• Definitions • Synonyms • Examples • Word Forms

Professor: Mrs.Dastgerdi
By: Erfan Moradian
Preface
In this pamphlet you’ll learn more than 500 sentences and expressions and near 100
synonyms. As a person who experienced teaching English language nearly for 2 ye
ars, I have some learning tips for you, my dear friends:
1. DO NOT read the definitions only! Read the examples carefully and make sure y
ou’ve fully understood them, and finally try to memorize them. This will help you
increase your vocabulary circle and also help you get acquainted with different
sentence structures. 2. Make your own sentences. This will help you remember the
new words for many years. 3. DO NOT forget to check other forms of the words yo
u’re trying to learn. In this way you’ll duplicate the number of the words you know.
And finally if you need extra examples and furthermore information, do not hesit
ate and contact me quickly: e.moradian1991@gmail.com Erfan Moradian
1
In the name of god
The compassionate, the merciful
2
Contents
Chapter 1…………………………………………….4 Chapter 2…………………………………………….7 Chapter 3……………………………………………10 Chap
3
Chapter 1
Wish:

Definitions & Examples:

to want sth to happen or to be true even though it is unlikely or impossible I w
ish I were taller. ( I wish I was taller) I wish I hadn’t eaten so much. ‘Where is h
e now?’ ‘I only wish I knew!’ I wish you wouldn’t leave your clothes all over the floor.
She really wished she’d stayed on at college. He sat by the phone, wishing it wou
ld ring.
Scare:
to frighten sb; to become frightened Syn: Frighten, terrify, afraid It scared me
to think I was alone in the building. He doesn’t scare easily.
Sadness:
The feeling of being sad Syn: Unhappy, upset, depressing Memories tinged with sa
dness I felt a deep sadness. It is with great sadness that we report the death o
f James Banks yesterday.
Stupidity:
Behavior that shows a lack of thought or good judgment; the state or quality of
being slow to learn and not clever or intelligent Syn: Dumb, silly ,daft, foolis
h I couldn’t believe my own stupidity. The errors and stupidities of youth The pol
ice were astonished at the sheer stupidity of drivers in going so fast in the fo
g. He faked stupidity to try to escape punishment for the crime.
4
Loud:
Making a lot of noise Syn: Noisy, crowdy Loud laughter a deafeningly loud bang
he spoke in a very loud voice. That music’s too loud—please turn it down.
Smell:
The quality of sth that people and animals sense through their noses Syn: odor,
scent A faint / strong smell of garlic A sweet / fresh / musty smell There was a
smell of burning in the air. The smells from the kitchen filled the room.
Itch: An uncomfortable feeling on your skin that makes you want to scratch yours
elf
To get / have an itch I itch all over. Does the rash itch? This sweater really i
tches.
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Word Forms:
Verb
Wish Scare Smell Itch
Noun
Wish Scare Sadness Stupidity Loudness Smell Itch
Adjective
Wishful scared Sad Stupid Loud Smelly Itchy
Adverb
Wishfully Sadly Stupidly Loudly -
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Chapter 2
Reproach:
Definitions & Examples:
To blame or criticize sb for sth that they have done or not done, because you ar
e disappointed
in them; to feel guilty about sth that you think you should have done in a diffe
rent way
Syn: Blame, accuse, discredit
She was reproached by colleagues for leaking the story to the press. He reproach
ed himself for not telling her the truth.
Pretend:
To behave in a particular way, in order to make other people believe st
not true I’m tired of having to pretend all the time. Of course I was wrong; it w
ould be hypocritical to pretend otherwise. He pretended to his family that every
thing was fine. We pretended (that) nothing had happened. She pretended (that) s
he was his niece. I pretended to be asleep. He pretended not to notice. She didn’t
love him, though she pretended to. She pretended an interest she did not feel.
Pain: To cause sb pain or make them unhappy; the feelings that you have in your
body when you have
been hurt or when you are ill/sick
Syn: Hurt, ache, injure
She was deeply pained by the accusation. The wound still pained him occasionall
. It pains me to see you like this. She was clearly in a lot of pain. You get mo
re aches and pains as you get older. This cream should help to relieve the pain.
7
Sleep: To rest with your eyes closed and your mind and body not active
To sleep well / deeply / soundly / badly I couldn’t sleep because of the noise.
had to sleep on the sofa. I slept at my sister’s house last night. We both slept r
ight through (= were not woken up by) the storm. We sometimes sleep late at the
weekends (= until late in the morning).
Startle:
To surprise sb suddenly in a way that slightly shocks or frightens them Syn: Su
prise, amaze I didn’t mean to startle you. The explosion startled the horse. I was
startled by her question. It startled me to find her sitting in my office.
Intent:
What you intend to do Syn: Intention She denies possessing the drug with intent
to supply. He was charged with wounding with intent. A letter / statement of int
ent His intent is clearly not to placate his critics.
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Word Forms:
Verb
Reproach Pretend Pain Sleep Startle Intend
Noun
Reproach Pretence Pain Asleep Startle Intent
Adjective
Adverb
Reproachful Reproachfully Pretend,Pretended Pretendedly Painful Painfully sleepy
Sleepily Startled, Startling startledly Intent, Intended Intently
9
Chapter 3
Dangle:

