A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (IT)

PROGRAMME
CONDUCTED AT

YOLAS CONSULTANTS
LIMITED
No 5,Ogbeha Road, G.R.A, Ilorin, Kwara State,
Nigeria.

WRITTEN BY

ABDULMUMEEN SOLAHUDEEN
OMONIYI

SUBMITTED TO

YOLAS CONSULTANTS LTD.

ENGINEERS & PLANNERS
NO 5, OGBEHA ROAD, GRA,
ILORIN.
P.O BOX 1672, ILORIN,
KWARA STATE.
 ABSTRACT

The Industrial Training (I.T) programme enables students to go out and

gain more practical knowledge of what they have been taught in school and to
acquire industry based skills.

Office work procedure covering introduction to work ethics,

architectural and structural drawing was explained with the relevant signs and
symbols representing various items on such drawing.

Site work for the period of training was undertaken at the rehabilitation
of general hospital, Ilorin. The project consist of the renovation of about forty
pre-existing building, the construction of a four new buildings, road and
drainage works, as well as external electrification and landscaping of the
premises.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise is due to almighty Allah for his kind gesture, love,
protection, wisdom, guidance, endurance and the privilege given to me to
undertake the program successfully and as well as keeping me alive after
the training.

My profound gratitude goes to the Chairman of Yolas Consultant

Limited; Engr. Yusuf OlarewajuSagaya, with the staffs; Pro. Jimoh, Engr.
Aduagba,Engr. Oyeleke, Engr. Abdulkareem, Engr. Alaba, Chief
Ajewole, Engr. Timothy, Engr. Alamoyo, Engr. Ladi, Engr.
Abdulrasheed, Architect Abdulraufand others for their readiness to
provide appropriate support towards the successful completion of the I.T
program. May almighty God continue to be with them, bless and favour
them abundantly till the end of their life time.

My appreciation also goes to my beloved Grandfather Alh.

MuhalimSoliuand to my lovely parents, Alh.& Alhaja Abdulmumeen for
their moral, spiritual and financial assistance before, during and after the
programme may Allah grant them long life with good health so that they
can reap the fruit of their labour (Amen).

Finally, I appreciate the support of everyone that had contributed in

one way or the other towards the success of this programme, may
Almighty Allah bless and grant you success in your entire endeavor
(amen).
 DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to Almighty Allah, the giver of all inspiration,
wisdom and understanding and also to our noble Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W),
May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him (AMEN).
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page pages
Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
Dedication iii
Content iv
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. Introduction 1
1.1. Location and Brief historical background of Yolas Consultants 1-2
Limited
1.2. Aims and objective of I.T 2
1.3. Scope of the report 3

CHAPTER TWO
2.0. Introduction to General Arrangement (GA) 4
2.1. Engineering Analysis 4-5
2.2. Engineering Design 5-7
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. The relevant experience gained in the field of Study 8
3.1. 0ffice work 8-9
3.2. Site work 9-
14
3.3 Test of concrete 14-
15
3.4 The experience gained during the time of construction field 15
3.5 Problem encountered during this programme on site 15
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0. Conclusion 16
References 17
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The industrial training (I.T) programme is designed to acquaint students
with the practical or hands-on knowledge of the past, present and the future. By
the past, it affords the student an opportunity to witness practically what they
have read in books i.e the reality of the 100% assumption of the theories. It also
affords students the current knowledge of what the field works is all about,
getting familiar with new advancement in technology. The future refers to
foreknowledge of what should be expected when he/she begins to practice the
profession.
Furthermore, it avails the students an opportunity to learn inter-and intra
personal relationship, administrative skills, site management identification of
equipment among other opportunities.
This report entails some of the experience I was able to acquire in my
short period of attachment.

1.1 LOCATION AND BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF

YOLAS CONSULTANTS LIMITED

The head office of Yolas Consultants Limited opened on 10th January,

1980. It is presently situated at No5 Ogbeha Road, G.R.A, Ilorin, Kwara State,
Nigeria.

YOLAS CONSULTANTS was established and registered by Engr.

Yusuf Olanrewaju Sagaya in 1980 as an organization under the Business Act
code 1968 and COREN. YOLAS is capable of providing multi – disciplinary
consultancy services in the field of engineering, design, planning, and quality
management. YOLAS CONSULTANTS provides services in the following
major fields of specialization.

 DESIGN OF BUILDING STRUCTURES (Residential buildings,

Industrial buildings, Commercial buildings, Hospital etc.)
 TRANSPORTATION STUDIES, PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT (Roads, Harbors, Airports, Bridges, etc.)
 WATER DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE (Studies, Designs
from source to Distribution of Dams and Associated Structures,
Irrigation and Water Resources Management).
 MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING WORKS (Study, Planning and Design
of Infrastructure, Water and Waste Disposal Systems, Sewage and other
Infrastructural Facilities).
 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT (Roads, Buildings)
 Mechanical, Electrical, and Civil Engineering Project supervision.

