What is the function of muscle tissue?

-Contraction

What is the function of Nervous tissue?

-Message transmission

What is the study of tissues?

-Histology

What level are tissues in organization?

-2nd

What are the Characteristics of Epithelium?

-Cellularity, Polarity, Connective tissue support, Innervated, Avascular, Regeneration

What is cellularity?

-closely packed cells; little extracellular fluid

What is polarity?

-Apical surface-faces out to the body exterior or cavity. Basal Surface-opposite end; composed of the
basal lamina.

What is the basal lamina?

-A noncellular sheet secreted by epithelials that acts as a filter; decides what molecules from the
underlying connective tissue will pass

What are tissues composed of?

-many cells

No what goes through epithelial cells?

-blood vessels

What does apical mean?

-outside

Basal lamina is what?

-connective tissue
Blood vessels do run through what?

-connective tissue

What side is the basal lamina on?

-the side that is doing something apical; connective side

What is the connective tissue support?

- The reticular lamina that is secreted by the connective tissue.

Where is the reticular lamina located?

-under the basal lamina

What forms the basement membrane?

-epithelial and connective tissue

What is innervated?

-contains nerves

What is avascular?

-does not contain blood vessels

What is regeneration?

-the rapid dividing to replace lost cells

If something is avascular is does not what?

-bleed

Epithelial tissue is very what?

-thin

What is skin mostly made up?

-epithelial tissue

What are fast dividing cells?

-Epithelial

How can epithelia be classified?

-according to how many layers it has

What is one layer classified as?

-simple

What does a simple layer do?

-absorb and filter

What is more than one layer classified as?

-stratified

What is a stratified area?

-high abrasion area

What is an example of a high abrasion area?

-skin

Anything that has to be absorbed is what?

-simple

One layer is appropriate for what purpose?

-absorbing nutrients

Where can one layer epithelia be found?

-any digestive track, kidneys, live, lungs

What area the shapes epithelia can take?

-squamous, cuboidal, columnar

What is the description of squamous epithelia?

-Flat and scale-like

What is the description of cuboidal epithelia?

-boxlike

What is the description of columnar epithelia?

-tall, column like

What kind of nucleus does squamous epithelium have?

-flat

What kind of nucleus does cuboidal epithelium nucleus have?

-round

What kind of nucleus does a columnar epithelium have?

-stretched out

Where is simple squamous found?

-where filtration takes place

Where is Endothelium found and what is its purpose?

Lines blood vessels and the heart, it reduces friction

Where is mesothelium found?

-in serous membrane

What is the purpose of simple cuboidal epithelia?

-secretion and absorption

Where is simple cuboidal epithelia found?

Kidneys

Where is simple columnar epithelium located?

-Lines the digestive tract

What is the purpose of simple columnar epithelia?

-Absorption and secretion

What do simple columnar epithelia have?

-dense microvilli and goblet cells

What do microvilli do?

-secrete protective mucus, absorption, and increase surface area

What is the shape of a goblet cell?

-cup

What is found inside a goblet cell?

-a protective mucus

What is psuedostratified columnar?

-columnar cells of different heights

What does psuedostratified columnar line?

-respiratory tract

Psuedostratified columnar all start at the same what?

-basal lamina

How many layers are psuedostratified columnar?

-One

Psuedostratified columnar produces a lot of what?

-mucus

What is the mucus produced by the psuedostratified columnar need for?

-Trapping dust and other debris

Where is stratified squamous found?

-skin and high abrasion areas

Stratified squamous can be what?

-keratinized or nonkeratinized

Where is keratinized stratified squamous found?

-skin

Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous found?

-esophagus, mouth, vagina

What does stratified mean?

-Multiple layers
What is keratin?

-water proof protein

Keratin is only found where?

-on the outside of the body

Stratified cuboidal and columnar is what?

-rare

What do stratified cuboidal and columnar do?

-form large ducts of glands

Where does transitional epithelium line?

-urinary organs; bladder, uterus, urethra

Transitional epithelium can do what do to increases and decreases in pressure?

-change shape

The uterus runs from where to where?

-from kidneys to bladder

The urethra runs from where to where?

-bladder to outside

Transitional epithelium is present in a female when?

-she is pregnant

What is the purpose of glandular epithelium?

-secretion

What is the characteristic of endocrine glands and what is there function?

-ductless, and secretes hormones

What is the characteristic of exocrine glands and what are its functions?

-have ducts, secretes sweat, oil, mucus, saliva, digestive enzymes, and bile

Merocrine glands are not what?

-altered by secretion

Holocrine glands do what?

-build up then rupture

Goblet cells do what?

-produce mucus

Goblet cells are what?

-unicellullar

Merocrine glands and holocrine glands are both what?

-multicellular

Ducts can be either what or what?

-tubular or alveolar: more spread out

What are some examples of merocrine glands?

-sweat glands and saliva glands

What happens in the merocrine glands?

