1) Gravimetric Method

CHAPTER 1: Intro to a. Determeine the mass of the analyte or

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY some compound chem. related to it.
-a measurement science consisting of a set of powerful 2) Volumetric Method
ideas and methods that are useful in all fields of science a. Measures the volume of a sol’n
and medicine. containing sufficient reagent to react
completely with analyte.
TWO TYPES OF ANALYLITICAL METHODS:
3) Electroanalytical Methods
a. Measurement of electrical properties
 Analyte –components of the samples that are
as voltage, current, resistance, etc.
to be determined
4) Spectroscopic Methods
1) Qualitative Analysis-
a. Interaction bet. electromagnetic
a. reveals the identity of the elements
radiation and analyte atoms(radiation
and compound In a sample.
of analytes).
2) Quantitative Analysis
a. Indicates the amount of each
TYPICAL QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
substance in a sample.
1) Picking a Method
b. Vital role in geo,biochem,bio,physics
a. Level of accuracy
required.
ROLE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
b. Economic factors-
 Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald –defines anachem
number of samples to
as art of recognizing diff. substances
be analyzed.
 Quantitative measurements were used for
2) Acquiring the Sample
diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
a. Heterogenous-
 AnaChem- often termed as central science
constituent parts can
bedistinguished
visually
(coal,tissue,soil)

b. Assay- process in determining how much of

a given sample is the material indicated by its name
(numerical value)
c. Analyze and Sample- blood is analyze to
determine concentration of various substances;gas
and glucose. Not analysis of it.

3)Processing the Sample

a) Preparing Laboratory Sample
b) Replicate/s Sample- portions of a material
approx. the same size; same time, same way.
c)Prep. Sol’n:Physical & Chemical Changes

QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL METHODS

4)Eliminating interference
Computing results in two measurements;
a) Interference- a species that causes an
a) One is the mass or the volume of sample
error(either enhancing or attenuating measurement)
being analyzed.
b) Matrix/M.Sample- all of the components in
b) measurement of some quantity
the sample.
proportional to the amnt of analyte-mass,volume,elec.
Types:
5)Calibration and Measurement
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-process of determining proportionality constant (k)
6)Calculating Result
7)Eval. Results by Estimating Their Reliability
a) an analytical result without an estimate of
reliability is of no value.

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CHAPTER 3: BASIC CONCEPT
OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 SI Unit- based on 7 fundamental base units.
 Angstrom Unit- nonSI unit of length , express
wavelength of very short radiation such asX-
Ray.
 Mass- invariant measure
 Weight- integration of gravitational force
(W=mg)
 Mole -SI unit for the amount of chemical
species.
 Molar Mass- a substance is the mass in grams
of 1 mole of that substance
 Millimole-1/1000 of mole
 Molarity/Molar Concentration- number of
moles of solute in 1L solution.
 Analytical M- total number of moles of a
solute,regardless of its chem. state in 1L sol’n.
 Equilibrium M/Species M- the molar
concentration of a particular speciss in a sol’n
at equilibrium
 Percent Concentration
 PPM=mg
 p-Function/P-value- the negative base- 1- log
of the M of that species(X)
o pH-negative log of H30
 Density-mass of substance per unit volume
 Specific Gravity- ratio of the mass of a
substance to the mass of an equal volume of
H2O.
 Stoichiometry- mass relationship among
reacting chemical species.
 Empirical Formula- simplest whole-number
 Molecular F.-number of atoms in a molecule
 Structural F.- reveals structural differences
between compounds that are not discernable
in the molecular formula.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUEOUS SOL’N
 Electrolytes- form ions when dissolbed in H2O
and thus, conduct electricity.
 Strong Electrolytes- ionize completely
 Weak Electrolytes- ionize partially
 Acid-donates proton(+)
 Conjugate Base- formed when acid loses +
 Base- accepts protons
 Conjugate Acid-base accepts proton
o A substance acts as an acid only in the
presence of a base, vice versa.
 Amphiprotic Solvents-behaves as acids in the
presence of basic solute,vice versa.
 Autoprotolysis (autoionization)- spontaneous
rxn of molecules of a substance to give pair ion.
 Hydronium Ion-hydrated proton when reacts
with an acid(eg. H3O)
 DifferentiatingSolvent-various acids dissociate
to diff.degreethus have diff strength.
 Leveling Solvent- several acids are completely
dissociated and have the same strength.
 Le Châtelier Principle- the position of an
equilibrium always shifts In such a direction as
to relieve a stresss that is applied to the system
 MassAction Effect- shift in the position of an
equilibrium caused by adding one of the
reactants or products to a system.
 Thermodynamics- branch of chem science that
deals with flow of heat/energy in chem rxn.
 Common-Ion Effect- reduction in solubility of
an ionic precipitate.
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