Optical disc

In computing and optical disc recording technologies, an optical disc (OD) is a flat,
usually circular disc which encodes binary data (bits) in the form of pits (binary
value of 0 or off, due to lack of reflection when read) and lands (binary value of 1 or
on, due to a reflection when read) on a special material (often aluminium[1] ) on one
of its flat surfaces. The encoding material sits atop a thicker substrate (usually
polycarbonate) which makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing
layer. The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path covering the entire disc
Collection of various optical disc and
surface and extending from the innermost track to the outermost track. The data is
cassette tape formats.
stored on the disc with a laser or stamping machine, and can be accessed when the
data path is illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive which spins the
disc at speeds of about 200 to 4,000 RPM or more, depending on the drive type, disc
format, and the distance of the read head from the center of the disc (inner tracks are
read at a higher disc speed). Most optical discs exhibit a characteristic iridescence as a
result of the diffraction grating formed by its grooves.[2][3] This side of the disc contains
the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer. The
reverse side of an optical disc usually has a printed label, sometimes made of paper but
often printed or stamped onto the disc itself. Unlike the 3½-inch floppy disk, most
optical discs do not have an integrated protective casing and are therefore susceptible to The optical lens of a compact disc
data transfer problems due to scratches, fingerprints, and other environmental problems. drive.

Optical discs are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm (3 to 12 in) in diameter, with 12 cm
(4.75 in) being the most common size. A typical disc is about 1.2 mm (0.05 in) thick,
while the track pitch (distance from the center of one track to the center of the next)
ranges from 1.6 µm (for CDs) to 320 nm (for Blu-ray discs).

An optical disc is designed to support one of three recording types: read-only (e.g.: CD
and CD-ROM), recordable (write-once, e.g. CD-R), or re-recordable (rewritable, e.g.
CD-RW). Write-once optical discs commonly have an organic dye recording layer
between the substrate and the reflective layer
. Rewritable discs typically contain analloy
recording layer composed of a phase change material, most often AgInSbTe, an alloy of
silver, indium, antimony, and tellurium.[4]
The bottom surface of a compact
Optical discs are most commonly used for storing music (e.g. for use in a CD player),
disc, showing characteristic
video (e.g. for use in a Blu-ray player), or data and programs for personal computers iridescence.
(PC). The Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) promotes standardized
optical storage formats. Although optical discs are more durable than earlier audio-
visual and data storage formats, they are susceptible to environmental and daily-use damage. Libraries and archives enact optical
media preservation procedures to ensure continued usability in the computer's optical disc drive or corresponding disc player
.

For computer data backup and physical data transfer, optical discs such as CDs and DVDs are gradually being replaced with faster,
smaller solid-state devices, especially the USB flash drive.[5] This trend is expected to continue as USB flash drives continue to
increase in capacity and drop in price.Additionally, music purchased or shared over the Internet has significantly reduced the number
of audio CDs sold annually.

Contents
 History
First-generation
Second-generation
Third-generation
Fourth-generation
Overview of optical types
Recordable and writable optical discs
Specifications
LaserCard made by Drexler
References
Technology Corporation.
External links

History
The first recorded historical use of an optical disc was in 1884 when Alexander
Graham Bell, Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter recorded sound on a glass
disc using a beam of light.[6]

An early optical disc system existed in 1935, namedLichttonorgel.

An earlier analog optical disc
An early analog optical disc used for video recording was invented by David Paul recorded in 1935 for Lichttonorgel
Gregg in 1958[7] and patented in the US in 1961 and 1969. This form of optical disc (sampling organ)
was a very early form of the DVD (U.S. Patent 3,430,966). It is of special interest
that U.S. Patent 4,893,297, filed 1989, issued 1990, generated royalty income for
Pioneer Corporation's DVA until 2007 —then encompassing the CD, DVD, and Blu-ray systems. In the early 1960s, the Music
Corporation of America bought Gregg's patents and his company
, Gauss Electrophysics.