The organization strives to consult with experience and integrity in

many fields of engineering and offer services which combine a broad technical
background with view, to protecting the interest of client and ensuring superior
engineering work at reasonable cost. The company endeavors to diligently
meet the needs of clients in both the public and private sectors using the latest
and the most advanced techniques in engineering.

The company utilizes inputs from its vast reservoir of talents as at when
required. The search for additional inputs are not restricted to Nigeria alone,
but extended to foreign counterpart when it is absolutely necessary.

This explains why YOLAS CONSULTANTS is able to accept and

successfully execute a wide range of engineering services.

1.2 THE OBJECTIVES OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRANNING

PROGGRAME INCLUDE:

 It gives student the opportunity of putting some of their skills in to

practices.
 It Provides students with the opportunity to apply their knowledge in
real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and
practice.
 It Exposes students to handling of equipment and machinery that may
not be readily available in their institutions of learning.
 It serves as a link between student and industry.
 It enables student to interpret some technical terms more easily.
 It provides student the opportunity to prepare for employment after
graduation.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE REPORT

The scope of this report is basically to present in details, the various

activities carried out by me at Yolas Consultants Limited, both the site work

and office work as well as provide the general background knowledge about

the aspects of Civil Engineering applied while undergoing the I.T programme.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

The general arrangement drawing shows the combination of all
structural elements like beam, slab, column, foundation layout, etc. Layout
drawings, commonly known as general arrangement drawing (or GA) are
developed over a period of time and coordinated from dimensional information
provided by the architect, engineer and specialists. The dimensions should be
checked and approved before commencing the detailing of reinforcement.
General Arrangement (GA) drawings must be fully dimensioned, with
sufficient sections and details, and should show or reference all necessary
service ducts, provisions for ducts and cast fittings.
METHODS OF PREPARING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
DRAWINGS FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Projects vary in size and complexity. It is important to select a scale that
will enable the final drawing to be read with clarity and relative ease. Large
floor areas can be spread over several drawings and linked and referenced by
means of key plans. Local complexities, such as staircases, can be isolated and
referenced to a larger scale drawing.

2.1 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

Engineering analysis strictly refers to the examination of the various

engineering components in a certain system operating on a small, medium, or
large-scale basis. Engineering is a significant stream of science and hence this
type of an analysis should never fail to include a scientific approach. The
analysis is mainly conducted to assess the state of functioning of a particular
machine or system that has been engineered with technologies to serve a
variety of human purposes. The utility of any machine or system is determined
by its ability to meet the needs and demands of man and his work environment
and the analysis should, hence, be focused on the essentialities of the
corresponding approach of engineering.
 The nature of the engineering analysis should be such that it includes the
process of data collection, observation, and drawing of inferences in a
sequential manner, as is the case for any scientific analysis. The components
should be thoroughly studied and analysis done on the basis of the standard
theories and general rules of engineering that are universally applicable and
acceptable as well. An engineering analysis is often performed before the
launch of a certain product as well, for the manufacturing company and the
distributors, creditors, shareholders and also the potential clients to be assured
that the respective system has been engineered well according to the
requirements and as per the conventions of the respective approach.

 The basic requirement of any successful engineering analysis is to

ensure that it is strictly based on theories and not on any assumptions or
estimates.

 The analysis should thoroughly involve the study of the various parts
and components of a particular system.

 Data should be collected properly as any error might cause severe

damage to the system and should be represented clearly for future
reference.
 Engineering analyses should be very deep in approach to ensure the
detection of any faults present in the system, since the lack of
recognition of such problems may lead to serious problems for the
concerned parties.

2.2 ENGINEERING DESIGN

Most engineering designs can be classified as inventions-devices or
systems that are created by human effort and did not exist before or are
improvements over existing devices or systems. Inventions, or designs, do not
suddenly appear from nowhere. They are the result of bringing together
technologies to meet human needs or to solve problems.
 Sometimes a design is the result of someone trying to do a task more
quickly or efficiently. Design activity occurs over a period of time and requires
a step-by-step methodology.
Engineers are described primarily as problem solvers. What
distinguishes design from other types of problem solving is the nature of both
the problem and the solution. Design problems are open ended in nature, which
means they have more than one correct solution. The result or solution to a
design problem is a system that possesses specified properties.