Definitions & Examples:

To hang or swing freely Syn: Hang, swing Gold charms dangled from her bracelet.
A single light bulb dangled from the ceiling. His legs dangled over the side of
the boat. He sat on the edge with his legs dangling over the side. She dangled h
er car keys nervously as she spoke.
Droop:
To bend, hang or move downwards, especially because of being weak or tired

The drooping branches of the apple tree She was so tired; her eyelids were begin
ning to droop. The plants were drooping from lack of water.
Thrust:
To push sth/sb suddenly or violently in a particular direction; to move quickly
and suddenly in a particular direction Syn: Plunge, jam He thrust the baby into
my arms and ran off. She thrust her hands deep into her pockets. He tends to thr
ust himself forward too much. Her chin was thrust forward aggressively. She thru
st past him angrily and left.
Drape:
To hang clothes, materials, etc. loosely on sb/sth She had a shawl draped around
her shoulders. He draped his coat over the back of the chair. She draped a cove
r over the old sofa.
10
Elegant:
Attractive and showing a good sense of style Syn: Stylish She was tall and elega
nt. an elegant dress
Abandon:
To leave sb, especially sb you are responsible for, with no intention of returni
ng Syn: Leave, desert The baby had been abandoned by its mother. People often si
mply abandon their pets when they go abroad. The study showed a deep fear among
the elderly of being abandoned to the care of strangers.
Pile:
To put things one on top of another; to form a pile Syn: Heap, Stack She piled t
he boxes one on top of the other. The clothes were piled high on the chair. Snow
was piled up against the door.
Suspect:
To have an idea that sth is probably true or likely to happen, especially sth ba
d, but without having definite proof If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a
match or even turn on an electric light. Suspecting nothing, he walked right int
o the trap. I didn’t want the neighbors suspecting anything. I began to suspect (t
hat) they were trying to get rid of me. I suspect (that) she might be lying. As
I had suspected all along, he was not a real policeman.
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Word Forms:
Verb
Dangle Droop Thrust Drape Abandon Pile Suspect
Noun
Droop Thrust Drapes Elegance Abandon Pile Suspect
Adjective
Dangling Droopy Thrusted Draped Elegant Abandoned Piled Suspected,Suspect
Adverb
Droopily Elegantly -
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Chapter 4
Boast:

Definitions & Examples:

