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3.1. STRAIN
Consider a rod of length L and uniform cross section, and its deformation δ
under an axial load P. The normal strain ε in the rod is defined as the
deformation per unit length:
If the rod has variable cross-section, the normal strain at any given point Q is
found by considering a small element of rod at Q:
d
lim x 0
x dx
To introduce to students the basic concept of strain and discuss the relationship between stress and strain in different materials.
AE 311B: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 4
A. PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
The end point for the relationship between the stress and strain
as postulated by Robert Hooke, stating that stress is proportional to
strain.
The proportional limit is important because all subsequent theory
involving the behavior of elastic bodies is based upon a stress-strain
proportionality. This is also an indication that the proportional limit,
and not the ultimate strength, is the maximum stress to which a
material may be subjected.
B. ELASTIC LIMIT
The stress beyond which the material will not return to its original
shape when unloaded but will retain a permanent deformation called
permanent set.
C. YIELD POINT
Point which there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of the
material without any corresponding increase of load; indeed, the load
may actually decrease while the yielding occurs.
D. ULTIMATE STRESS
Or ultimate strength as it is more commonly called is the highest
ordinate in the stress-strain curve.
E. RUPTURE STRENGTH
Or the stress at failure, is somehow lower than the ultimate
strength in structural steel because the rupture strength is computed
by dividing the rupture load by the original cross-sectional area which
is incorrect.
To introduce to students the basic concept of strain and discuss the relationship between stress and strain in different materials.
AE 311B: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 5
The initial portion of the stress-strain diagram is a straight line. Thus, for
small deformations, the stress is directly proportional to the strain:
E
This relationship is Hooke’s law, and the coefficient E is the modulus of
elasticity of the material. The proportional limit is the largest stress for
which applies.
L
If a rod of length L and uniform cross section of area A is subjected at its end
to a centric axial load P, the corresponding deformation is
PL
AE
To introduce to students the basic concept of strain and discuss the relationship between stress and strain in different materials.
AE 311B: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 6
The relation between the shearing stress and shearing strain, assuming
Hooke’s law to apply to shear, is
G
VL
s
As G
In which V is the shearing force acting over the seharing area As. Note the
PL
similarity of this result to
AE .
1. A steel rod is 2.2m long and must not stretch more than 1.2mm when an
8.5kN load is applied to it. Knowing that E=200GPa, determine
a) The smallest diameter rod which should be used
b) The corresponding normal stress caused by the load.[2.1]
To introduce to students the basic concept of strain and discuss the relationship between stress and strain in different materials.
AE 311B: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 7
To introduce to students the basic concept of strain and discuss the relationship between stress and strain in different materials.
AE 311B: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 8
9. The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown, is horizontal
before the load P is applied. If the load P=50 kN, determine its vertical
movement.
10. The rigid bars AB and CD shown are supported by pins at A and C and
the two rods. Determine the maximum force P which can be applied as
shown if its vertical movement is limited to 5mm. Neglect the weights of all
members.
T T L
T T
The deformation
T of the rod occurs as it expands due to the
temperature change. The deformation P caused by the force P is
required to bring it back to its original length, so that it may be re-attached
to the support at B.
To introduce to students the basic concept of strain and discuss the relationship between stress and strain in different materials.
AE 311B: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 9
To introduce to students the basic concept of strain and discuss the relationship between stress and strain in different materials.
AE 311B: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 10
To introduce to students the basic concept of strain and discuss the relationship between stress and strain in different materials.