Test Print - Thesis Library Copy - Monish Jhaveri PDF

Declaration
This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any
University or other insitutions and to the best of my knowledge does not contain any material previously
published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in text.
I consent to this copy of thesis, when in the library of CEPT University, being available on loan and
photocopying.
Student Name:
Date:
ACKN OWLEDGMENT S
After bouncing around various ideas and areas of interest for the research, I managed
to root myself within the scope of this thesis, not knowing back then if it will ever
manifest into a book. There are several people who contributed towards the shaping of
this research and I would like to thank them for the help that they offered.
My Guide - Prof. Parth Shah for having confidence in me, for keeping the thesis aligned
with its aim and helping me make the thesis more relevant in the architectural domain.
Prof. Sankalpa for germinating in our minds the initial idea of ‘The Balancing Hanger’
(the installation that led to the research of this thesis) and also for reviewing my thesis
process.
Prof. V. R. Shah for the short but an important discussion regarding the computer
analysis of the structure.
Karan Makwana for the making of ‘The Balancing Hanger’. We had our fair share of
learning several important lessons during the process of its construction.
Vrushti and Pratik for helping with the preparation of the modules and setting up the
apparatus for the experiment.
Anand for helping me with the computer analysis of the modules for the test.
Vaidehi, Bhoomi, Priyanka, Vrushti, and Shivansh for lending me your digital cameras
that I deeply needed for the test.
The Workshop men - Chhagan Bhai and Yatin Bhai for helping me out with all sorts of
workshop related problems, queries, and activities.
Rosemary Milne, author of Species of Nooks and other niches, whose graphical style of
correlating text and figures I borrowed from her Undergraduate Thesis.
CONTENT S
OVERVIEW
- Aim, Objectives, Research Methods, Scope & Limitations
-Introduction 1
PART ONE
1. The Balancing Hanger 6
1.1 The Balancer
1.2 The Cable System
1.3 Hanging Lamps
2. Case Studies 17
2.1 Dinner Tables #1, 2, 3
2.2 Polonceau Truss
2.3 CEPT Workshops
2.4 Natakbaazi Beams
2.5 Bamboo Pavilion
2.6 Renault Distribution Centre
3. The Discussion 37
PART TWO
4. The Experiment 40
4.1 Motion Measure Technique
4.2 Experiment Module 1
5. Results 50
5.1 General Observations
5.2 Specific Observations
PART THREE
6. Applications 70
6.1 Application No. 1 - Working Table
6.2 Application No. 2 - Partition Wall
6.3 Application No. 1 - Overhang
6.4 Application No. 1 - A Canopy
6.5 Application No. 1 - A Pavilion
End Note 84
Appendix A - Structural analysis 86
Appendix B - Photographic documentation of The Balancing Hanger 89
Illustrated Credits 91
Bibliography 93
OVER VIEW
A IM
To explore the possibilities of using tension members in order to resist internal structural
forces within a given structural system.
O B JECT I V E S
To identify the elements within the system, their inter-relationships and the role of
tension cables in ‘The Balancing Hanger’ (the primary case, or in other words, The
Starting Point of this Thesis)
To study existing structural systems(the ones which incorporate tensions members) of

varying scales and identify the role of tension members in resisting structural forces.
To conduct a structural experiment and thereby find out a system of tensile cable
arrangement that can resist internal Torsional forces and retain the structural system of
‘The Balancing Hanger’ in its intended form.
To formulate Architectural (spatial) applications based on the results of the experiment.

Overview
RESEARCH METHOD
‘The Balancing Hanger’ was constructed by myself and my partner Karan Makwana.
Since we had a first-hand experience in the making of the installation, I have presented
within this thesis an empirical study that identifies the elements of the system and
discusses its functioning as well as the role of tensile cables within the system. The
observations have been elaborated using text, figure diagrams and sketches.