To talk with too much pride about sth that you have or can do I don’t want to boas
t, but I can actually speak six languages. She is always boasting about how wond
erful her children are. He openly boasted of his skill as a burglar. Sam boasted
that she could beat anyone at poker.
Complaint:
a reason for not being satisfied The most common complaint is about poor servic
. We received a number of complaints from customers about the lack of parking fa
cilities. I believe you have a complaint against one of our nurses. I’d like to ma
ke a complaint about the noise. a complaint that he had been unfairly treated
Retire:
To stop doing your job, especially because you have reached a particular age or
because you are ill/sick She was forced to retire early from teaching because of
ill health. He is retiring next year after 30 years with the company. My dream
is to retire to a villa in France. He has no plans to retire as editor of the ma
gazine. The company’s official retiring age is 65. She was retired on medical grou
nds.
Limp:
To walk slowly or with difficulty because one leg is injured She had twisted her
ankle and was limping. Matt limped painfully off the field.
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Direction:
The general position a person or thing moves or points towards Tom went o
he direction of home. She glanced in his direction. The aircraft was flying in a
northerly direction. The road was blocked in both directions. They hit a truck
coming in the opposite direction. Has the wind changed direction? When the polic
e arrived, the crowd scattered in all directions. I lost all sense of direction
(= I didn’t know which way to go).
Load:
To put a large quantity of things or people onto or into sth Syn: cargo, burd
We loaded the car in ten minutes. Can you help me load the dishwasher? Men were
loading up a truck with timber. Sacks were being loaded onto the truck. We finis
hed loading and set off.
Delivery:
The act of taking goods, letters, etc. to the people they have been sent to Ple
se pay for goods on delivery (= when you receive them). Allow 28 days for delive
ry. Is there a postal / mail delivery on Saturdays? When can you take delivery o
f (= be available to receive) the car? the delivery of public services
Excuse:
To forgive sb for sth that they have done, for example not being polite or makin
g a small mistake Syn: forgive, pardon Please excuse the mess. I hope you’ll excus
e me for being so late. You must excuse my father—he’s not always that rude. You mig
ht be excused for thinking that Ben is in charge (= he is not, but it is an easy
mistake to make). Excuse my interrupting you.
14
Skip:
To move forwards lightly and quickly making a little jump with each step She ski
pped happily along beside me. Lambs were skipping about in the fields.
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Word Forms:
Verb
Boast Complain Retire Limp Direct Load Deliver Excuse Skip
Noun
Boast Complaint Retirement Limp Direction Delivery Excuse skip
Adjective
Boastful Retired Limp Direct Delivered Excused Skippable
Adverb
Boastfully Complainedly Retiredly Limply Directly -
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Chapter 5
Definitions & Examples:
Obey:
To do what you are told or expected to do To obey a command / an order / rules /
the law He had always obeyed his parents without question. I tried to run but m
y legs just wouldn’t obey me. Sit down!’ Meekly, she obeyed.
Disappear:
To become impossible to see Syn: vanish The plane disappeared behind a cloud. Li
sa watched until the train disappeared from view.
Feel:
To experience a particular feeling or emotion The heat made him f
sounded more confident than she felt. I was feeling guilty. You’ll feel better aft
er a good night’s sleep. She felt betrayed. I feel sorry for him. How are you feel
ing today? I know exactly how you feel (= I feel sympathy for you). Luckily I wa
s feeling in a good mood. He seemed to feel no remorse at all. Standing there on
stage I felt a complete idiot. I felt like a complete idiot.
17
Comfort:
To make sb who is worried or unhappy feel better by being kind and sympathetic t
owards them Syn: reassure, soothe The victim’s widow was today being comforted by
family and friends. She comforted herself with the thought that it would soon be
spring. It comforted her to feel his arms around her.
Threaten:
To say that you will cause trouble, hurt sb, etc. if you do not get what you
t Syn: Intimidate They broke my windows and threatened me. The attacker threaten
ed them with a gun. He was threatened with dismissal if he continued to turn up
late for work. The threatened strike has been called off. The hijackers threaten
ed to kill one passenger every hour if their demands were not met.
Silence:
To make sb/sth stop speaking or making a noise Syn: Quieten She silenced him wit
h a glare. Our bombs silenced the enemy’s guns (= they destroyed them).
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Word Forms:
Verb
Obey Disappear Feel Comfort Threaten Silence
Noun
Obedience Disappearance Feeling Comfort Threaten Silence
Adjective
Obedient Feeling Comfortable Threatening Silent
Adverb
Obediently Feelingly Comfortably Threateningly Silently
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Chapter 6
Tradition:
Definitions & Examples:
A belief, custom or way of doing sth that has existed for a long time among a pa
rticular group of people Syn : custom Religious / cultural, etc. traditions This
region is steeped in tradition. The company has a long tradition of fine design
. The British are said to love tradition (= to want to do things in the way they
have always been done). They broke with tradition (= did things differently) an
d got married quietly. By tradition, children play tricks on 1 April. There’s a tr
adition in our family that we have a party on New Year’s Eve. He’s a politician in t
he tradition of (= similar in style to) Kennedy.
Proud:
Feeling pleased and satisfied about sth that you own or have done, or are con
ted with Proud parents The proud owner of a new car Your achievements are someth
ing to be proud of. He was proud of himself for not giving up. I feel very proud
to be a part of the team. She was proud that her daughter had so much talent.
Shiver:
(Of a person) to shake slightly because you are cold, frightened, excited, etc.
Syn: Tremble To shiver with cold / excitement / pleasure, etc. Don’t stand outside
shivering—come inside and get warm! He shivered at the thought of the cold, dark
sea.
Starvation:
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The state of suffering and death caused by having no food Syn: Hunger To die of
/ from starvation Millions will face starvation next year as a result of the dro
ught. A starvation diet (= one in which you do not have much to eat) They were o
n starvation wages (= extremely low wages).
Discourage:
To try to prevent sth or to prevent sb from doing sth, especially by making it d
ifficult to do or by showing that you do not approve of it Syn: Dishearten, demo
ralize A campaign to discourage smoking among teenagers I leave a light on when
I’m out to discourage burglars. His parents tried to discourage him from being an
actor.
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Word Forms:
Verb
Shiver Starve Discourage
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
Tradition Traditional Traditionally Pride Proud proudly Shiver Shivery Starvatio
n Starved Discouragement Discouraging Discouragingly
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Chapter 7
Write:

Definitions & Examples1:

In some countries children don’t start learning to read and write until they are s
ix. Please write in pen on both sides of the paper. I haven’t got anything to writ
e with. Write your name at the top of the paper. The teacher wrote the answers o
n the board. The ‘b’ had been wrongly written as a ‘d’.
Mechanical:
Operated by power from an engine A mechanical device / toy / clock Mechanical pa
rts
Learn:
Syn: Discover, memorize To learn a language / a musical instrument / a sk
earned a lot from my father. You can learn a great deal just from watching other
players. She’s very keen to learn about Japanese culture. The book is about how c
hildren learn. He’s learning to dance. He’s still learning how to dance. Today we le
arnt how to use the new software.
1. As some of the words in this lesson are so easy, I just mentioned their examp
les.
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Progress:
The process of improving or developing, or of getting nearer to achieving or co
pleting sth To make progress Slow / steady / rapid / good progress We have made
great progress in controlling inflation. Economic / scientific / technical progr
ess They asked for a progress report on the project.
Disappointed:
Upset because sth you hoped for has not happened or been as good, successful, et
c. as you expected Syn: Down(exp) They were bitterly disappointed at the result
of the game. I was disappointed by the quality of the wine. I’m disappointed in yo
u—I really thought I could trust you! I was very disappointed with myself. He was
disappointed to see she wasn’t at the party. I’m disappointed (that) it was sold out
. She was disappointed not to be chosen.
Hope:
We are hoping for good weather on Sunday. All we can do now is
you think it will rain?’ ‘I hope not.’ ‘Will you be back before dark?’ ‘I hope so, yes.’ Th
xam went better than I’d dared hope. I’ll see you next week, I hope. I hope (that) y
ou’re okay. I can only hope (that) there has been some mistake. Detectives are hop
ing (that) witnesses will come forward. Let’s hope we can find a parking space. It
is hoped that over £10 000 will be raised. She is hoping to win the gold medal. W
e hope to arrive around two. What had he hoped to achieve?
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Complete:
Syn: Fill in She’s just completed a master’s degree in Law. The project should be co
mpleted within a year.
Special:
Not ordinary or usual; different from what is normal Syn: Exceptional The schoo
will only allow this in special circumstances. Some of the officials have speci
al privileges. There is something special about this place. This type of wood ne
eds special treatment.
Think:
Do you think (that) they’ll come? I thought I heard a scream.
ed sports. Am I right in thinking that you used to live here? I think this is th
eir house, but I’m not sure. He ought to resign, I think. We’ll need about 20 chairs
, I should think. It was once thought that the sun travelled around the earth. W
hat did you think about the idea? Well, I like it. What do you think? ‘Will we mak
e it in time?’ ‘I think so.’ ‘Is he any good?’ ‘I don’t think so.’ I think it highly unlike
at I’ll get the job. She thought him kind and generous. He’s thought to be one of th
e richest men in Europe
25
Word Forms:
Verb
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
Write Writing Written Mechanize Mechanism Mechanical Mechanically Learn Learning
,Learner Learned,Learnt Progress Progress Progressive Progressively Disappoint D
isappointment Disappointed Disappointedly Hope Hope Hopeful Hopefully Complete C
ompletion Complete Completely Specialize Specialty Special Specially Think Think
Thinkable Thinkably
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Chapter 8
Beauty:

Definitions & Examples:

The quality of being pleasing to the senses or to the mind The beauty of the sun
set / of poetry / of his singing A woman of great beauty The woods were designat
ed an area of outstanding natural beauty. Beauty products / treatment (= intende
d to make a person more beautiful) The sheer beauty of the scenery took my breat
h away.
Graduate:
To get a degree, especially your first degree, from a university or college O
thirty students graduated in Chinese last year. She graduated from Harvard this
year. He graduated from York with a degree in Psychology. Martha graduated from
high school two years ago. The college graduated 50 students last year. She rec
ently graduated from being a dancer to having a small role in a movie.
Prosperous:
Rich and successful Syn: Affluent Prosperous countries Farmers are more prospero
us in the south of the country.
Jealous:
Feeling angry or unhappy because sb you like or love is showing interest in sb e
lse; feeling angry or unhappy because you wish you had sth that sb else has; wan
ting to keep or protect sth that you have because it makes you feel proud Syn: E
nvious A jealous wife / husband He’s only talking to her to make you jealous. She’s
jealous of my success. Children often feel jealous when a new baby arrives.
27
They are very jealous of their good reputation (= they do not want to lose it).
Marriage:
The legal relationship between a husband and wife Happy / unhappy marriag
f her children’s marriages ended in divorce. an arranged marriage (= one in which
the parents choose a husband or wife for their child) She has two children by a
previous marriage. This is his second marriage. They don’t believe in marriage. My
parents are celebrating 30 years of marriage. Their marriage took place in a lo
cal church.
Final:
Being or happening at the end of a series of events, actions, stateme
is final act as party leader The referee blew the final whistle. The project is
in its final stages. They find each other in the final chapter of the book. I’d li
ke to return to the final point you made. No one could have predicted the final
outcome. The judge’s decision is final. Who has the final say around here? I’ll give
you $500 for it, and that’s my final offer! I’m not coming, and that’s final! (= I wi
ll not change my mind)
Grateful:
Feeling or showing thanks because sb has done sth kind for you or has done
u asked Syn: Thankful, appreciate I am extremely grateful to all the teachers fo
r their help. We would be grateful for any information you can give us. She seem
s to think I should be grateful to have a job at all. He was grateful that she d
idn’t tell his parents about the incident. Grateful thanks are due to the followin
g people for their help... Kate gave him a grateful smile.
28
Ridiculous:
Very silly or unreasonable Syn: Absurd, ludicrous I look ridiculous in this hat
Don’t be ridiculous! You can’t pay £50 for a T-shirt! It was ridiculous that this sho
uld be so difficult to say. They ate and drank a ridiculous amount.
Expression:
Things that people say, write or do in order to show their feelings, opinions an
d ideas; A look on a person’s face that shows their thoughts or feelings; A word o
r phrase Syn: look, phrase, term, idiom An expression of support Expressions of
sympathy flooded in from all over the country. Freedom of expression (= freedom
to say what you think) is a basic human right. The poet’s anger finds expression i
n (= is shown in) the last verse of the poem. The riots are the most serious exp
ression of anti-government feeling yet. Only in his dreams does he give expressi
on to his fears. Their frustration needs some form of expression.
Recurrent:
That happens again and again Recurrent infections Recurrent costs Poverty is a r
ecurrent theme in her novels.
Scare:
To frighten sb; to become frightened Syn: Frighten, terrify It scared me to thin
k I was alone in the building. He doesn’t scare easily.
Familiar:
Well known to you; often seen or heard and therefore easy to recognize To look /
sound / taste familiar He’s a familiar figure in the neighborhood. The smell is v
ery familiar to everyone who lives near a bakery. Something about her voice was
vaguely familiar.
29
Violent attacks are becoming all too familiar (= sadly familiar). I couldn’t see a
ny familiar faces in the room.
30
Word Forms:
Verb
Beautify Graduate Prosper Marry Finalize Ridicule Express Recur Scare Familiariz
e
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
Beautifully Prosperously Jealously Finally Gratefully Ridiculously Expressionles
sly Recurrently Familiarly
Beauty Beautiful Graduate Graduate,Graduated Prosperity Prosperous Jealousy Jeal
ous Marriage Married Final Final Gratefulness Grateful Ridicule Ridiculous Expre
ssion Expressionless Recurrence Recurrent Scare Scary, Scared Familiarity Famili
ar
31
Chapter 9
Eager:

Definitions & Examples:

Very interested and excited by sth that is going to happen or about sth that you
want to do Syn: Keen, enthusiastic Eager crowds outside the stadium She is eage
r for (= wants very much to get) her parents approval. Everyone in the class se
emed eager to learn. They’re eager to please (= wanting to be helpful).
Murder:
The crime of killing sb deliberately Syn: Homicide He was found guilt
. She has been charged with the attempted murder of her husband. To commit (a) m
urder A murder case / investigation / trial The rebels were responsible for the
mass murder of 400 civilians. What was the murder weapon? The play is a murder m
ystery. It’s murder trying to get to the airport at this time of day. It was murde
r (= very busy and unpleasant) in the office today.
Gentle:
Calm and kind; doing things in a quiet and careful way A quiet and gentle m
gentle voice / laugh / touch She was the gentlest of nurses. He lived in a gentl
er age than ours. Be gentle with her! She agreed to come, after a little gentle
persuasion. He looks scary but he’s really a gentle giant.
32
Shock:
A strong feeling of surprise as a result of sth happening, especially sth unplea
sant; the event that causes this feeling; to surprise and upset sb Syn: Horrify,
appal, disgust, sicken, repel, revolt The news of my promotion came as a shock.
He’s still in a state of shock. I got a terrible shock the other day. She still h
adn’t got over the shock of seeing him again. If you think the job will be easy, y
ou’re in for a shock. Losing in the first round was a shock to the system (= it wa
s a more of a shock because it was not expected). The team suffered a shock defe
at in the first round. When I added up the cost it gave me quite a shock. It sho
cks you when something like that happens. We were all shocked at the news of his
death. Neighbors were shocked that such an attack could happen in their area. I
was shocked to hear that he had resigned.
Surprise:
An event, a piece of news, etc. that is unexpected or that happens
Startle, amaze, stun, astonish, astound, take sb back What a nice surprise! A s
urprise attack There are few surprises in this year’s budget. I have a surprise fo
r you! It comes as no surprise to learn that they broke their promises. Her lett
er came as a complete surprise. There are lots of surprises in store for visitor
s to the gallery. Visitors to the gallery are in for a few surprises. Life’s full
of surprises. She likes springing surprises on people.
Nervous:
Anxious about sth or afraid of sth Syn: Neurotic, edgy, jittery, on edge, nervy
Consumers are very nervous about the future. He had been nervous about inviting
us. The horse may be nervous of cars. I felt really nervous before the interview
.
33
A nervous glance / smile / voice (= one that shows that you feel anxious) By the
time the police arrived, I was a nervous wreck.
Strange:
Unusual or surprising, especially in a way that is difficult to understand Syn:
Odd, weird, bizarre A strange thing happened this morning. She was
in a very strange way. It’s strange (that) we haven’t heard from him. It’s strange ho
w childhood impressions linger. That’s strange—the front doors open. I’m looking forwa
rd to the exam, strange as it may seem. There was something strange about her ey
es. Strange to say, I don’t really enjoy television. A strange city To wake up in
a strange bed Never accept lifts from strange men. At first the place was strang
e to me.
Compassion:
A strong feeling of sympathy for people who are suffering and a desire to help t
hem Syn: Sympathy To feel / show compassion She was known as a hard woman with n
o compassion, no emotion. In an overworked doctor, feelings of compassion are so
on lost.
34
Word Forms:
Verb
Murder Shock Surprise -
Noun
Eagerness Murder Gentleness Shock Surprise Nervous Strangeness Compassion
Adjective
Eager Murdered Gentle Shocking Surprising Nervous Strange Compassionate
Adverb
Eagerly Gently Shockingly Surprisingly Nervously Strangely Compassionately
35
Chapter 10
Definitions & Examples:
Nervous→ Check it at page 32 Eager→ Check it at page 31 Reflection:
An image in a mirror, on a shiny surface, on water, etc; a sign that shows the s
tate or nature of sth He admired his reflection in the mirror. The increase in c
rime is a sad reflection on (= shows sth bad about) our society today. She decid
ed on reflection to accept his offer after all. A week off would give him time f
or reflection.
Play:
To do things for pleasure, as children do; to enjoy yourself, rather than work
group of kids were playing with a ball in the street. You’ll have to play inside
today. I haven’t got anybody to play with! There’s a time to work and a time to play
. Let’s play a different game.
Celebrated:
Famous for having good qualities Syn: Famous, well-known, noted, star A celebrat
ed painter One of Rodin’s most celebrated works
Crowd:
A large number of people gathered together in a public place, for example in the
streets or at a sports game, a particular group of people
36
He pushed his way through the crowd. A small crowd had gathered outside the chur
ch. Police had to break up the crowd. Crowds of people poured into the street. I
want to get there early to avoid the crowds. The match attracted a capacity cro
wd of 80 000. The crowd cheered the winning hit. Crowd control Crowd trouble A w
hole crowd of us are going to the ball (= a lot of us). He left the hotel surrou
nded by crowds of journalists. Bob introduced her to some of the usual crowd (=
people who often meet each other). The bright young theatrical crowd
37
Word Forms:
Verb
Reflect Play Celebrate Crowd
Noun
Reflection Play Celebrity Crowd
Adjective
Reflective Playful, Playable
Celebratory,celebrated
Adverb
Reflectively Playfully -
Crowded
38
Chapter 11
Obstinate:

Definitions & Examples:

Refusing to change your opinions, way of behaving, etc. Syn: stubborn He can be
very obstinate when he wants to be! Her obstinate refusal to comply with their r
equest. The obstinate problem of unemployment An obstinate stain
Magnificent:
Extremely attractive and impressive; deserving praise Syn: splendid The Taj Maha
l is a magnificent building. She looked magnificent in her wedding dress. You’ve a
ll done a magnificent job.
Emphatic:
An emphatic statement, answer, etc. is given with force to show that it is impor
tant; (of a person) making it very clear what you mean by speaking with force An
emphatic denial / rejection He was emphatic that he could not work with her. Sh
e was equally emphatic about the importance of discipline.
Possessive:
Demanding total attention or love; not wanting sb to be independent; not liking
to lend things or share things with others Some parents are too possessive of th
eir children. Jimmy’s very possessive about his toys.
Hopping:
Very lively or busy The clubs in town are really hopping. 39
We thought we’d be hopping but business is terrible.
Hurl:
To throw sth/sb violently in a particular direction He hurled a brick through th
e window. He picked up the chair and hurled it across the room. Some demonstrato
rs began hurling bricks at the police.
Stride:
To walk with long steps in a particular direction Syn: March We strode across th
e snowy fields. She came striding along to meet me.
Emerge:
To come out of a dark, confined or hidden place; to start to exist; to ap
become known Syn: Transpire The swimmer emerged from the lake. She finally emer
ged from her room at noon. We emerged into bright sunlight. He emerged from the
shadows. After the elections opposition groups began to emerge. He emerged as a
key figure in the campaign The emerging markets of South Asia
Burden:
To give sb a duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, difficulty or hard wo
rk Syn: Load, duty, responsibility They have burdened themselves with a high mor
tgage. I don’t want to burden you with my worries. To be burdened by high taxation
40
Word Forms:
Verb
Emphasize Possess Hop Hurl Stride Emerge Burden
Noun
Obstinacy Magnificence Emphasis Possession Hop Hurling Stride Emergence Burden
Adjective
obstinate Magnificent Emphatic Possessive Hopping Hurled Strident Emergent Burde
nsome
Adverb
Obstinately Magnificently Emphatically Possessively Stridently -
41
Chapter 12
Criticize:

Definitions & Examples:

To say that you disapprove of sb/sth; to say what you do not like or think is wr
ong about sb/sth The decision was criticized by environmental groups. The govern
ment has been criticized for not taking the problem seriously. All you ever do i
s criticizing!
Consider:
To think about sth carefully, especially in order to
red her options. Let us consider the facts. He was considering an appeal. A care
fully considered response The company is being actively considered as a potentia
l partner (= it is thought possible that it could become one). We’re considering b
uying a new car. You wouldn’t consider marrying a man for his money, then? We need
to consider how the law might be reformed. He was considering what to do next.
I’d like some time to consider. This award is considered (to be) a great honor. He
considers himself an expert on the subject. These workers are considered (as) a
high-risk group. Who do you consider (to be) responsible for the accident? Cons
ider yourself lucky you weren’t fired. She considers that it is too early to form
a definite conclusion. The Home Secretary will release prisoners only if he cons
iders it is safe to do so. He’s generally considered to have the finest tenor voic
e in the country.
Patient:
A person who is receiving medical treatment, especially in a hospital; able to w
ait for a long time or accept annoying behavior or difficulties without becoming
angry cancer patients She’s very patient with young children.
42
You’ll just have to be patient and wait till I’m finished.
Silent:
Not speaking Syn: Quiet To remain / stay / keep silent They huddled togethe
silent groups. As the curtain rose, the audience fell silent. He gave me the sil
ent treatment (= did not speak to me because he was angry). At last the traffic
fell silent. The streets were silent and deserted.
Fragrance:
A pleasant smell; a liquid that you put on your skin in order to make yourself
mell nice Syn: perfume The bath oil comes in various fragrances. The flowers are
chosen for their delicate fragrance. An exciting new fragrance from Dior They a
re about to launch their first fragrance for men.
Bright:
Full of light; shining strongly; cheerful and lively Syn: vibrant
us, fluorescent, brilliant Bright light / sunshine A bright room Her eyes were b
right with tears. I like bright colors. A bright yellow dress Jack’s face turned b
right red. A bright morning (= with the sun shining) His eyes were bright and ex
cited. She gave me a bright smile. Why are you so bright and cheerful today? His
face was bright with excitement.
Anxiety:
The state of feeling nervous or worried that sth bad is going to happen; a worry
or fear about sth Acute / intense / deep anxiety
43
Some hospital patients experience high levels of anxiety. Waiting for exam resul
ts is a time of great anxiety. If you’re worried about your health, share your anx
ieties with your doctor.
Bankruptcy:
The state of being bankrupt Syn: insolvency The company filed for bankruptcy (=
asked to be officially bankrupt) in 2003. Moral / political bankruptcy There cou
ld be further bankruptcies among small farmers.
44
Word Forms:
Verb
Criticize Consider Silence Brighten Bankrupt
Noun
Criticism Consideration Patience Silence Fragrance Brightness Anxiety Bankruptcy
Adjective
Criticized,Criticizing Considerable Patient Silent Fragrant Bright Anxious Bankr
upt
Adverb
Criticizingly Considerably Patiently Silently Fragrantly brightly Anxiously -
45
Chapter 13
Length:

Definitions & Examples:

