3: Complex

⊲ Fourier Series
Euler’s Equation
Complex Fourier
Series
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
Complex Fourier
Analysis
Fourier Series ↔
Complex Fourier
Series
Complex Fourier
Analysis Example 3: Complex Fourier Series
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 1 / 12

 Euler’s Equation

3: Complex Fourier
Series Euler’s Equation: eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ [see RHB 3.3]
⊲ Euler’s Equation
eiθ +e−iθ
Complex Fourier
Series
Hence: cos θ = 2 = 12 eiθ + 21 e−iθ
Averaging Complex iθ
e −e−iθ
Exponentials sin θ = 2i = − 12 ieiθ + 21 ie−iθ
Complex Fourier
Analysis
Fourier Series ↔
Complex Fourier
Series
Most maths becomes simpler if you use eiθ instead of cos θ and sin θ
Complex Fourier
Analysis Example
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
The Complex Fourier Series is the Fourier Series but written using eiθ
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples Examples where using eiθ makes things simpler:
Summary

Using eiθ Using cos θ and sin θ

ei(θ+φ) = eiθ eiφ cos (θ + φ) = cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ
1 1
eiθ eiφ = ei(θ+φ) cos θ cos φ = 2 cos (θ + φ) + 2 cos (θ − φ)
d iθ d
dθ e = ieiθ dθ cos θ = − sin θ

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 2 / 12

 Complex Fourier Series

3: Complex Fourier a0 P∞
Series Fourier Series: u(t) = 2 + n=1 (an cos 2πnF t + bn sin 2πnF t)
Euler’s Equation
Complex Fourier Substitute: cos θ = 21 eiθ + 21 e−iθ and sin θ = − 12 ieiθ + 12 ie−iθ
⊲ Series
Averaging Complex
Exponentials P∞ 1 iθ 1 −iθ
a0
bn − 21 ieiθ 1 −iθ




Complex Fourier u(t) = 2 + n=1 an 2e + 2e + + 2 ie
Analysis
Fourier Series ↔ P∞
a0 1 1 i2πnF t



Complex Fourier = 2 +
n=1 2 a n − 2 ibn e [θ = 2πnF t]
Series
Complex Fourier
P∞ 1 1

−i2πnF t

Analysis Example + n=1 2 an + 2 ibn e
Time Shifting P∞ i2πnF t
Even/Odd Symmetry = n=−∞ Un e
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples where [b0 , 0]
Summary 
1 1
 2 an − 2 ibn
 n≥1
1
Un = 12 a0


n=0 ⇔ U±n = 2 a|n| ∓ ib|n|
1
 1
2 a |n| + 2 ib|n| n ≤ −1

∗
The Un are normally complex except for U0 and satisfy Un = U−n
P∞ i2πnF t
Complex Fourier Series: u(t) = n=−∞ Un e [simpler ,]
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 3 / 12
 Averaging Complex Exponentials

3: Complex Fourier T n
Series If x(t) has period n for some integer n (i.e. frequency T = nF ):
Euler’s Equation
Complex Fourier 1 T
hx(t)i , T t=0 x(t)dt
R
Series
Averaging Complex
⊲ Exponentials
This is the average over an integer number of cycles.
Complex Fourier
Analysis
Fourier Series ↔
Complex Fourier
For a complex exponential:
Series
i2πnF t 
Complex Fourier e = hcos (2πnF t) + i sin (2πnF t)i
Analysis Example
Time Shifting = hcos (2πnF t)i + i hsin (2πnF t)i
Even/Odd Symmetry (
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
Harmonics Only 1 + 0i n = 0
Symmetry Examples =
Summary 0 + 0i n 6= 0
Hence:
(

i2πnF t  1 n=0
e = [,]
0 n=
6 0

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 4 / 12

 Complex Fourier Analysis

P∞
3: Complex Fourier
Series Complex Fourier Series: u(t) = n=−∞ Un ei2πnF t
Euler’s Equation
Complex Fourier
Series
To find the coefficient, Un , we multiply by something that makes all the
Averaging Complex terms involving the other coefficients average to zero.
Exponentials
Complex Fourier

−i2πnF t

P∞ i2πrF t −i2πnF t

⊲ Analysis u(t)e = r=−∞ Ur e e
Fourier Series ↔
Complex Fourier
P∞ i2π(r−n)F t

Series = r=−∞ Ur e
Complex Fourier
Analysis Example P∞
i2π(r−n)F t 
Time Shifting = r=−∞ Ur e
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
Harmonics Only
All terms in the sum are zero, except for the one when n = r which equals
Symmetry Examples Un :
Summary
−i2πnF t


Un = u(t)e [,]
This shows that the Fourier series coefficients are unique: you cannot have
two different sets of coefficients that result in the same function u(t).

Note the sign of the exponent: “+” in the Fourier Series but “−” for
Fourier Analysis (in order to cancel out the “+”).