The secondary case studies presented within the thesis are studied under the following
framework in order to derive the functioning of the system - identification of the
elements, function of each element and identification of the structural force resisted
with the help of tension member.
In order to conduct the experiment, ‘a module’ - a configuration of linear elements,

based on the structural system of ‘The Balancing Hanger’ - is derived as a constant, and
three types of configurations of tension members, based on the secondary case-studies,
are derived as a set of variables. A total of three tests are conducted using the module
as a constant and the different configurations of the tension members as variables. The
aim of the test is to figure out which of the three configurations, relatively speaking,
resists torsion better. During the test, each module is positioned in-between a vertical
plane with a dual-axes graph marked on it, and a camera on the other side, with its
lens aligned parallel to the Graph markings facing the Module. In each of the test, a
measurable weight is added to the module. After every time the weight is added, the
camera clicks a picture of the module with the Graph markings in the background. The
Graph marking and the displaced position of the module element in every subsequent
picture helps in recording the deflection in measurable quantum. These measurements
are recorded within a logbook and are presented in the thesis. A comparative study of the
three logs concludes the result of the test. Although this test was conducted manually, a
computer analysis of the three modules is presented as a part of the appendices to avoid
discrepancies.
Lastly, based on the results of the three subsequent tests, the thesis presents to its readers
five different Spatial Applications. These applications are derived using Principles of
Organization since the system is a modular one.
Overview
S COP E AN D LI M I TATIONS
The primary case study for the thesis is an installation - ‘The Balancing Hanger’. The
research revolves around the search of possible structural configuration in which the
elements of ‘The Balancing Hanger’ can resist internal stresses, mainly ‘torsion’.
The thesis explores possibilities of resisting internal torsional forces by conducting a

quantitative test, however, the configuration of the modules, its material (Aluminium ),
and its joineries (Wooden Joints) are all based solely on the system of ‘The Balancing
Hanger’.
The study of ‘The Balancing Hanger’ presented in the initial part of the thesis is an
empirical one. It uses the visual observations of the author to understand the behavior of
the materials and the role of each element in the overall functioning of the system. There
aren’t any structural calculations presented as a part of the study.
For the quantitative test, three types of configurations of tension members are used as
‘variables’. The three configurations are three broad fundamental techniques that can
be used to resist torsion endured on a linear element. There are other arrangements too,
however, the study limits itself to these three.
INTRODUCTION
The concept of using tension in order to hold things together that naturally want to fall
apart is not a new one. We all have, at some point in life, used rubber bands to collectively
stack paper documents or used jute ropes to tightly tie up a bunch of wooden sticks.
However, this concept of using tension has an elaborate and an evolutionary history in
the construction of built environments. From the ancient times, when humans attempted
to create their first habitable intervention by the means of using ropes to stretch the
fabric of their tents, to the more recent times, where we now use thick steel cables to
hold the beams of a bridge from one column to another allowing it to span more without
a vertical support underneath, the use of tension members has been instrumental in
various systems of building construction.
ABOVE
Fig A: An example of a Nomad
Tent in Tibet, and the use of
ropes to construct it.
BELOW
Fig B: Kurilpa Bridge,
Australia.
1
Introduction
Tension members, in building construction, play a crucial role in increasing the structural
efficiency of a particular system. They are often used to optimize the tensile strength of
an element and thereby reducing its material usage; to resist internal forces in order to
provide structural stability; to serve the purpose of bracing the elements of a structure
and maintain its intended form. The intention of this thesis is to study the Structural
systems that incorporate the use of tension members in order to increase structural
efficiency and explore other possibilities thereafter.
The initial idea for this thesis originated as part of an annual cultural festival that takes
place in our college. A batchmate of mine (Karan Makwana) and I collaborated to
experiment with the possibilities of constructing a structural system that would be hung
from just a single point whilst cantilevering in a particular direction. The structure was
supposed to be hung from the ceiling of a six-meter high volume in the Faculty of
Architecture building, CEPT University.