-exocytosis

What is exocytosis?

-transporting stuff out of the cell; the activitly getting rid of large molecules

Transporting stuff out if the cell requires what?

-energy

What also requires energy?

-secretion

What happens to holocrine glands when they rupture?

-they die

What is the protein that makes up most mucus?

-mucine
What is the most abundant tissue type in the body?

-connective tissue

What are the functions of connective tissue?

-support, protect, insulate, and transport (blood)

All connective tissue has a what?

-common origin

What is connective tissues common origin?

-all rises from mesenchyme (from mesoderm)

What are the different degrees of vascularity that connective tissues can posses?

-avascular, poorly vascularized, and vascular rich

Connective tissue has what?

-matrix

What is the only time you see blood in connective tissue?

-when it clots

When does connective tissue start to develop?

-as an embroitic organ

What are the main parts of connective tissue?

-Ground substance and fibers

What does the ground substance make up?

-ECM

What is the function of the ground substance?

-to hold fluids and act as a medium thru which nutrients can diffuse

What does the ground substance contain?

-fibers

What is the ground substance found?

-in the basement membrane

Where is the Extracellular matrix (ECM) located?

-outside the cell

What are the three types of fibers?

-Collagen fibers (white fibers), Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers

What is the function of collagen fibers?

-Cross link to provide strength to elastic fibers

What is the function of Elastic fibers?

-allows connective to stretch reticular fibers

What is the function of reticular fibers?

-To support

What can elastic fibers do when they are stretched?

-return to their original state

What do reticular fibers mainly surround?

-blood vessels; to hold them up

What are the cell types?

-fibroblast, chondroblast, osteobalst, hemocytobalst

Where are fibroblast found?

-connective collagen fibers

Where are chondrobalst found?

-cartilage

Where are osteobalst found?

-Bone

Where are hemocyotobalst found?

-blood
Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, and hemocytoblast are all/do what?

-immature and secrete ground substances for their ECM

What happens to the suffix when the cell becomes matured?

-it becomes cyte

Connective tissues also include what?

-fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

What causes mast cells to leak?

-histamine

What eats any bad things that get into cells?

-macrophages

What are the types of connective tissue?

-Embryonic, mucous, connective tissue proper

Where does embryonic connective tissue form from?

-the mesoderm

When does embryonic connective tissue form?

-during embryonic development; becomes all other connective tissue

How long is a cell an embryo?

-8 weeks

From 8 weeks to 40 weeks the embryo becomes a what?

-fetus

What kind of important cells do embryonic connective tissue contain?

-stem cells

What are stem cells?

-cells that can differentiate into any other cells

Embryonic cells can do what?

-differentiate into any other cell

Stem cells inside bone maro are plurapoltion meaning what?

-they can only differentiate into some cells

Mucous connective tissue is what?

-temporary

What is mucous connective tissue called?

-Wharton’s jelly

What is the function of mucous connective tissue?

-supports the umbilical cord

What is connective tissue proper composed of?

-composed of fibroblasts

What are the 2 subclasses of connective tissue proper?

-loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

-areoloar, adipose, and reticular

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

What is areolar connective tissue?

-semi-fluid ground substance

What is areolar connective tissue dominated by?

-fibrobalst

Areolar connective tissue has a loose arrangement of what?

-fibers

Areolar connective tissue provides storage for what?

-water and salts

What happens if the areolar connective tissue soaks up to much water?

-it swells

What is the process of swelling called?

-edema

Most areolar connective tissue is what?

-widely distributed

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

-to bind body parts together

What does areolar connective tissue wrap around?

-blood vessels and nerves

What does areolar connective tissue surround?

-glands

What does areolar connective tissue attach to?

-Underlying structures

Where is areolar connective tissue present?

-mucus membranes

How can you reduce swelling (edema)?

-*anti-inflammatory, *ice, and elevation

What is a characteristic of adipose connective tissue?

-it is fat

What does adipose connective tissue store?

-nutrients

What does adipose mostly contain?

-an oil droplet

What are the characteristics of mature adipose connective tissue?

-very large and don’t divide

How are adipose connective tissue packed?

-tightly

How much of the average person’s body weight does adipose connective tissue make up?

-about 18%

Where is adipose connective tissue found?

-bone marrow, around the kidneys, behind the eyes, abdomen and hips

How does adipose connective tissue act around kidneys?

-as a shock absorber and insulator

What are lipids?

-fats

Fats store what?

-nutrients

Fats have twice as much energy as what?

-sugar

What is reticular connective tissue?

-similar to areolar tissue but only contain reticular fibers

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

-lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen

What dominates the dense regular connective tissue?

-Fibers

Dense regular connective tissue forms what?

-ligaments and tendons

How many directions does dense regular connective tissue go in?

-One
What do tendons attach?

-muscle to bone

What do ligaments attach?

-bone to bone

What does dense irregular connective tissue form?

-the dermis of the skin

The dense irregular connective tissue forms goes in what directions?