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 5 / 12

 Fourier Series ↔ Complex Fourier Series

3: Complex Fourier a0 P∞
Series u(t) = + n=1 (an cos 2πnF t + bn sin 2πnF t)
2
= ∞
Euler’s Equation P i2πnF t
Complex Fourier n=−∞ Un e
Series
Averaging Complex
Exponentials
We can easily convert between the two forms.
Complex Fourier
Analysis
Fourier Series ↔
Complex Fourier
Fourier Coefficients → Complex Fourier Coefficients:
⊲ Series
1 ∗


Complex Fourier
Analysis Example
U±n = 2 a|n| ∓ ib|n| [Un = U−n ]
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd Complex Fourier Coefficients → Fourier Coefficients:
Harmonics Only
Symmetry Examples
Summary
an = Un + U−n = 2ℜ (Un ) [ℜ = “real part”]
bn = i (Un − U−n ) = −2ℑ (Un ) [ℑ = “imaginary part”]
The formula for an works even for n = 0.

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 6 / 12

[Complex functions of time]

In these lectures, we are assuming that u(t) is a periodic real-valued function of time. In this case we
can represent u(t) using either the Fourier Series or the Complex Fourier Series:

a0 P∞ P∞
u(t) = 2
+ n=1 (an cos 2πnF t + bn sin 2πnF t) = n=−∞ Un ei2πnF t

We have seen that the Un coefficients are complex-valued and that Un and U−n are complex conjugates
so that we can write U−n = Un∗ .
In fact, the complex Fourier series can also be used when u(t) is a complex-valued function of time
(this is sometimes
Puseful in the fields of communications and signal processing). In this case, it is still
true that u(t) = n=−∞ Un ei2πnF t , but now Un and U−n are completely independent and normally
∞

U−n 6= Un∗ .

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – note 1 of slide 6
 Complex Fourier Analysis Example

3: Complex Fourier T 10

Series T = 20, width W = 4, height A = 8 5

W
A
Euler’s Equation 0
Complex Fourier
Series
Method 1: 0 5 10 15 20 25

n an bn Un
Averaging Complex
Exponentials U±n = 21 an ∓ i 12 bn
8
Complex Fourier −6 i 6π
Analysis Method 2: 4 4
Fourier Series ↔ −5 5π + i 5π
Complex Fourier −i2πnF t


Series Un = u(t)e
Complex Fourier
−4 0
⊲ Analysis Example 1 T
= T 0 u(t)e−i2πnF t dt
R
−4 4
Time Shifting −3 3π + i 3π
Even/Odd Symmetry 8
1 W −2
= T 0 Ae−i2πnF t dt i 2π
R
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
Harmonics Only 4 4
Symmetry Examples A
 −i2πnF t W −1 + i
Summary
= −i2πnF T e 0
π π

A −i2πnF W

0 4 2
= i2πn 1 − e 8 8 4 −4
1 π π π +i π
Ae−iπnF W −iπnF W
eiπnF W


= i2πn −e 2 0 16
i −8
2π 2π
Ae−iπnF W 3 −8 8 −4
+ i −4
= nπ sin (nπF W ) 3π 3π 3π 3π
8 nπ

−i nπ
= nπ sin 4 e
4 4 0 0 0
8 8 4 −4
5 5π 5π 5π + i 5π
16 −8
6 0 6π i 6π
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 7 / 12
 Time Shifting

P∞
3: Complex Fourier
Series Complex Fourier Series: u(t) = n=−∞ Un ei2πnF t
Euler’s Equation
Complex Fourier
Series
If v(t) is the same as u(t) but delayed by a time τ : v(t) = u(t − τ )
Averaging Complex P∞ P∞
i2πnF (t−τ ) −i2πnF τ

i2πnF t
Exponentials v(t) = n=−∞ Un e = n=−∞ Un e e
Complex Fourier P∞
Analysis
Fourier Series ↔
= n=−∞ Vn ei2πnF t
Complex Fourier
Series where Vn = Un e−i2πnF τ
Complex Fourier
Analysis Example
⊲ Time Shifting
Example:
5
Even/Odd Symmetry u(t) = 6 cos (2πF t) 0
u(t)
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
Harmonics Only Fourier: a1 = 6, b1 = 0 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Symmetry Examples
Summary Complex: U±1 = 21 a1 ∓ 12 ib1 = 3
v(t) = 6 sin (2πF t) = u(t − τ ) 5
v(t)
0

Time delay: τ = T4 ⇒ F τ = 14 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
−i π
Complex: V1 = U1 e 2 = −3i
π
V−1 = U−1 ei 2 = +3i

Note: If u(t) is a sine wave, U1 equals half the corresponding phasor.

