CHAPTER 1

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 1. Introduction

1.1 Facts.

Thyristor device-based solid-state reactive power compensators were developed in the 1970s
which solved the problem faced earlier of reactive power and better handling of transmission in Power
system and thus these problems can be overcome in new generation power system. With the growing
need of power day by day, power system is becoming more complex and hence there is a need of
handling and also balancing of the power system to manage those problems, equipment based on
Power electronics or Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices are widely used. Power
system performance can be increased at a good level by optimum management of reactive power in
the system, which is known as compensation of reactive power in the power system.

Controllers designed earlier days were kind of mechanical controllers. But these controllers
have various problems. Power electronic controllers are all grouped in a particular different category
commonly known as FACTS devices, some parameters which are commonly controlled in the
FACTS devices are , Current, Voltage, Series Impedance, Phase angle, Shunt Impedance, etc. by the
use of FACTS devices a line can carry power approximately to its maximum thermal rating.

There are some controllers used these days, such as, Static Compensator, Thyristor Controlled
controllers, Static Synchronous Series Compensator, Static Var Compensator and Unified Power Flow
Controller and others. Each of these mentioned above FACTS devices have its different
characteristics and its own limitations.

Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is one of the commonly used first generation FACTS device
having the capability to control voltage at the desired bus and thus overall it helps to improve the
voltage profile in the power system. Svc can perform the voltage profile at the desired bus by the help
of reactive power compensation, which can be easily obtained by varying the firing angle of the
controlling thyristors. SVCs are used for steady state as well as transient voltage control when
compared with the classical type of the shunt compensation. It also commonly used for damping
power swings, it helps to improves power systems transient stability during disturbances, and reduce
system losses by optimizing control on reactive power.

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor is one of the commonly used, which is mostly applied
with long transmission lines by the utilities in modern power systems. It has different operation
techniques, such as reducing net loss, scheduling of power flow, voltage support, decreasing
unsymmetrical components, mitigating sub-synchronous resonance (SSR), limiting short-circuit
currents, , damping the power oscillation and also enhancing transient stability.

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 The UPFC is recently introduced FACTS controller; it is having the capability to control all
the four transmission parameters. UPFC performs the functions of different FACTS devices like
STATCOM, TCSC, and the phase angle regulator and it also provides additional flexibility by
combining some of the functions of these controllers. It control voltage stability and active and
reactive power flow in power system transmission lines, so that secure loading can be done, thus it
also increases and stabilizes the stability in the power systems. UPFC consists of two voltage-sourced
converters (VSCs) which are connected to each other with a common dc link. Its series converter
inserts controllable magnitude and controllable phase angle of ac voltage in series with our
transmission lines. Demand of the series controller of Active power can be injected or it can be absorb
with the help of shunt controller by using a dc link through which active power can be easily
transferred in both the direction as per demand between two ac terminals. The required reactive power
which is exchanged (either generated of absorbed) by each converter at its points locally, and there is
no as such flow of reactive power in the UPFC through the help of dc link fixed in between, and thus
reactive power compensation is done

These flexible AC transmission systems, or FACTS, act flexible for making possible smart grid,
which utilities hope will reconfigure power flows in real time, maximizing throughput and
minimizing losses..

1.1.1 Benefits from FACTS technology:

It is appropriate to state here that within the normal system security limits these controllers enable the
transmission owners to obtain, on the case by case basis, one or more following benefits are there :

 Helps in reduce reactive power Flows, and thus it helps in allowing the network lines to
carry maximum active power.
 FACT provides greater flexibility in setting new generation system.
 It controls the Power flow as ordered. Also meet the utilities, their own needs, and it also
ensure the optimum power flow that is performed through emergency conditions in the
power systems.
 Boost loading capability of transmission lines to their maximum thermal capabilities,
including short term as well as seasonal. This can be accomplished by overcoming other
limitations and their sharing of power among connected network lines as per their
capabilities. A thermal capability of a line can be varies by a very large margin, it directly
depends on the present environmental conditions of the line and also its loading history.
 With FACTS devices it provides up gradation of lines.

It helps to increase easy utilization of lowest cost generation. Main reason for transmission
interconnection is to utilize lowest cost generation is that, if our power system is not interconnected it

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is not reliable, as if when there is scarcity of power it can be taken from another generation system, it
follows that is not enough cost effective transmission.