-many

Where is cartilage mainly located?

-Mostly between dense connective tissue and bone

What is cartilage composed of?

-chondroblasts

Cartilage has no what?

-vessels or nerves

Cartilage is firm due to what?

-large amounts of collagen fibers

Cartilage is up to how much water?

-80%

Movement of water allows cartilage to do what?

-rebound

What surrounds cartilage?

-dense connective tissue called the perichondrium

What does the perichondrium provide?

-diffusion of nutrients

What are the two types of growth cartilage?

-interstitial growth and appositional growth

What is interstitial growth?

-initial growth, grows from within (occurs during adolescence)

What is Appositional growth?

-on the surface

What are the three types of cartilage?

-hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

-hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covers?

-end of long bones, tips of noses, ribs of sternum, larynx, trachea, and bronchii

Hyaline cartilage forms most of what?

-embryonic skeleton

Hyaline cartilage is also called what?

Articular cartilage

Elastic cartilage is nearly identical to what?

-hyaline cartilage; it has more elastic fibers

Where is elastic cartilage found?

-Ears and epiglottis

Where is fibrocartilage found?

-between hyaline cartilage and a ligament or tendon, between vertebrae and in the knees

Fibrocratilage provides what?

-strong support

What is the hardest connective tissue?

-bone
What is the function of bone?

-to store fats and manufacturing center of blood cells

Bones are what?

-vascularized and innervated

Bones produce what?

-red blood cells

Blood contains what?

-blood cells surrounded by a matrix of blood plasma

When are fibbers visible?

-during clotting

55% of blood is what?

-plasma

What makes up plasma in blood?

-ground substance and fibers

45% of blood is what?

-cells

What are the types of membranes?

-epithelial membranes, mucous membranes, and serous membranes

What are epithelial membranes?

-composed sheets of epithelia bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue

Cuntaneous membrane is found where?

-skin

What is cuntaneous membrane?

-stratified squamous atop a thick dense irregular connective tissue

What does the mucous membrane line?

-cavities open to the exterior of the body

Where can mucous membrane be found?

-digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

What is the mucous membrane composed of?

-composed of an epithelial sheet atop loose connective tissue called lamina propria

Serous membranes line what?

-body cavities

What is serous membrane?

-simple squamous atop loose connective

The nervous tissue is composed of what?

-neurons

Nervous tissues are found where?

-brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What is the function of nerve cells?

-transport messages

Nervous tissues look like what?

-white threads

How nervous tissues spaced?

-they are in clusters

What is the function of muscle tissue?

-movement by contracting and shortening

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

-skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

-pulls on bones or skin

Skeletal muscle tissue is what?

-Muti-nucleated

What is skeletal muscle tissue shape?

-long, cylindrical striations

How does skeletal muscle tissue act?

-voluntary

Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?

-in the heart

What is cardiac muscle tissue shape?

-striated but uni-nucleated and branching

How does cardiac muscle tissue act?

-involuntary

Smooth muscle tissue has no what?

-striations

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

-organs

What kind of nucleus does smooth central muscle tissue have?

-1 central nucleus

How does the smooth muscle tissue act?

-involuntary

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

-Digestive tract

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

-pushes things through digestive tract

The skeletal system has no what?

-organs

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

-support(framework), protect vital organs(brain and spinal cord), movement(bones are used as levers),
mineral storage(calcium and phosphate stored in bone maro), Blood cell information

What are the organs of the Integumentary system?

-skin

What are the 7 functions of the integumentary system?

-protective covering, regulates body temperature, manufactures vitamin D, sensory, temporary storages
for fats, glucose, and salts, screens out UV rays, absorbs certain drugs

What are the organs in the immune system?

-lymphatic system organs

What is the function of the immune system?

-protects against pathogens

What are the functions of the muscular system?

-breathing, support, movement

What are the organs of the muscular system?

-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

What are the functions of the nerves system?

-receive stimuli(senses), transmit stimuli to nervous centers, and initiate response

What are the organs of the nervous system?

-brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

-provides the transport system “hardware” that keeps the blood continuously circulating

What is the organ of the cardiovascular system?

-heart

What are the organs in the respiratory system?

-nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

What is the function of the respiratory system?

-to supply the body with oxygen and dispose or carbon dioxide

What are the organs in the digestive system?

-mouth, esophagus, stomach, small(rectum and anus) and large(colon) intestines, salivary glands,
pancreas, gallbladder, and liver

What is the function of the digestive system?

-breakdown and absorb nutrients for growth and maintenance

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

-To produce eggs and sperm, to transport and sustain these cells, to nurture the developing offspring,
and to produce hormones

What are the female organs of the reproductive system?

-ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

What are the male organs of the reproductive system?

-testis, seminulvesiculs, and penis

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

-pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal
glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

What is the function of the endocrine system?

-influences the metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones; chemical messengers released to the
blood to be transported throughout the body