We decided to set some rules prior to designing the structure which would eventually
help us ‘find the form’. The rules were pretty simple. We declared to use only linear
elements and decided the material for the same - Aluminum box sections. In order to
connect the linear elements, the joineries were decided to be in wood. The use of steel
in the design of the joineries was to be permitted only if both of us agreed that there
wasn’t a way out without it. We had also agreed to the idea of hanging the structure
from a single fixed point. Owing to the increasing set of rules, the possibilities naturally
reduced and the form of the structure emerged before us in due time. It was a simple
rectilinear strip made up of elements that would descend down from a single fixed point
as shown in the image. We named our structure - ‘The Balancing Hanger’.
Gravity, however, betrayed our stubbornness of hanging the structure from a single
point. The structure wouldn’t stay in its intended form when we tested it using small-
scale models. To put an end to our dilemma, we thought of introducing a system of
tension members that would span over the aluminum box section from one element
to another strengthening the structure’s capacity to cantilever and allowing it to retain
its intended form whilst being fixed to a single point. Lastly, to make the matters more
complicated, we set one final rule for the tension member arrangement - Each set of
tensile cable (steel wire ropes) can only be connected to its adjacent aluminum box
section. This meant that if one end of the tensile cable is connected to the first junction
of the Aluminum box Section, the other end has to be connected to the subsequent
2
Introduction
junction and not any other.
After spending two weeks on testing the small-scale models of the structure, gathering
the necessary materials, and setting up the entire kit of parts, both of us eventually
managed to cut, drill, and assemble the pieces - large and small - into a single working
full-scale model. We managed to get some help from our fellow schoolmates to lift
the heavy structure and eventually installed it at its intended location. To our surprise,
the structure collapsed. It didn’t manage to stay in its intended form. The reasons were
many - ranging from the asymmetrical distribution of the weight of the structure to
various internal structural forces within the structure. We noted the observations and
modified certain parts of the structure, still adhering to the rules we had set earlier.
After a week of fixing and repairing, changing the joineries, we managed to put up the
structure back to its fixed point. And this time, it collapsed yet again.
The two of us ran out of resources - both time and money - to rework and reinstall the
structure. And hence, we shelved the idea of working on it, disassembled the parts, and
placed it in the storage facilities of the campus. (Check Appendix B for the photographic
documentation of ‘The Balancing Hanger‘)
ASIDE
Fig C: A Rendered View
of ‘The Balancing Hanger’
installed at its intended
location.
3
Introduction
This thesis picks up from the point where we left the structure. The underlying intention
of this thesis is to inquire into the functioning of the ‘The Balancing Hanger’ - Why
it didn’t work? And how to make it work? The broad focus of the thesis is to study
the role of tension members in terms of resisting internal forces in a given structural
system. In the case of ‘The Balancing Hanger’, torsion was the primary internal force
that led to the failure, among other things. The specific focus of the thesis is to explore
possible ways in which torsion, as a force endured on an element, can be resisted by
using tension members.
The thesis is divided into three parts. Part One is about two types of studies conducted
over a diverse range of selected structural systems. Part Two is about an experiment,
based on the studies conducted in Part One. And Part Three extends the results of the
experiment to practical applications in the realm of space-making.
In Part One, there are a total of three chapters presented. In Chapter One, I will study
the structural system of ‘The Balancing Hanger’. As a part of the study, I will discuss
in detail the elements that made up the structure, the functioning of the elements within
the system, the forces endured by the elements, the modifications that came about in
the process and the reasons for the failure of the structure. In Chapter Two, I will study
selected few existing structural systems wherein tension members have been used to
achieve structural efficiency. For this study, I have selected examples of architectural
elements such as a Truss, a Beam and structural systems that use multiple elements
along with integrated tension members. The focus of this study is to identify the role of
tension members within the system and the structural moments that the tension members
introduce. Lastly, in Chapter Three, I will discuss the commonalities regarding the role
of the tension members in the structural systems studied in Chapter Two. Based on the
studies conducted in Chapter One and Two, I will devise a quantitative Test-Experiment
in the forthcoming chapter.