Solving design problems is often an iterative process: As the solution to

a design problem evolves, are find himself continually refining the design.
While implementing the solution to a design problem, it may be discovered that
the solution developed is unsafe, too expensive, or will not work. are then
"goes back to the drawing board" and modify the solution until it meets the
requirements. Design activity is therefore cyclic or iterative in nature, whereas
analysis problem solving is primarily sequential.
The solution to a design problem does not suddenly appear in a vacuum.
A good solution requires a methodology or process. There are probably as
many processes of design as there are engineers. Therefore, this lesson does not
present a rigid "cookbook" approach to design but presents a general
application of the five-step problem-solving methodology associated with the
designprocess. The process described here is general, and you can adapt it to
the particular problem you are trying to solve.
THE DESIGN PROCESS
The basic five-step process usually used in a problem-solving works for
design problems as well. Since design problems are usually defined more
vaguely and have a multitude of correct answers, the process may require
backtracking and iteration. Solving a design problem is a contingent process
and the solution is subject to unforeseen complications and changes as it
develops.
The five steps used for solving design problems are:
1. Problem definition: This usually involves a list of the product or
customer requirements and specially information about product functions
and features among other things.
2. Date gathering: A survey regarding the availability of similar
products in the market should be performed at this stage.
3. Possible solutions: Once the details of the design are clearly
identified, the design team with inputs from test, manufacturing, and
marketing teams generates multiple alternatives to achieve the goals and
the requirements of the design.
4. Analyze and select best option: Considering cost, safety, and other
criteria for selection, the more promising alternatives are selected for
further analysis.
5. Test and implement the solution: A prototype of the design is constructed
and functional tests are performed to verify and possibly modify the
design.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 THE RELEVANT EXPERIENCE GAINED IN THE FIELD OF

STUDY
The work experience gained from the 12 mouths I.T programme was
based on the various kinds of services, rendered by Yolas consultants Ltd. done
in the office and on site. These were listed are part of table of contents which
was discussed one after the other.
3.1 OFFICE WORK
Office work involved an introduction to work ethics, structural design,
architectural and structural drawing. In view of these, relevant signs and
symbols representing various items on such drawing were explained.
Furthermore the use of computer drafting and designing software were
subsequently taught. This software includes, AutoCAD, Orion, RCD etc.
In the course of the introduction to architectural and structural drawing
the following building types based on given criteria were identified;
TYPE OF BUILDINGS
In terms of structural framing, a building can be categorized as:
(a) A framed building and
(b) A non-framed building
Framed Buildings
A framed building consists of slabs carried by the beams, which are in
turn supported by the columns. The columns transmit the load through the
foundation to the soil. For all practical purposes, any building exceeding two-
storeys must necessarily be framed irrespective of all foundation soil bearing
strata. In the framing operation, the load path must be considered as well as the
wind-resisting elements.
Non-framed building
A non-framed building is a building that is supported on load bearing
walls and they are limited to two-storeys only (that is, with rooms at ground
floor and one suspended floor). When a building is to be of three storeys or
more, there is the tendency for the lower walls to crumble under load. Hence,
such buildings must necessarily be framed. On the other hand, a bungalow or
two-storey buildings to be built on a marshy soil must be framed since the
foundation would be either a raft foundation or a pad foundation. A building on
load bearing wall means implies that the loads are transferred through the load
bearing walls to the foundation structure. Such walls should have good strength
and preferably machine molded with number of blocks per bag ranging
between 25 and 30. The sand should be sharp and not too coarse. Very coarse
sharp sand can be mixed with ordinary sharp sand in the ratio of 3:1 in favour
of the coarse sharp sand. Experience has shown that very coarse sharp sand
develops early strength but relapses later. This is perhaps due to the tiny holes
which may have been created during molding.
3.2SITE WORK
Site work for the period of training was at the Rehabilitation of General
Hospital, Ilorin. The project consist of the renovation of about forty pre-
existing building, the construction of a few new buildings, road and drainage
works, as well as external electrification and landscaping of the premises.
To this end, a team of engineers were deployed from Yolas Consultants
Ltd. As Consultant to ensure adherence to design specifications
One of the newly constructed building was the hospital incinerator
which is a reinforced concrete building with dimensions 12.2m by 6.1m lined
with brick/red bricks to enable the structure withstand the heat form
combustion.
The construction of the changing room was also part of the newly
constructed building, the changing rooms consists of two changing areas (male
and female) with dimension 3.3m by 3.3m each and two toilets with dimension
1.2 by 3.075m. It was built for the incinerator workers’ use.
The training afforded the opportunity to partake in the supervision of the
concrete incinerator building as well as the changing room. In the course of
these new construction works; the following stages of work were identified and
carried out;
1. Site clearing: before the commencement of the construction works in
any site, it is necessary and essential to clear the top soil (vegetable soil) and
from the land upon which structure itself will stand.
2. Setting out: after the site clearance has completed the setting out of the
incinerator building was carried out to ensure uniform and accurate
measurement to mark point to the excavation on the ground by the uses of
pegs, line, nail, harmer and profile. There are three method of setting out which
are;
 3:4:5 Method
 Builder square
 Theodolite
The uses of 3:5:5 method of setting was adopted for the incinerator
3. Excavation: after the setting out was completed, the excavation of the
entire setting out area was carried out to the depth of 1.2m. Thereafter the
leveling instrument was used to determine the spot height of excavation area to
ensure the same level was achieved at all points.
4. Iron work/reinforcement: the iron benders does the cutting, bending, and
arrangement of reinforcement depending on the directive of the site engineer
based on the structural detailing and drawing provided in the design.

