KINGDOM ANIMALIA

 General
 About a million (10 lakh) species of animals are known till now. Hence classification is needed.
 Kingdom Animalia comprises animals except Protozoans (included in Protists).
 Members of Animalia are all Eukaryotic, multicellular.
 Basis of classification:
 Though animals look different in form and shape there are common features like;
 Arrangement of cells – levels of organization.
 Body symmetry
 Nature of coelom
 Digestive patterns
 Circulatory and / or reproductive systems
 Features:
 Multicellular eukaryotes with Nervous coordination.
 Heterotrophic Nutrition. No photosynthetic pigments.
 They can move from place to place.
 No cell wall, no vacuole. Possess high level tissue differentiation and often have specialized organs.
 Reproduction chiefly Sexual; haploid stage as eggs / ovum or sperm.
 Grades of Organization and Body Plan.
 Cellular: All animals are multicellular – cells are arranged loosely as groups. E.g., Sponges.
 Tissue: Cells performing similar functions arranged into tissues. Division of labor among tissues. E.g.,
Coelenterates – Hydra.
 Organ: The tissues group to form different structures to perform different functions. E.g.,
Platyhelminthes and higher animals – Roundworm, flatworm and higher animals.
 Organ system: In higher complex animals organs are associated with specific functions and form organ
systems – e.g., Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Chordata – earthworm, crab, mussel,
starfish, fishes, frogs, lizards, birds and mammals.
 Organs system also exhibits different levels complexities from lower to higher animal groups
(phyla)
 Digestive system:
o Complete Digestive system has two openings; Mouth & Anus
o Platyhelminthes have single opening – mouth. Dig. System incomplete.
 Circulatory System: Two types
o Open: Heart pumps out blood and blood reaches tissues directly
o Closed: Heart pumps out blood and it reaches different parts through vessels
(Arteries, veins, capillaries).
 Symmetry
 Symmetry in biology is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes. Thus when the
animal is cut into two parts through centre two equal halves are produced.
 Asymmetry: Lower and simple animals like sponges have asymmetrical body.
 Radial Symmetry: When the body is cut through centre from any plane two equal halves are
produced. An organism with radial symmetry exhibits no left or right sides. They have a
top and a bottom (dorsal and ventral surface) only. Coelenterates, Ctenophores and
Echinodermata.


 Bilateral Symmetry: two halves of the body are mirror images of each other
 Diploblastic & Triploblastic Organization:
 Animals have two or three germ layers;
 {A germ layer, occasionally referred to as a germinal epithelium, is a group of cells, formed during
animal embryogenesis. Germ layers are particularly pronounced in the vertebrates; however, all animals more
complex than sponges (eumetazoans and agnotozoans) produce two or three primary tissue layers(sometimes
called primary germ layers). Animals with radial symmetry, like cnidarians, produce two germ layers
(the ectoderm and endoderm) making them diploblastic. Animals with bilateral symmetry produce a third layer
between these two layers (appropriately called the mesoderm) making them triploblastic. Germ layers eventually
give rise to all of an animal’s tissues and organs through the process of organogenesis}
 Two germ layers – Diploblastic. Cnidarian (Coelenterates). A third non-cellular substance is
present – Mesogloea
 Three germinal layers – Triploblastic

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 
 Germ layers and their function


 Coelom:
 The coelom is a fluid-filled cavity formed within the mesoderm of some animals.
 It is normally seen in triploblastic animals and is present between ectoderm and endoderm, lined by
middle layer (germ layer) mesoderm.
 Animals with Coelom are called Coelomates.
 E.g., Annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates.
 In lower animals (non-chordates) the body cavity is formed between mesoderm and
endoderm/ectoderm or present as pouches – Pseudocoelom.
 Aschelminthes – roundworm
 In lower invertebrates coelom is absent -Acoelomates
 Platyhelminthes – Flatworm (liver fluke)


While classifying animals coelom is important and animals are classified as Acoelomates –

Pseudocoelomates – Coelomates.
 Segmentation
 Metamerism is a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure, though not
all such structures are entirely alike in any single life form because some of them perform special
functions. In animals, metameric segments are referred to as somites or metameres.