The size or measurement of sth from one end to the other; the amount of time tha
t sth lasts This room is twice the length of the kitchen. The river is 300 miles
in length. The snake usually reaches a length of 100 cm. He ran the entire leng
th of the beach (= from one end to the other). Did you see the length of his hai
r? We discussed shortening the length of the course. He was disgusted at the len
gth of time he had to wait. She got a headache if she had to read for any length
of time (= for a long time). Size of pension depends partly on length of servic
e with the company. Each class is 45 minutes in length.
Insult:
To say or do sth that offends sb I have never been so insulted in my life! Sh
elt insulted by the low offer. You insult my intelligence (= you are treating me
as if I am stupid)! The crowd was shouting insults at the police. His comments
were seen as an insult to the president. The questions were an insult to our int
elligence (= too easy).
Terrible:
Very unpleasant; making you feel very unhappy, upset or frightened Syn:
orrible, dreadful, vile, foul A terrible experience What terrible news! I’ve just
had a terrible thought. It was a terrible thing to happen to someone so young. T
hat’s a terrible thing to say! He had suffered terrible injuries. I’ll have to stay
with her—she’s in a terrible state. I feel terrible—I think I’ll go to bed.
46
You look terrible, you’d better sit down. a terrible meal Your driving is terrible
! a terrible mistake to be in terrible pain The room was in a terrible mess. I h
ad a terrible job (= it was very difficult) to persuade her to come. You’ll be in
terrible trouble if you’re late again.
Eager→ Check it at page 31 Mean:
Not willing to give or share things, especially money; unkind, for example by no
t letting sb have or do sth; unkind, for example by not letting sb have or do st
h Syn: Stingy, average, poor, cruel She’s always been mean with money. Don’t be so m
ean to your little brother! That’s a mean-looking dog.
Swift:
Happening or done quickly and immediately; doing sth quickly; moving very quickl
y; able to move very quickly Syn: quick, fast swift action a swift decision He r
ose to his feet in one swift movement. The White House was swift to deny the rum
ors.
47
Word Forms:
Verb
Lengthen Insult -
Noun
Length Insult Terribleness Eagerness Meanness Swiftness
Adjective
Long Insulting Terrible Eager Mean Swift
Adverb
Insultingly Terribly Eagerly Meanly Swiftly
48
Chapter 14
Defiance:

Definitions & Examples:

Open refusal to obey sb/sth A look / an act / a gesture of defiance Nuclear test
ing was resumed in defiance of an international ban. He is fighting for a second
term and claims the support of other key nations in defiance of the Clinton adm
inistration. I had gone against their wishes in a public expression of defiance.
Lee saw Anthea s eyes glittering blackly in the dancing candlelight, her chin d
rawn up in defiance or outrage. Now that Luke no longer wanted her, he wouldn t
care about anything she did, so no action of hers constituted defiance. Over tim
e, the AK-47 rose above its use as a weapon to become a symbol of defiance and l
iberation. She tries to work up a kind of defiance, an attitude. That act of def
iance warmed her even now, just thinking of it.
Glow:
A dull steady light, especially from a fire that has stopped producing flames Th
e city was just a red glow on the horizon. There was no light except for the occ
asional glow of a cigarette.
Radiant:
Showing great happiness, love or health; giving a warm bright light A radiant sm
ile The bride looked radiant. She was radiant with health. The sun was radiant i
n a clear blue sky.
Agitated:
Showing in your behavior that you are anxious and nervous Calm down! Don’t get so
agitated. Amanda was getting visibly agitated. 49
Insolent:
Extremely rude and showing a lack of respect Syn: disrespectful, rude An inso
t child / smile An insolent tone of voice Although she didn t actually say anyth
ing offensive, her expression was sulky, insolent, and hostile. Joe was discipli
ned for being insolent toward the teacher. The band is known for their insolent
attitude.
Perceive:
To notice or become aware of sth; to understand or think of sb/sth in a p
ar way Syn: see, notice, observe I perceived a change in his behavior. She perce
ived that all was not well. The patient was perceived to have difficulty in brea
thing. This discovery was perceived as a major breakthrough. She did not perceiv
e herself as disabled. A science degree and artistic interests are often perceiv
ed as incompatible. They were widely perceived to have been unlucky.
50
Word Forms:
Verb
Defy Glow Radiate Agitate Perceive
Noun
Defiance Glow Radiation Agitation Insolence Perception
Adjective
Defiant Glowing Radiant Agitated Insolent Perceptive
Adverb
Defiantly Glowingly Radiantly Agitatedly Insolently Perceptively
51
References

OxfOrd advanced Learner s

dictiOnary LOnGMan dictiOnary Of
cOnteMPOrary enGLish caMbridGe advanced Learner’s
dictiOnary
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