1.2 ETAP:

For the last few years electrical engineers have been focusing on the power system studies using
software tools. Recent advances in engineering sciences have brought a revolution in the field of
electrical engineering after the development of powerful computer based software. This research work
highlights the effective use of Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software for analyses
and monitoring of large electrical power system which comprises of large power distribution network.
According to its manufacturer, “ETAP offers a suite of fully integrated Electrical Engineering
software solutions including arc flash, load flow, short circuit, transient stability, relay coordination,
optimal power flow, and more. Its modular functionality can be customized to fit the needs of any
company, from small to large power systems.” “Operation Technology, Inc. is the designer and
developer of ETAP, the most comprehensive analysis software for the design, simulation, operation,
monitoring, control, optimization, and automation of power systems. ETAP is the industry leader used
worldwide in all types and sizes of power systems, including generation, transmission, distribution,
and industrial systems such as oil and gas, manufacturing, steel, cement, mining, data centers, nuclear
facilities, transportation, smart grid solutions, renewable energy, and more
Key Features:

 State-of-the-art graphical display of results

 Customize output reports using Crystal Reports
 Voltage drop study, electrical losses, power flow calculations, power factor, etc.
 Export load flow reports to your favorite word processing program
 Graphically display device evaluation results
 Graphically display buses with marginal or critical under / over voltage
 Export one-line diagrams including results to third party CAD systems
 Alert view to display critical & marginal limit violations
 Filtering alert view based on area, zone and/or region classification

Load Flow Calculation Software Capabilities:

 Newton-Raphson, Fast Decoupled, & Accelerated Gauss Seidel

 Generator governors with isochronous or droop mode
 Generator exciters with AVR or Mvar or PF controllers
 Transformer load tap changers (LTC / voltage regulators)

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  Advanced solution techniques for fast power flow convergence
 Multiple loading conditions
 Multiple generation conditions
 Swing, voltage regulated, & unregulated power sources
 Electrical voltage drop calculations & analysis
 Electrical load forecasting
 Alert view to display critical & marginal limit violations
 Bus / transformer / cable overload warning
 Single-phase load flow display
 Global & individual bus diversity factors
 Individual demand factors for continuous, intermittent, & spare operating conditions
 Option to update the initial condition from load flow solutions
 Phase-shifting transformer
 Power factor correction
 Multi-report load flow result analyzer
 10,000+ bus capability

1.3 NTPC (National thermal power cooperation):

India comes in largest power generation in the world, where NTPC’S have their presence in
the entire value of the power generation business. It is said to be India’s biggest power company,
which was set up in 1975 to increase power development in India. Apart from power generation,
NTPC have ventured into consultancy, power trading, ash utilization and coal mining. NTPC ranked
341st in the 2010, Forbes Global 2000‟ ranking of the World’s biggest companies. NTPC became a
Maharatna company in May, 2010, one of the only four companies to be awarded this status. Total
installed capacity is 39,174 MW with 16 coal based and 7 gas based stations, located across the
country.The company has set a big target to have an installed power generating capacity of 1, 28,000
MW by the year 2032. By 2032, non-fossil fuel based generation capacity shall make up nearly 28%
of NTPC‟s portfolio. NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the
company has 17.75% of the total national capacity, it contributes 27.40% of total power generation
due to its focus on high efficiency.

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1.3.1 NTPC specifications:

NTPC
2600 MW

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3

600 MW 1500MW 500MW

UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 5 UNIT 6 UNIT 7

200MW 200 MW 200 MW 500 MW 500 MW 500MW 500MW

Specifications:

Generators:

 Three generators of 200MW ( 3*200MW)

 Four generators of 500MW (4*500MW)

Switchyard capacity:

 Capacity of handling 3600 Mw.

 2600mw transmission capacity from generators.
 Import from grid 1000 Mw.
 Shunt reactor capacity 400Mvar.
 Svc capacity 200Mvar.

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CHAPTER 2

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2.1 Need of reactive power compensation:

VAR compensation is said to be, the managing of reactive power to improve the flexibility of
ac power systems. The concept of VAR compensation include as an integral part of handling both
system and customer problems, especially related with power quality issues, since most of power
quality problems can be solved with an adequate control of reactive power . In general, the problem of
reactive power compensation is viewed from two aspects: load compensation and voltage support. In
load compensation the objectives are to increase the value of the system power factor, to balance the
real power drawn from the ac supply, compensate voltage regulation and to eliminate current
harmonic components produced by large and fluctuating nonlinear industrial loads. Voltage support is
generally required to reduce voltage fluctuation at a given terminal of a transmission line. High
voltage reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering products help to improve performance of
end user’s installations through energy savings and better power quality.