American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record a digital signal on an optical
transparent foil which is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russell's patent application was first filed in 1966 and he was
granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical
Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.[8][9][10]

Both Gregg's and Russell's disc are floppy media read in transparent mode, which imposes serious drawbacks. In the Netherlands in
1969, Philips Research physicist, Pieter Kramer invented an optical videodisc in reflective mode with a protective layer read by a
focused laser beam U.S. Patent 5,068,846, filed 1972, issued 1991. Kramer's physical format is used in all optical discs. In 1975,
Philips and MCA began to work together, and in 1978, commercially much too late, they presented their long-awaited Laserdisc in
Atlanta. MCA delivered the discs and Philips the players. However, the presentation was a commercial failure, and the cooperation
ended.

In Japan and the U.S., Pioneer succeeded with the videodisc until the advent of the DVD. In 1979, Philips and Sony, in consortium,
successfully developed theaudio compact disc.

In 1979, Exxon STAR Systems in Pasadena, CA built a computer controlled WORM drive that utilized thin film coatings of
Tellurium and Selenium on a 12" diameter glass disk. The recording system utilized blue light at 457nm to record and red light at
632.8nm to read. STAR Systems was bought by Storage Technology Corporation (STC) in 1981 and moved to Boulder, CO.
Development of the WORM technology was continued using 14" diameter aluminum substrates. Beta testing of the disk drives,
originally labeled the Laser Storage Drive 2000 (LSD-2000), was only moderately successful. Many of the disks were shipped to
RCA Laboratories (now David Sarnoff Research Center) to be used in the Library of Congress archiving efforts. The STC disks
utilized a sealed cartridge with an optical window for protectionU.S. Patent 4,542,495.
The CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced in 1984, as an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio and
adapted to hold any form of digital data. The same year, Sony demonstrated a LaserDisc data storage format, with a larger data
capacity of 3.28 GB.[11]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Optex, Inc. of Rockville, MD, built an erasable optical digital video disc system U.S. Patent
5,113,387 using Electron Trapping Optical Media (ETOM)U.S. Patent 5,128,849. Although this technology was written up in Video
Pro Magazine's December 1994 issue promising "the death of the tape", it was never marketed.

In the mid-1990s, a consortium of manufacturers (Sony, Philips, Toshiba, Panasonic) developed the second generation of the optical
disc, the DVD.[12]

Magnetic disks found limited applications in storing the data in large amount. So, there was the need of finding some more data
storing techniques. As a result, it was found that by using optical means large data storing devices can be made which in turn gave
rise to the optical discs.The very first application of this kind was the Compact Disc (CD) which was used in audio systems.

Sony and Philips developed the first generation of the CDs in the mid-1980s with the complete specifications for these devices. With
the help of this kind of technology the possibility of representing the analog signal into digital signal was exploited to a great level.
For this purpose, the 16-bit samples of the analog signal were taken at the rate of 44,100 samples per second. This sample rate was
based on the Nyquist rate of 40,000 samples per second required to capture the audible frequency range to 20 kHz without aliasing,
with an additional tolerance to allow the use of less-than-perfect analog audio pre-filters to remove any higher frequencies.[13] The
first version of the standard allowed up to 75 minutes of music which required 650MB of storage.

The DVD disc appeared after the CD-ROM had become widespread in society
.

The third generation optical disc was developed in 2000–2006 and was introduced as Blu-ray Disc. First movies on Blu-ray Discs
were released in June 2006.[14] Blu-ray eventually prevailed in ahigh definition optical disc format war over a competing format, the
HD DVD. A standard Blu-ray disc can hold about 25 GB of data, a DVD about 4.7 GB, and a CD about 700 MB.

First-generation
Initially, optical discs were used to store broadcast-quality analog
video, and later digital media such as music or computer software.
The LaserDisc format stored analog video signals for the distribution
of home video, but commercially lost to the VHS videocassette
format, due mainly to its high cost and non-re-recordability; other
first-generation disc formats were designed only to store digital data
Comparison of various optical storage media
and were not initially capable of use as adigital video medium.

Most first-generation disc devices had an infrared laser reading head.