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  It is a mesodermal event resulting in serial repetition of unit subdivisions of ectoderm and
mesoderm products/derivatives.
 Segmentation is not the same concept as Metamerism. Segmentation can be confined only to
ectodermally derived tissue, e.g., in the Cestoda tapeworms. Metamerism is far more important
biologically since it results in metameres, also called somites, which play a critical role in
advanced locomotion.

 Notochord
 The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is
composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of
the embryo.
 In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial of the body, while in most
vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is
found ventral to the neural tube.
 Animals that do not possess Notochord are called Non-chordates (Porifera to
Echinodermata) while those who possess are – Chordates.



 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
 Animals are classified based on the above characters into two major groups – Chordates and Non-
chordates and further into many Phyla. A broad scheme of classification is presented below.


 PHYLUM PORIFERA:
 Characters: Sponges
 Includes marine & freshwater sponges

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  Found in the kingdom Animalia & subkingdom Parazoa

 Sessile as adults

 Simplest of all animals

 Contain specialized cells, but no tissue

 Asymmetrical

 Bodies filled with holes or pores for water circulation. These pores are called Ostia.

 Marine sponges are larger & more colourful than freshwater sponges

 Range in size from 2 centimetres to 2 meters

 Osculum is single, large body opening at the top for water & wastes to leave

 Spongocoel is the body cavity of sponges

 Diploblastic: Have only 2 cell layers (ectoderm & endoderm) separated by jellylike
material

 Flagellated cells called choanocytes or collar cells line their internal body cavity

 Flagella of choanocytes beat & pull in water containing food which the collar traps

 Spongin is a network of flexible, protein fibres making up the sponge's skeleton

 Spicules are tiny, hard particles shaped like spikes or stars in the skeleton of some
sponges

 Spicules are made of calcium carbonate or silica

 Feeding
 Sponges are filter feeders that remove plankton (food) from the water that is brought in
through pores lined with collar cells
 Flagella pull in bacteria, protozoans, & algae that sticks to collar of choanocytes where it
is digested
 Amebocytes are specialized cells in sponges that can roam to pick up food from
choanocytes & distribute it to all other parts of the sponge
 Amebocytes also transport carbon dioxide & wastes away from sponge cells
 Excess water & food leaves through the excurrent Osculum.
 Reproduction
o Sponges can reproduce asexually by external buds that break off & form new sponges or
stay attached to form sponge colonies

o Gemmules are specialized, internal buds formed by sponges during cold or dry weather
that can survive harsh conditions

 Gemmules consist of a food-filled ball of amebocytes surrounded by a protective

coat with spicules & released when adult sponge dies

 Gemmules break open when conditions improve & the cells form new sponges

o Sponge can also asexually regenerate missing parts or a new sponge from a small piece of
sponge

o Sponges are hermaphrodites (produce both eggs & sperm), but they exchange sperm
& cross-fertilize eggs during sexual reproduction

o Planula is the flagellated, free-swimming larva that forms from the zygote

o Planula larva eventually settles to the bottom & attaches to develop into an adult, sessile
sponge.

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 PHYLUM CNIDARIA (COELENTERATES)
 Characteristics:

1) Aquatic – Marine

2) Sessile (not moving) or free moving.

3) Radially Symmetrical

4) Cnidaria – because of special stinging cells – cnidoblasts/cnidocytes (Nematocysts)

 Present on Tentacles – defense, anchoring, and capture prey.

5) Tissue level organization

6) Diploblastic – Ectoderm, Endoderm & Middle mesoglea (jelly like substance) .

7) Central Gastro-vascular Cavity – Single Opening – Hypostome

 Digestion – Intracellular & Extracellular.

