommend to
the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) its exclusion to be considered in the issuance of the
reclamation permit. However, if the reclamation permit has already been issued before the EIA was
evaluated, it will be difficult to amend the reclamation permit to exclude the ecologically sensitive
area.
EIA Process within the Project Cycle
Stages of a New Chemical Plant or
Process Development
1. Inception
2. Preliminary evaluation of economics and market
Detailed
Findings and assessment,
recommendations of EIA identification of
considered in various mitigation needs,
permits and licenses inputs to CBA
needed
Site selection,
envi screening,
Feasibility -
Pre-feasibility initial
assessment,
Detailed design of scoping
mitigation
measures
Project
Detailed Engineering Conceptualization/
& Design Improvement
Implementation of
mitigation
Monitoring,
measures Validation and
Project Construction Operation & Evaluation/Audit
of Environmental
& Development Maintenance Compliance and
Over-all
Performance
u EIA-related activities:
u self-screening to determine coverage within the PEISS.
u If covered, the proponent prepares all requirements for
the application process
u initial rapid site and impact assessment to determine
the criticality of the project location and have an
initial scope of key issues.
he project and shall
ndations/guidance sign. The proponent is able to identify
f the project cycle. the range of actions it can take and con-
EIA Process sider
matic representation within projectthe Project
alternatives priorCycle:
to final
FEASIBILITY
p between the EIA decision for the Detailed Engineering
the project cycle. Design (DED).
e Project Concept
Stages of the project ., %0 4, ,-%0 0,4A& 8-&/ ,-& '+$B4: 5.! 2,)*1
activities include '+$ 5CC 4DD:%34,%+/ %0 %/%,%4,&*. ! D+0%,%7&
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s and undertakes an %/A ,-& D$+D+/&/,H0 3+BB%,B&/,0 4/* +,-&$
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ave an initial scope &/7%$+/B&/,4: F&0, D$43,%3&0.
EIA Process within the Project Cycle:
DETAILED ENGINEERING and DESIGN
DESIGN
u the proponent is presumed to have secured the ECC
u generic measures identified during the EIA study at
the FS stage will now be detailed based on the project
facility design and operational specifications.
EIA Process within the Project Cycle:
Project Construction & Development /
Operations
u At the start of Project Construction/Development/Operations
and throughout the project lifetime, environmental mitigation
measures are fully implemented
HISTORY OF EIA
1984 - The World Bank adopts its “Environmental Policy and Procedures” which stipulate the
integration of environmental consideration at the initial stages of defining and preparing
projects.
Environmental Unit are also
created
1997 – The regulation “Reglamento
1985 – The EIA Directive for European Union Member States implements the requirement de Competencias del Poder
that EIAs must be conducted prior to the authorization of development projects likely to Ejecutivo” is enacted, which
have significant environmental effects. determines that there will be two
sub-secretaries within the Office
1986 - Italy introduces EIA legislation
of Environmental Evaluation
1987 - The Netherlands introduces EIA legislation and Control (DECA): the Sub-
1987 - United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) adopts the Goals and Principles secretary of Natural Resources
of Environmental Impact Assessment– 13 rules designed to facilitate the introduction and and the Sub-secretary of the
promotion of EIA systems in member countries as well as promoting the development of an Environment.
international EIA procedure. 2002 – The modernization and
1988 - Tunisia and Sri Lanka introduce EIA legislation strengthening of SINEIA follows
1989 - The EIA Operation Directive (OD), designed for its staff outlines methods and parameters established by the
procedures for EIA implementation in proposed projects, as well as providing sector-specific Agreement of Ministers of the
manuals. Environment and the Central
American Action Plan developed
1992 - Belize and Estonia introduce EIA legislation
by the Central American
1992 – Principle 17 of the United Nations- Rio Declaration emphasized the importance of Commission on the Environment
EIAs as a “national instrument” to be used for all projects likely to have significant adverse and Development (CCAD).
environmental impacts and which are subject to the decision of national authority.
2009, a new regulation is enacted
1993 - Bosnia & Herzegovina introduces EIA legislation by SINEIA, (Ministerial Agreement
1994 - Nicaragua introduces EIA legislation No. 189-2009 published in
1995 - Romania introduces EIA legislation the official newspaper) on the
1996 - Montenegro and Nepal introduce EIA legislation actualization and modernization
of the EIA system - no significant
1997 - Japan introduces EIA legislation
changes had taken place since
1999 - Ecuador and Ireland introduce EIA legislation 1994.
2002 - Lebanon introduces EIA legislation Recently (after 2010) – Honduras
2002 – UNEP emphasized that EIAs need to put more emphasis on integrating social and introduces an online licensing
health impacts. system to register and submit
2006 - Panama introduces EIA legislation EIAs.
Recently (after 2010) – Additional studies are carried out to supplement the EIA decision-
making process.
Changing perspectives on EIA
u The arguments for EIA vary in time, in space and according to the
perspective of those involved.
u Minimalist defensive perspective: developers, and possibly also some
parts of government, might see EIA as a necessary evil, an
administrative exercise, something to be gone through that might
result in some minor, often cosmetic, changes to a development that
would probably have happened anyway
u Deep ecologists” or “deep Greens”: EIA cannot provide total certainty
about the environmental consequences of development proposals; they
feel that any projects carried out under uncertain or risky
circumstances should be abandoned
Changing perspectives on EIA
u EIA can be, and is now often, seen as a positive process that seeks a harmonious
relationship between development and the environment. The nature and use of
EIA will change as relative values and perspectives also change. EIA must adapt,
as O’Riordan (1990) noted:
“One can see that EIA is moving away from being a defensive tool of the
kind that dominated the 1970s to a potentially exciting environmental and
social betterment technique that may well come to take over the 1990s... If
one sees EIA not so much as a technique, rather as a process that is
constantly changing in the face of shifting environmental politics and
managerial capabilities, one can visualize it as a sensitive barometer of
environmental values in a complex environmental society. Long may EIA
thrive.”
Changing perspectives on EIA
u EIA must also be re-assessed in its theoretical context, and in particular in the
context of decision-making theory. EIA had its origins in a climate of a rational
approach to decision-making in the USA in the 1960s. The focus was on the systematic
process, objectivity, a holistic approach, a consideration of alternatives and an
approach often seen as primarily linear.
u Other writings on the theoretical context of EIA have recognized the importance of the
subjective nature of the EIA process.
u EIA was identified as both a “science” and an “art”, combining political input and
scientific process
u “Everything you already know about EIA, but don’t often admit”, reinforces the
point that EIAs are not science; they are often produced under tight deadlines and
data gaps and simplifying assumptions are the norm under such conditions. They
always contain unexamined and unexplained value judgments, and they will always
be political. They invariably deal with controversial projects, and they have
distributional effects. EIA professionals should therefore not be surprised, or
dismayed, when their work is selectively used by various parties in the process.
Changing perspectives on EIA
u The participatory approach includes processes for open communication among
all affected parties
u The importance of identifying and confronting trade-offs, a major issue in
EIA, is clearly recognized.
u Much attention is devoted to consensus- building, co-ordination and
communication, and the role of government in promoting such actions as a
means of dealing with conflicting stakeholder interests to come to
collaborative action.
u Places the current evolution of EIA somewhere between the rational and
behavioral approaches
u Environmental impact assessment must also be seen in the context of other
environmental management decision tools.