In Part Two, there are a total of two chapters. In Chapter Four, I will conduct an
experimental quantitative test. This test uses the inferences of the previous two studies
conducted in Chapter One and Two to derive the modules and the systems of tensile
member configuration used as a part of the test. The aim of the test is to discover which
out of the three configurations work better in terms of resisting torsion. Chapter Five is
about the results of the test. I will present a log from the test and will discuss the general
and specific observations recorded as a part of each test.
In Part Three - Chapter Six, based on the results of the Experiment, I will discuss the
possible ways in which the structural system of ‘The Balancing Hanger’ can be used to
construct built environments.
4
Introduction
Lastly, as a part of the appendix, I have presented the results from a computer structural
analysis of the modules of the Experiment, only to avoid any discrepancies that may
have occurred since the test was a manual one (Check Appendix A). Apart from that, I
have also presented a few photographs of the process of construction and small-scale
test models of ‘The Balancing Hanger’. (Check Appendix B)
5
6
1. THE B AL ANCING HANGER
First-Vertical
Third-Horizontal Second-Horizontal
Fourth-Vertical
Fifth-Horizontal
ABOVE
Fig 1.1: The Balancing Hanger
The Cable System -

Sixth-Horizontal Aluminium Box Section - 2.5” X 1.5”
Wooden Joints
The Balancer -
Aluminium Box Section - 3” x 1”
30 mm Ball Bearing with 10 mm Center Hole
A Hook made by using folded Mild
Steel Flat Plate.
This hook was used to hang the The Hanging Lamps -
installation; anchor it to a beam in Aluminium Box Section - 1.5” x 1”
the ceiling. 34 mm Diametre Plastic Pulley
7
The Balancing Hanger
The Balancing Hanger (TBH) was designed and installed by the students of CEPT
University as a part of an annual cultural festival. Firstly, TBH was experimental in nature.
Secondly, TBH wasn’t intended to become a part of this thesis, rather it was constructed
with the intention of being a ‘Mechanical Balance’, that balances two different types of
structural systems on both of its ends. Out of the two different structural systems, one of
them simply balances linear elements over each other, whereas the other system is of a
particular interest for this thesis. The other system was an experiment in arranging linear
elements by connecting them in a rectilinear fashion. This system was anchored to a
single point on one side while staying completely suspended on the other. The role of
tensile cables in keeping the entire form of the system in place was quite instrumental.
TBH followed a lengthy and complex process of undergoing several changes before
getting installed at its location. Firstly, the changes were made based on empirical
observations - by regularly studying the behavior of the elements under internal forces.
Secondly, the observations were recorded and changes were made to the system, by
either adding new elements or by changing the design of the joineries. These changes
were a part of the process. They are documented and presented further in this section
along with an elaborate description of the design of TBH and the reasons that led to its
failure.
In order to achieve a better understanding of the installation and its mechanism, it can
be divided into three parts: The Cable System, The Balancer and The Hanging Lamps.
‘The Balancer’ is a central member that holds and connects the two other systems: ‘The
Cable System’ and ‘The Hanging Lamps’ on either side. ‘The Balancer’ has a fulcrum
point over which it rotates and weighs down depending upon the side with a heavier
system. That fulcrum point rests within a vertical member which has been anchored
to the ceiling above. ‘The Cable System’ and ‘The Hanging Lamps’ both have been
connected to a single point at the two ends of ‘The Balancer’, the former being fixed
using nuts and bolts while the latter being tied with the help of cables.