8) Have a simple nerve net with to help with movement & senses
 Body Forms
1) Have 2 basic body forms ---polyp & medusa
 Polyp forms are usually sessile with upright tentacles arranged around the mouth at the
top and with a thin layer of mesoglea
o Polyps are the asexual stage
o Corals, hydra, & sea anemones exist in the polyp form as adults
 Medusa forms are usually free-swimming, bell-shaped animals with tentacles that hang
down around the mouth and with a thick layer of mesoglea for support
o Medusa are the sexual stage
o Jellyfish & Portuguese man-of-war are medusa form as adults

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  Some cnidarians are dimorphic or go through both polyp & medusa stages in their life
cycle (alternation of generations = metagenesis).Polyps – produce – asexually medusa &
Medusa – produce sexually polyps.
 Some are solitary (Hydra) others are colonial (corals)

 PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
 Common name – Sea walnuts or Comb jellies.
 Only Marine
 Radially Symmetrical
 Diploblastic
 Tissue Level Organization
 8 rows of external cilia plates – comb plates
 Digestion – Extra & Intracellular
 Property of BIOLUMINESCENCE
 Sexes are not separate
 Reproduction only by sexual method
 External fertilization and Development – Indirect.

 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
 Characters
1) Dorso-ventrally flattened body – flatworms
2) Bilaterally Symmetrical
3) Triploblastic
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 4) Acoelomate – No coelom
5) Organ Level of Organization.
6) Most are Endoparasites in animals & Humans.
 Hooks & Suckers in parasitic forms.
 No digestive system – absorb food from body surface
7) Excretion – Special cells Flame cells - Excretion and osmoregulation
8) Sexes not separate – hermaphrodites
9) Internal Fertilization and Development – indirect – many larval stages.
10) Free living Planaria – High Regeneration capacity.

 ASCHELMINTHES – ROUND WORMS

 Characters:
1) Body round and cylindrical – Roundworms
2) Free living;
 Aquatic
 Terrestrial
3) Parasitic – Plants and Animals including Humans.
4) Organ System level of Organization
5) Bilaterally Symmetrical
6) Triploblastic
7) Pseudocoelomates
8) Complete Alimentary Canal (mouth to anus) – well developed muscular pharynx

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 9) Excretory Tube opens to outside through excretory pore.
10) Sexes are separate (Dioecious) – Females longer than males
11) Fertilization internal and development – DIRECT or Indirect.

Ascaris Wuchereria

 PHYLUM ANNELIDA
 The annelids (also called "ringed worms"), formally called Annelida (from Latin anellus "little ring), are a
large phylum of segmented worms, with over 22,000 modern species including ragworms, earthworms
and leeches.
 Characters:
1) Aquatic – Marine and freshwater
2) Terrestrial
3) Organ System level of organization
4) Bilateral symmetry
5) Triploblastic
6) True Coelom
7) Metamerical segmentation. (Annelid’s body consists of segments that are practically identical, having
the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek meaning "hair") and, in some species,
appendages. Chaetae or Setae are bristles made of chitin that aid in anchoring the body to burrow.)
8) Along the body length – Longitudinal and Circular muscles – help in locomotion.
9) Lateral Appendages (Parapodia) in Aquatic – Nereis – help in swimming
10) Closed Circulatory System
11) Excretion & Osmoregulation – Nephridia (sing. Nephridium) present
12) Nervous system – Double Ventral nerve cord – mass of neurons at each segment =
Ganglion
13) Nereis – dioecious (sexes separate); Earthworms & Leeches – monoecious (Sexes are
united – Hermaphrodite)
14) Reproduction SEXUAL.

Examples:

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 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
 General:
1) Phylum Arthropoda (arthro = joint; poda = foot) is the most numerous phylum of all living
organisms, both in number of species and in number of individuals. One, very conservative,
estimates is that there are well over one million species of insects alone. In terms of number of
individuals, there are more ants than anything else, and in terms of numbers of species, there
are more kinds of beetles than anything else: 40 to 50% of all insect species are beetles. There
are more species of insects than all other plants and animals together.
 Characters:
1) Organ System level of organization
2) Bilaterally Symmetrical
3) Triploblastic
4) Segmented
5) Coelomate
6) Body:
 Exoskeleton – Chitinous
 Parts – Head, Thorax & Abdomen
 Jointed Appendages
7) Respiratory System
 Gills & Book Gills– Aquatic forms – Crustaceans
 Book Lungs – Arachnida
 Trachea – Insects.
8) Circulatory System
 Open Type
9) Sensory Organs
 Antennae
 Eyes – Compound & Simple
 Statocysts – balance organs
10) Excretory System
 Malpighian Tubules - attached to Digestive tract
 Antennal Gland – Crustacea – Crabs and prawns
11) Sexes separate – Dioecious.
12) Development – Direct or indirect
Economically Important Insects:
Apis – Honey Bee Bombyx mori – Silkworm Laccifer – Lac Insect