Fig. 1 shows the arrangement, cutting and bending of reinforcement for RC

incinerator foundation base that in progress with the uses of Y12 @ 200 c/c top
and bottom. While Y16 bar is used for RC wall starter bar connected to
reinforcement of foundation.

a b
Fig. 2 shows the arrangement of reinforcement for R.C wall, with the uses of
Y16 @ 200 c/c for main bar while Y12 @ 200 c/c used for distribution bar.
 a b
Fig. 3 shows the arrangement of reinforcement for Rib beam at roof slab, with
the uses 5y16 for the main bar while Y10 @ 200 c/c used for the stirrup.

Fig. 4 shows the placing of BRC wire mesh type A193 as top bar for the Roof
Slab.

5. Construction of formwork and scaffolding by the carpenters: In the

construction site under study in this report, the marine plywood form work was
used to cast RC building. These plywood formworks have been constructed by
the carpenters to the required dimensions and placed over the reinforcement
with the concrete cover. Besides the construction of formworks, the carpenters
also introduced bracing to support the formworks and also took the
responsibility of removing them with the formworks after casting.

Fig. 5 shows the construction of the panel used for formwork of RC building,
with the use of half inch thick marine plywood, with full length of 2.2m/1.2m
and 2/3 plank. The marine plywood was constructed in segment of four panels
of 600 each panel to the other.

6. The incinerator building was casted using concrete batch 1:2:4. Then the
changing room DPC was casted using concrete batch 1:2:4.
A vibrator machine was used to vibrate/disturb the concrete to eliminate
honeycomb.

Fig. 6 A vibrator machine

7. The changing room was constructed with blocks arranged to form walls
to a height of 3.3m in line with the architectural drawings.
At the incinerator, burnt/brick/red brick was laid in between the roof
beam to enable the structure withstands the heat from combustion.

Fig. 7. The changing room under construction.

a b
Fig. 8. Burnt brick/redbrick laid in between the roof beam

3.3 TEST OF CONCRETE

The following are some of the important tests conducted on concrete:
1. Slump test.
2. Compaction factor test.
3. Crushing strength test.
Crushing Strength Test wasadopted on site, Metallic molds of size 150
mm × 150 mm × 150 mm are used for casting concrete cubes. Before filling
mold, it was properly oiled on its inner surfaces, so that cubes can beeasily
separated. Fresh cube was filled with concrete to be tested in 3 layers and kept
in the room. After 24 hours, cube is removed from the mold and kept under
water for curing. After seven days of curing, cubes was tested in the
compression testing machine. In this test cubes was placed over the smooth
surface which was in contact with side plates of mold. The crushing load is
noted and crushing strength was found as load divided by surface area (150 ×
150 mm2).
Code specify the desirable strength of concrete for 3 days and 7 days for
quick assessment of strength of concrete.

Mold fill with concrete Crushing strength test Machine

3.4 The experience gained during the time of construction field includes:

 Quality control of building construction.

 Understanding how to interpret the both structural and architectural drawing
on site.
 Understanding how to use the leveling instrument. ( Theodolite )
 Understanding how to use the plum bomb.

 Handling and organization of manpower (i.e. Labourers) for

construction activities.
3.5 Problem encountered during this programme on site
 Inadequate safety equipment for the workers on site
 Poor attention to time by site workers
 Misunderstanding between the artisans resulting to stoppage of work on
site
 Construction during raining season prone to work delay
 Poor logistics/material management resulting in delay of work.
4.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, there were many things that I have experienced and
learned during the twelve month of my Industrial Training at Yolas Consultants
Limited. The whole training period was very interesting, instructive and
challenging.
Through this training I was able to gain new insights and more
comprehensive understanding about the real industry working condition and
practice. The twelve month placement also has provided me the opportunities
to develop and improve my functional skills. All of these valuable experiences
and knowledge that I have gained were not only acquired through the direct
involvement in task given but also through other aspect of the training such as
work observation, interaction with colleagues, superior, and other people
related to the field.
From what I have undergone, I am very sure that the industrial training
program has achieved its entire primary objectives. It also the best way to
prepare students to face the real working life. As a result of the program now I
am more confident to build my future career.
References

IStrutE/Concrete Society (2006), Standard Method of Detailing Structural

Concrete Design, 3rd Edition United Kingdom.
Oyenuga V. (2004), Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, Asros Ltd.,
Lagos.