Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Petroleum Industry:
Exploration and
Shiraz University
Production
Department of
Petroleum Engineering
Recommended reference
3
Alkynes: Physical & Chemical Properties
4
Alkynes: Physical & Chemical Properties
5
Cycloaliphatic HC: cyclic compounds
Cycloalkanes (also known as naphtenes or
cycloparaffins)
Contains saturated rings
CnH2n
6
Cycloaliphatic HC: Chemical structure
7
Classification of hydrocarbons
8
Aromatic HC: Introduction
Also known as arenes
First compound in this group: benzene
Benzene: flat molecule with six carbon arranged in
a hexagonal ring
Benzene ring is very stable
Hybrid bond (or benzene bond)
9
Aromatic: Chemical structure
10
Aromatic HC: Physical & Chemical Properties
11
Aromatic HC: Physical & Chemical Properties
12
Classification of chemicals in petroleum
Paraffins
Naphtenes
Aromatics
Resins-asphaltenes
13
Resins-asphaltenes: Introduction
Large molecules
Primarily hydrogen and carbon with one to three sulfur,
oxygen, or nitrogen atoms per molecules
Basic structure: ring-type primarily aromatic
Asphaltenes do not dissolve in petroleum but are
disperssed as colloids
Resins readily dissolve in petroleum
Pure asphaltenes: solid, dry, black powder, non-volatile
Pure resins: liquids, volatile
Color of petroleum: largely determined by the quantity of
resins and asphaltenes
14
Physical classification of crude oil
Specific gravity
Gasoline and kerosene content
Sulfur content
Asphalt content
Pour point: lowest temperature at which the
liquid is observed to flow when cooled under
prescribed conditions
Cloud point: temperature at which paraffin
wax begins to solidify
15