Vectors of diseases
Anopheles Culex Aedes

Gragarious pests: Locust

Living Fossil: Limulus the King Crab

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 Antennal Gland Malpighian Tubules

1) PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
 General:
1) Largest Marine Phylum – 23% of all marine animals
 Characters:
1) Terrestrial
2) Aquatic
 Marine and Freshwater
3) Organ System Level of Organization
4) Bilaterally Symmetrical
5) Triploblastic
6) Coelomate
7) Body Covered by hard Calcareous shell
8) Unsegmented Body with;
 Head
 Muscular Foot
 Visceral Hump
9) Inside shell – soft spongy skin forms a layer – Mantle to cover visceral hump
 Cavity between hump and the mantle = Mantle cavity
 Mantle cavity – Feathery gills are present – Respiratory and Excretory functions
10) Anterior region has sensory tentacles
11) Mouth has rough and rasping organ – Radula.
12) Dioecious & Oviparous (lay eggs)
13) Indirect development
Apple Snail Pinctada Pearl Oyster Sepia Dentalium

Loligo Octopus Aplysia Chiton

Radula Mouth showing radula

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 2) PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
 General
1) The word "echinoderm" means spiny skinned animals
2) Exclusively or only Marine
3) Organ system level of organization
4) Adults – Radially Symmetrical; Larvae – Bilaterally symmetrical
5) Triploblastic
6) Coelomate
7) Digestive System – Complete
a. Mouth – lower or bottom ventral side
b. Anus – Upper Dorsal side
8) Water Vascular System (Ambulacral System) – distinctive feature. Helps in
a. Locomotion
b. Capture & Transport of food
c. Respiration
9) NO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
10) Dioecious – Sexes are separate
11) Sexual Reproduction
a. Fertilization – External
12) Development – Indirect – free swimming Larval stage
Asterias Sea Urchin Antedon Ophiura Brittle star Sea Cucumber

Water Vascular System in Echinodermata

 PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
 General
1) Because of notochord it was considered in Phylum Chordata as a sub-phylum.
2) Now it is studied as a separate Phylum under invertebrates / non-chordata.
3) Worm-like animals
 Characters:
1) Marine
2) Organ System level organization
3) Bilaterally symmetrical
4) Triploblastic
5) Coelomate
6) Body possesses a through gut, straight or U-shaped, with an anus.
7) Body divided into three sections, a proboscis, a collar and a trunk
8) Nervous system normally diffuse, but variable.
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 9) Has a partially open circulatory system.
10) Possesses glomerulus as an excretory organ.
11) Reproduction normally sexual and dioecious.
12) Feeds on fine particles in the water.

.
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
 The following are the fundamental characters of chordate;
 Five fundamental characteristics of Chordates

1) Single, Dorsal Tubular Nerve Cord beneath dorsal surface; in vertebrates, it differentiates into
brain and spinal cord

2) Notochord: flexible rod on the dorsal side of gut, present at one stage in all chordates; displaced
in vertebrates by vertebral column that forms around the nerve cord

3) Pharyngeal slits (pouches) connect pharynx (between mouth and esophagus) with outside?

 Gills in sharks, fish; present in terrestrial animal embryos but disappear later except
Eustachian tube (connecting throat and middle ear)

4) Post anal tail extends beyond anus; present at least in embryo; regresses into tail bone in
humans

5) Segmentation: reflected in arrangement of muscles (somites) and in vertebral column (both

mesoderm)

 Other Characters
1) Organ system grade of organization
2) Bilaterally symmetrical
3) Triploblastic
4) Coelomate