In Electrical System, the connection of capacitors produces reactive energy needed by loads
such as motors. The result is a reduced apparent power in the transmission and distribution networks,
and an improved power factor. The power generation and transmission networks are then partially
relieved, reducing power losses and making additional transmission capability available.

Today the Power Factor Correction market is clearly identified as one of the critical elements
to spread the Energy Efficiency initiative around the world. This is completely in line with the public
concern about this issue, and has State backing for push on the Energy Efficiency policies in
Industries, Buildings and Utilities.

Power Factor Correction (PFC) includes reactive energy management and harmonic mitigation.
Reactive energy management is mainly addressed with the installation of power capacitors.

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Fig: Static VAR Compensators (SVC): TCR/TSR, TSC, FC and Mechanically Switched Resistor

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CHAPTER 3

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 3. LOAD FLOW STUDIES

3.4 Power System Stability:

Stability of the power system will depend on generation and transmission, as the
speed of generator varies the voltage and frequency will affect the loads to varying degrees
depending on Power system stability is the ability of the system, stability is a condition of
regaining the initial position after being subjected to a disturbances. Basically stability of
power system is classified into various types such as rotor angle stability, frequency stability,
voltage stability. The response of the power system to a disturbance may involve much of the
equipment. For instance, a fault on a critical element followed by its isolation by protective
relays will cause variations in power flows, network bus voltages, and machine rotor speeds;
the voltage variations their individual characteristics

Fig: Classification of power system

Classification of power system:

Large disturbance rotor angle stability or Transient stability: It is concern with the ability of
system or network to maintain synchronism when subjected to severe disturbances. The resulting system
response involves large excursions of generator rotor angles and is influenced by the nonlinear power-

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angle relationship. It depends on both initial operating condition of the system and the severity of the
disturbance in the system.

Single Line Diagram

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CHAPTER 4

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4. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS:

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Fig: Load Flow Analysis

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Buses 134
Branches 133
Generators 7
Power Grids 0
Loads 19
Load-MW 4336.521
Load-Mvar 2036.856
Loss-MW 49.276
Loss-Mvar 2173.898

Table 1: Load flow results of entire system without FACT devices

Buses 134
Branches 133
Generators 7
Power Grids 0
Loads 19
Load-MW 4371.009
Load-Mvar 1786.764
Loss-MW 47.218
Loss-Mvar 2084.977

Table 2: Load flow results of entire system with SHUNT REACTOR

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Buses 134
Branches 133
Generators 7
Power Grids 0
Loads 19
Load-MW 4412.854
Load-Mvar 1499.465
Loss-MW 45.36
Loss-Mvar 2004.771

Table 3: Load flow results of entire system with SVC

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 4.2 Transient Analysis

Fig: Bus voltage with FACT Device

Fig: Bus voltage without FACT Device

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Fig: Bus Voltage per Hz with FACT Device

Fig: Bus Voltage per Hz with FACT Device

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Fig: Bus Frequency Analysis

Fig: Bus Frequency Analysis

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 5. Harmonic Analysis:

Fig: Harmonics on Lump Load connected to Network

Fig: Reduced 5th Order Harmonics on lump load connected to a network

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 Fig: Reduced Harmonics by adding Filter

Fig: Graphical Representation of Reduced Harmonics curve with respect to Voltage & Time

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CHAPTER 5

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 5. CONCULSION

In this paper Load Flow analysis of the total system has been performed by using ETAP
software and results haven compared with different compensating devices. Harmonic analysis haven
performed on different elements of the system and there order has been reduced to distortion on the
particular elements by adding harmonic filter of desired rating.

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 6. Reference

 132 Kv substation using ETAP Software, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research Volume 4, Issue 2, February-2013 , ISSN 2229-5518

 Aswani R, Sakthivel R, Power Flow Analysis of 110/11KV Substation Using ETAP,

International Journal of Applied Research and Studies (iJARS) ISSN: 2278-9480 Volume 3,
Issue 1 (Jan - 2014)

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