RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:

‘’A research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable or predictive statement about the possible
outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular property of a population, such as
presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or relationships between
variables’’.
TYPES OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:

 Simple hypothesis
 Complex hypothesis
 Directional hypothesis
 Non directional hypothesis
 Causal hypothesis
 Associative hypothesis
SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS:
Simple hypothesis is that one in which there exists relationship between two variables one is
called independent variable or cause and other is dependent variable or effect.
Example no 1
Student perform better when teacher use effective teaching methods to gain good academic
results.
In above example, effective teaching method is independent variable and good academic results
is dependent variable. The statement show that there exists Relationship between effective
teaching method and good academic results
Example no 2
Student which learn with the help of ICT have better conceptual learning.
In the above example, ICT is independent variable. The statement show that there exist a
relationship between ICT and conceptual learning.
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS:
Complex hypothesis a prediction of the relationship between two or more independent variables
and two or more dependent variables.
Example no 1
Lack of interest, motivation and attention can make learner dull, stubborn and incompetent.
In above example, three independent variable are a) Interest b) motivation c) attention and three
dependent variable are a) dull b) stubborn c) incompetent.
Example no 2
When the literacy rate is increased, demand of job also increased and quality of education along
with scale of economy will be raise and illiteracy rate decreased.
In above example, two independent variable are a) literacy rate b) demand of jobs and three
dependent variable are a) quality of education b) scale of economy c) illiteracy rate.
DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS:
Directional hypothesis states the direction of relationship between two or more independent
variable and dependent variables.
Example no 1
High quality of technical education will lead to high quality of technical practice skills.
In above example, technical education is independent variable that shows direction of
relationship with quality of technical skill which is dependent variable.
Example no 2
The result of girl’s school is better when teacher use different strategies in their teaching.
In above example, result of girl’s school is dependent variable that shows direction of
relationship with different strategies which is independent variable.
NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS:
A non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the
dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Example no 1
The effectiveness of teaching method on students’ performance.
In above example, effectiveness of teaching method is independent variable and students
performance is dependent variable. There is no specific performance is given like academic
performance, disciplinary performance or any other.
Example no 2
Impact of parental involvement on students stress.
In above example, parental involvement is independent variable and students stress is dependent
variable. There is no specific direction is given like which type of stress is present for example
mental stress, physical stress and emotional stress etc.
CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS:
Causal hypothesis that predicts a cause-and-effect relationship among the independent and
dependent variable.
Example no 1
Good grades in matriculation will help student to get enroll in renowned colleges.
In above example, good grades is independent variable and renowned colleges is dependent
variable. When student gain good grades they can easily get enroll in renowned colleges because
they meet the merit of this colleges.
Example no 2
Educational insurance support students in their higher studies.
In the above example, educational insurance is independent variable and higher studies is
dependent variable. So, in this example if a student have educational insurance it support student
in higher studies like fee structure and other expenses.
ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS:
Associative Hypothesis predicts an associative relationship between the independent variable
and the dependent variable.
Example no 1
Vocabulary help learner and teachers in communication skills.
In above example, it is state that when vocabulary is increased learner and teacher can enhance
their communication skills effectively.
Example no 2
When learning outcomes of any lesson will not achieve completely then assessment is not
reliable and valid.
In above example, it is stated that in any lesson we can't able to achieve learning outcomes then
its assessment is also not reliable and valid. So when learning outcomes will be achieved
assessment is naturally reliable and valid.