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 Chordata phylum is subdivided into three sub-phyla;
1) Urochordata Tunicata
2) Cephalochordata
3) Vertebrata
 SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA / TUNICATA
1) Commonly called as Sea Squirts
2) Tunicata is derived from the character shown by these chordates in having a Tunic or cover on
the body. This made of Cellulose ((very rare in the animal kingdom)
3) Marine filter feeders – sessile (fixed to substratum).
4) Body of an adult tunicate is quite simple, a sack with two siphons through which water enters
and exits. Water is filtered inside the sack-shaped body.
5) Adult may not show many chordate characters but larva does. Larva has
 a notochord,
 a dorsal nerve cord,
 pharyngeal slits, and
 a post-anal tail. This "tadpole larva" will swim for some time; in many tunicates, it eventually
attaches to a hard substrate, it loses its tail and ability to move, and its nervous system largely
disintegrates.
 Examples:
 Ascidia


 Salpa Doliolum


 SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA
1) General : These are also called as Lancelets
2) Characters;
 Scale less, fishlike marine animals, a few centimeter long
 Notochord runs the entire length of dorsal nerve cord, retained throughout life
 Muscles in segments; weak (lancelets can swim but do rarely)
 More pharyngeal slits (gills) than in fish
 Buried in sandy or muddy sediments of shallow water
 Considered closest relative of vertebrates/fish
 Examples:

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 
 SUB-PHYLUM VERTEBRATA
1) General: The Notochord present in the embryonic stage is replaced by bony vertebral column
made up of many vertebrae.
2) “ALL VERTEBRATES ARE CHORDATES AND ALL CHORDATES ARE NOT VERTEBRATES”
3) All basic chordate characters are present
4) Ventral Muscular Heart with Two, Three, Four chambers. Closed Circulatory System
5) Kidneys – Osmoregulation & excretion metanephros
6) PAIRED APPENDAGES – FINS, LIMBS.
 Following the classification of subphylum Vertebrata in to classes


1) Class Cyclostomata
 Cyclo – round, Stomata – opening .
 No jaws. Sucking circular mouth without jaws.
 Ectoparasites on other fishes
 6 – 15 pairs of gill slits
 No scales on the body
 No paired fins / appendages
 Cranium (covering for the brain) & Vertebral column – Cartilaginous
 Closed Circulation
 Marine but go to freshwater for reproduction. After spawning (laying eggs) they die.
 Larvae, after metamorphosis migrate to marine waters.
 Examples
 Petromyzon – Lamprey Myxine


 Class Chondrichthyes
1) General: Chondro – Cartilage , Ichthyes – fishes: The skeleton is made of Cartilage.
2) All marine
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 3) Jaws are present – Mouth is ventral. Jaws very powerful
4) Two Paired fins present – Pectoral and Pelvic.
5) Pair of External Nares (openings)
6) 5 – 7 pairs Gills open individually to o utside
7) Scales are present on the body. Placoid Scales
8) Two Chambered heart – One ventricle and one Auricle
9) Teeth modified placoid scales bent backwards.
10) Predators
11) NO AIR BLADDER – therefore they have to constantly swim to avoid sinking
12) In some
 Electric Organ is found – Tarpedo
 Poison Sting – Trygon
13) Cold blooded – POIKILOTHERMS (Body temperature is not regulated ; their body temperature
varies with that of environmental temperature.)
14) Sexes are separate- Males possess Claspers in pelvic fins
15) Fertilization Internal
16) Many are VIVIPAROUS – give birth to young ones.
 Examples:
 Scoliodon (Dog fish) Pristis (Saw fish)


 Carcharadon (Great white shark) Trygon (Sting Ray)


 Torpedo (

 Characters
1) Class Osteichthyes- Ostei – Bone; Ichthyes - Fish
 These are Marine and Freshwater fishes
 Streamlined body – Spindle Shaped
 Mouth Terminal
 Four pairs of gills covered by Operculum
 Skin with Cycloid or Ctenoid Scales
 Air Bladder is present – helps in buoyancy
 Heart TWO chambered
 Poikilothermous – cold blooded
 Sexes Separate
 Fertilization External
 OVIPAROUS – lay eggs.
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  Development Direct
 Examples:
 Marine
 Exocoetus (Fkyiing fish) HIppopcampus (Sea Horse)