The minimum size of the laser spot is proportional to the wavelength of the laser, so wavelength is a limiting factor upon the amount
of information that can be stored in a given physical area on the disc. The infrared range is beyond the long-wavelength end of the
visible light spectrum, so it supports less density than shorter-wavelength visible light. One example of high-density data storage
capacity, achieved with an infrared laser, is 700 MB of net user data for a 12 cm compact disc.

Other factors that affect data storage density include: the existence of multiple layers of data on the disc, the method of rotation
(Constant linear velocity(CLV), Constant angular velocity(CAV), or zoned-CAV), the composition of lands and pits, and how much
margin is unused is at the center and the edge of he
t disc.

Compact disc (CD) and derivatives

Audio CD
Video CD (VCD)
Super Video CD
LaserDisc
 GD-ROM
Phase-change Dual
Double Density Compact Disc(DDCD)
Magneto-optical disc
MiniDisc
Write Once Read Many (WORM)

Second-generation
Second-generation optical discs were for storing great amounts of data, including broadcast-quality digital video. Such discs usually
are read with a visible-light laser (usually red); the shorter wavelength and greater numerical aperture[15] allow a narrower light
beam, permitting smaller pits and lands in the disc. In the DVD format, this allows 4.7 GB storage on a standard 12 cm, single-sided,
single-layer disc; alternatively, smaller media, such as the DataPlay format, can have capacity comparable to that of the larger,
standard compact 12 cm disc.[16]

DVD and derivatives

DVD-Audio
DualDisc
Digital Video Express (DIVX)
DVD-RAM
Nintendo GameCube Game Disc(miniDVD derivative)
Wii Optical Disc (DVD derivative)
Super Audio CD
Enhanced Versatile Disc
DataPlay
Universal Media Disc
Ultra Density Optical

Third-generation
Third-generation optical discs are in development, meant for distributing high-definition video and support greater data storage
capacities, accomplished with short-wavelength visible-light lasers and greater numerical apertures. Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD uses
blue-violet lasers and focusing optics of greater aperture, for use with discs with smaller pits and lands, thereby greater data storage
capacity per layer.[15] In practice, the effective multimedia presentation capacity is improved with enhanced video data compression
codecs such as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and VC-1.

Blu-ray (up to 400 GB - experimental[17][18] )

Wii U Optical Disc (25 GB per layer)
HD DVD (discontinued disc format, up to 51 GB triple layer)
CBHD (a derivative of the HD DVD format)
HD VMD
Digital Multilayer Disk
Fluorescent Multilayer Disc
Forward Versatile Disc
Professional Disc

Fourth-generation
The following formats go beyond the current third-generation discs and have the potential to hold more than one terabyte (1 TB) of
data and meant for distributing Ultra HD video :

Archival Disc
Holographic Versatile Disc
 LS-R
Protein-coated disc
Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc

Overview of optical types

 Name Capacity Experimental[Note 1] Years[Note 2]
LaserDisc (LD) 0.3 GB 1971–2001
Write Once Read Many Disk(WORM) 0.2–6.0 GB 1979–1984
Compact Disc (CD) 0.7–0.9 GB 1982–today
Electron Trapping Optical Memory(ETOM) 6.0–12.0 GB 1987–1996
MiniDisc (MD) 0.14 GB 1989–today
1990–
Magneto Optical Disc (MOD) 0.1–16.7 GB
present
1995–
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) 4.7–17 GB
present
LIMDOW (Laser Intensity Modulation Direct 1996–
2.6 GB 10 GB
OverWrite) present
1997–
GD-ROM 1.2 GB
present
Fluorescent Multilayer Disc 50–140 GB 1998-2003
Versatile Multilayer Disc(VMD) 5–20 GB 100 GB 1999-2010
Hyper CD-ROM 1 PB 100 EB 1999?-?
2000-
Ultra Density Optical (UDO) 30–60 GB
present
2001-
FVD (FVD) 5.4–15 GB
present
Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) DVD 2002-2004
HD DVD 15–51 GB 1 TB 2002-2008
25 GB
50 GB 2002-
Blu-ray Disc (BD) 1 TB
100GB (BDXL) present
128 GB (BDXL)
Professional Disc for Data(PDD) 23 GB 2003-2006
2003–
Professional Disc 23–128 GB
present
Digital Multilayer Disk 22-32 GB 2004–2007
2004–
Multiplexed Optical Data Storage(MODS-Disc) 250 GB–1 TB
present
Universal Media Disc (UMD) 0.9–1.8 GB 2004–2014
2004–
Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) 6.0 TB
present
2005–
Protein-coated Disc (PCD) 50 TB
present
4.7 GB (DVD format)
25 GB (Blu-ray format)
M-DISC 50 GB (Blu-ray format) 2009–today
100 GB (BDXL format)
[19]