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 8 / 12
 Even/Odd Symmetry

3: Complex Fourier ∗
Series
(1) u(t) real-valued ⇔ Un conjugate symmetric [Un = U−n ]
Euler’s Equation (2) u(t) even [u(t) = u(−t)] ⇔ Un even [Un = U−n ]
Complex Fourier
Series (3) u(t) odd [u(t) = −u(−t)] ⇔ Un odd [Un = −U−n ]
Averaging Complex ∗
Exponentials (1)+(2) u(t) real & even ⇔ Un real & even [Un = U−n = U−n ]
Complex Fourier ∗
Analysis (1)+(3) u(t) real & odd ⇔ Un imaginary & odd [Un = U−n = −U−n ]
Fourier Series ↔
Complex Fourier
Series
Complex Fourier
Proof of (2): u(t) even ⇒ Un even
1 T
U−n = T 0 u(t)e−i2π(−n)F t dt
Analysis Example
R
Time Shifting
Even/Odd
1 −T
= T x=0 u(−x)e−i2πnF x (−dx)
R
⊲ Symmetry [substitute x = −t]
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
Harmonics Only 1 0
= T x=−T u(−x)e−i2πnF x dx
R
Symmetry Examples [reverse the limits]
Summary
1 0
= T x=−T u(x)e−i2πnF x dx = Un
R
[even: u(−x) = u(x)]

Proof of (3): u(t) odd ⇒ Un odd

Same as before, except for the last line:
1 0
= T x=−T −u(x)e−i2πnF x dx = −Un
R
[odd: u(−x) = −u(x)]

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 9 / 12

 Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd Harmonics Only

3: Complex Fourier
Series A waveform, u(t), is anti-periodic if u(t + 21 T ) = −u(t).
Euler’s Equation
Complex Fourier
If u(t) is anti-periodic then Un = 0 for n even.
Series
Averaging Complex Proof:
Exponentials
T
Complex Fourier
Analysis
Define v(t) = u(t + 2 ), then
Fourier Series ↔
Complex Fourier
Series
(1) v(t) = −u(t) ⇒ Vn = −Un
Complex Fourier
Analysis Example (2) v(t) equals u(t) but delayed by − T2
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
(
Antiperiodic ⇒ T Un n even
Odd Harmonics ⇒ Vn = Un ei2πnF 2 = Un einπ =
⊲ Only −Un n odd
Symmetry Examples
Summary
Hence for n even: Vn = −Un = Un ⇒ Un = 0
Example:
U0:5 = [0, 3 + 2i, 0, i, 0, 1] U[0:5]=[0, 3+2j, 0, j, 0, 1]

Odd harmonics only ⇔ 5

0
Second half of each period is the -5
negative of the first half. -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 10 / 12

 Symmetry Examples

3: Complex Fourier ∗
Series
All these examples assume that u(t) is real-valued ⇔ U−n = U+n .
Euler’s Equation
Complex Fourier
Series (1) Even u(t) ⇔ real Un U[0:2]=[0, 2, -1]

Averaging Complex 2
Exponentials 0
Complex Fourier
U0:2 = [0, 2, −1] -2
-4
Analysis
-6
Fourier Series ↔ -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Complex Fourier
Series
Complex Fourier
(2) Odd u(t) ⇔ imaginary Un U[0:3]=[0, -2j, j, j]
5
Analysis Example
Time Shifting U0:3 = [0, −2i, i, i] 0
Even/Odd Symmetry
-5
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Harmonics Only
Symmetry (3) Anti-periodic u(t) U[0:1]=[0, -j]

⊲ Examples
2

Summary ⇔ odd harmonics only 0

U0:1 = [0, −i] -2

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

(4) Even harmonics only 8

U[0:4]=[2, 0, 2, 0, 1]

⇔ period is really 12 T 6
4
2
U0:4 = [2, 0, 2, 0, 1] 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5543) Complex Fourier Series: 3 – 11 / 12

 Summary

3: Complex Fourier
Series
• Fourier Series: P
Euler’s Equation u(t) = a20 + ∞ n=1 (an cos 2πnF t + bn sin 2πnF t)
Complex Fourier
Series P∞
Averaging Complex • Complex Fourier Series: u(t) = n=−∞ Un ei2πnF t
Exponentials
−i2πnF t 1 T
, T 0 u(t)e−i2πnF t dt
Complex Fourier

 R
Analysis ◦ Un = u(t)e
Fourier Series ↔ ∗
Complex Fourier ◦ Since u(t) is real-valued, Un = U−n
Series
Complex Fourier
Analysis Example
◦ FS→CFS: U±n = 21 a|n| ∓ i 21 b|n|
Time Shifting
Even/Odd Symmetry
◦ CFS→FS: an = Un + U−n
Antiperiodic ⇒ Odd
Harmonics Only bn = i (Un − U−n )
Symmetry Examples
⊲ Summary • u(t) real and even ⇔ u(−t) = u(t)
⇔ Un is real-valued and even ⇔ bn = 0 ∀n
• u(t) real and odd ⇔ u(−t) = −u(t)
⇔ Un is purely imaginary and odd ⇔ an = 0 ∀n
• u(t) anti-periodic ⇔ u(t + T2 ) = −u(t)
⇔ odd harmonics only ⇔ a2n = b2n = U2n = 0 ∀n
For further details see RHB 12.3 and 12.7.
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