 Freshwater
 Labeo Catla Clarias


 Aquaria fishes
 Betta Pterophyllum


 Class Amphibia – Amphi – both (land and water); bios-live
1) Characters
 Can live on land and in water
 Most have two pairs of Limbs
 Body has Head and Trunk, Tail may be present in some
 Skin moist – No scales
 Eyes with eyelids
 Tympanum signifies ear.
 Alimentary Canal, Urinary System and Reproductive system open into a common
chamber – Cloaca - Opens to outside
 Respiration by
o Gills in Larval stage
o Lungs & Skin in adult stage
 Heart Three chambered - Two Auricles and one ventricles
 Poikilothermous – cold blooded
 Sexes separate
 Fertilization external
 Oviparous
 Development direct or indirect
 Examples:
 Bufo toad Rana Hyla

 
Salamandra Ichthyophis

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  Class Reptilia – Repere or Reptum – to crawl
 Characters
1. Mostly Terrestrial
2. Skin dry and cornified with scales/epidermal scutes
3. No external ears – Tympanum – ear
4. Limbs – Two pairs
5. Heart – Three Chambered; Crocodiles – 4 Chambers
6. Poikilothermous
7. Skin is shed in intervals – moulting
8. Sexes separate
9. Sexual reproduction – Fertlization internal
10. Oviparous – Direct Development
Examples:
Chelone (Turtle) Testudo (Tortoise ) Chameleon Calotes (Garden Lizard)

Crocodile (big) Alligator Lizard

Poisonous Snakes:
Naja (Cobra) Krait Vipera (Viper)

 Class Aves (Birds)

 Characters
1. Characteristic features – Fly, feathers
2. Some cannot fly – Flightless birds (Ostrich)
3. Beak – NO teeth
4. Fore limbs modified – Wings
5. Hind Limbs – scales present; Modified for walking, swimming, perching (clasping tree branches)
6. Skin dry – No scales but feathers; No oil glands – Oil gland present base of tail – used for pruning
7. Endoskeleton – completely ossified; long bones have air cavities – bone is = pneumatic.
8. Digestive tract – additional structures – Gizzard & Crop
9. Heart 4 chambered
10. Warm blooded – HOMOIOTHERMIC –Can maintain a constant temperature inside irrespective of
environmental temperature.
11. Respiration – Lungs – Additional Air sacs present.
12. Sexes separate
13. Fertilisation internal, Direct development
Examples:
Corvus Columba Psittacula Parrot Struthio Ostrich

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Aptenodytes Penguin Pavo Peacock Neophron Vulture

 Class Mammalia
 Characters
1. Found in all habitats – Poles, deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands, dark caves
2. Unique feature –
 Mammary glands - produce milk; nourishment of the young ones.
 Hair on the body
 External Ear Pinnae

3. Two pairs of Limbs – modified for –
 Walking
 Running
 Burrowing
 Flying
 Swimming
 Climbing
4. Different types of teeth on jaws – heterodont;
5. Four chambered heart
6. Homothermous
7. Respiration – Lungs
8. Sexes separate – Internal Fertilization –
9. Viviparous (give birth to the young ones); Exceptions are there
10. development direct
 Examples:
 Egg laying / Oviparous


 Viviparous

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 Level of Segmentatio Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Distinctive
Phylum Symmetry Coelom
Organisation n System System System Features
Body with pores and
Porifera Cellular Many Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
canals in walls.
Coelenterata
Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Cnidoblasts present.
(Cnidaria)
Comb plates for
Ctenophora Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent
locomotion.
Organ & Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Flat body, suckers.
Platyhelminthes Bilateral
Organ system
Pseudo Often worm shaped,
Aschelminthes Organ system Bilateral Absent Complete Absent Absent
coelomate Elongated.
Body segmentation
Annelida Organ system Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present
like rings.
Exoskeleton of cuticle,
Arthropoda Organ system Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present
jointed appendages.
External skeleton shell
Mollusca Organ system Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present
usually present.
Water vascular system,
Echinodermata Organ system Radial Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present
radial symmetry.
Worm-like with
Hemichordata Organ system Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present Proboscis, collar and
trunk.
Notochord, dorsal
Chordata Organ system Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present hollow nerve cord, gill
slits with limbs or fins.

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