2014–
Archival Disc 0.3-1 TB
present
50 GB
2015–
Ultra HD Blu-ray 66 GB
present
100 GB
Notes

1. Prototypes and theoretical values.

2. Years from (known) start of development till end of sales or development.

Recordable and writable optical discs

There are numerous formats of optical direct to disk recording devices on the market, all of which are based on using a laser to
change the reflectivity of the digital recording medium in order to duplicate the effects of the pits and lands created when a
commercial optical disc is pressed. Formats such asCD-R and DVD-R are "Write once read many", while CD-RW and DVD-RW are
rewritable, more like a magnetic recording hard disk drive (HDD). Media technologies vary, M-DISC uses a different recording
technique & media versus DVD-R and BD-R.

Specifications
Base (1×) and (current) maximum speeds by
generation
Base Max
Generation
(Mbit/s) (Mbit/s) ×
1st (CD) 1.17 65.6 56×
2nd (DVD) 10.57 253.6 24×

3rd (BD) 36 504 14×[20]

4th (AD) ? ? 14×
 Capacity and nomenclature[21][22]

Layers Diameter Capacity

Designation Sides
(total) (cm) (GB)
BD SS SL 1 1 8 7.8
BD SS DL 1 2 8 15.6
BD SS SL 1 1 12 25
BD SS DL 1 2 12 50
BD SS TL 1 3 12 100
BD SS QL 1 4 12 128
CD–ROM 74 min SS SL 1 1 12 0.682
CD–ROM 80 min SS SL 1 1 12 0.737
CD–ROM SS SL 1 1 8 0.194
DDCD–ROM SS SL 1 1 12 1.364
DDCD–ROM SS SL 1 1 8 0.387
DVD–1 SS SL 1 1 8 1.46
DVD–2 SS DL 1 2 8 2.66
DVD–3 DS SL 2 2 8 2.92
DVD–4 DS DL 2 4 8 5.32
DVD–5 SS SL 1 1 12 4.70
DVD–9 SS DL 1 2 12 8.54
DVD–10 DS SL 2 2 12 9.40
DVD–14 DS DL/SL 2 3 12 13.24
DVD–18 DS DL 2 4 12 17.08
DVD–R 1.0 SS SL 1 1 12 3.95
DVD–R (2.0), +R, –RW, +RW SS SL 1 1 12 4.7
DVD-R, +R, –RW, +RW DS SL 2 2 12 9.40
DVD–RAM SS SL 1 1 8 1.46
DVD–RAM DS SL 2 2 8 2.65
DVD–RAM 1.0 SS SL 1 1 12 2.58
DVD–RAM 2.0 SS SL 1 1 12 4.70
DVD–RAM 1.0 DS SL 2 2 12 5.16
DVD–RAM 2.0 DS SL 2 2 12 9.40

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"David Gregg and the Optical Disk". About.com. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
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National Institute of Standards and T echnology. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2012.
Romeyn, Jacob. "50th-anniversary -of-the-optical-disc".
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"The history of ideas "the optical disc as a "unique" carrier of information in the systems management"
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Society of the History of Science.
"Thomson-CSF's transmissive videodisc".
"Know Your Digital Storage Media: a guide tothe most common types of digital storage media found in archives" .
USA: University of Texas at San Antonio.

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