8
1.1 - THE B A L A NCER
Fasteners -
4”,7mm Nuts|Bolts
10mm (Dia) Rod-Eye
Wire Rope (Steel Cable)
Wire Rope Clamps
Turn Buckle (Hook & Eye)
30mm (Dia) Ball Bearing
Material -
Aluminium Box Section
- 3” X 1”
Timber Joineries
1” wide Mild Steel Plate
This relatively small yet largely significant component of the installation is made by
using two deep aluminum box section (3” X 1”) set parallel to one another with holes
punctured through them at regular intervals. The two linear elements are horizontal
and are set distant from one another to fit a vertical aluminum box section which gets
anchored to the ceiling above using a folded mild steel flat plate. The vertical box
section has a hole of the same radius towards its end. When the three holes, two of the
horizontal members each and one of the vertical member, are aligned to pass through a
fastener bolt, it creates a fulcrum point over which the two horizontal members rotate.
Towards both the ends of ‘The Balancer’, rest ‘The cable System’ and ‘The Hanging
lamps’.
ABOVE
Fig 1.2: The Balancer
9
1.2 - TH E C A B L E S Y S TE M
Fasteners -
2.5”,7mm Nuts|Bolts
10mm (Dia) Rod-Eye
Wire Rope Clamps
Turn Buckle (Hook & Eye)
Material -
- 2.5” X 1.5”
Timber Joineries
This system is made up of aluminum box sections (2.5” X 1.5”), connected together
using timber and steel plate joineries and tightened using steel wire ropes. Each box
sections varies in length in multiples of 50 cm. The box sections are arranged in a
rectilinear fashion, starting at the top-end point of ‘The Balancer’, where it is fixed
using nuts and bolts and then descending towards the opposite end. Except for two
junctions, where a vertical box section gets connected to a horizontal box section which
is a pint joint, the rest of the junctions are all fixed joints. Once connected all together,
the box sections form a continuous rectilinear strip from one end of ‘The Balancer’ to
floating freely towards the other.
The ‘floating freely’ part of this system came to be possible because of the use of steel
wire rope cables which tighten the structure and keep the elements in place. The cables
run right above each of the box section from one junction to another aligning with them
axially. The first set of cables are attached at the junction where ‘The Cable System’
joins itself with the end of ‘The Balancer’ and from there the cables descend along with
ABOVE
the box sections of the system all the way till its end point. The cables, in this case, keep Fig 1.3: The Cable System
the elements in place and resist the internal torsional forces of the system.
10
1.3 - THE HA NGI NG L AM PS
Hardware -
3”,4mm Nuts|Bolts
34mm (Dia) Plastic Pulley
Material -
- 1.5” X 1”
Timber Pieces
Glass Bulb Lamps
This is a segmental system made by using sets of horizontal aluminum box sections
(2” X 1”) with plastic pulleys (2” in diameter). Two horizontal box sections sandwich
within themselves plastic three pulleys(one in the center, and two on both ends). Each
of the set of box sections floats in the air, suspended from the ends of a box section of
the preceding segment.
In the first segment of the system, the first set of box sections (150 cm in length) are
suspended using tensile cables from the opposite of end of ‘The Balancer’. Two more sets
of box section are suspended from the respective ends of this particular set in the second
segment. Similarly, two more sets of box section (a total of four sets) get suspended
from the preceding sets of box sections making the system grow exponentially. In the
fourth and the last segment, a total of eight glass lamps are hung from the respective
ends of the preceding box sections, balancing all the sets of box sections making them
appear visually horizontal. The errors occurred as a result of human workmanship are
adjusted by adding required amounts of weight in the glass bulbs. All in all, this system
ABOVE
Fig 1.4: The Hanging Lamps works on the principles of balancing.
11
This system also incorporates within itself other details regarding the offsetting of center
points in each set of box section because of their varying lengths and hence, varying
weights, and the use of pulleys to allow movement with lesser friction. However, since
this system is not of an interest of study for this thesis, additional points concerning this
system aren’t further discussed.
From further on, this thesis shall only discuss and elaborate details regarding ‘The Cable
System’ and ‘The Balancer’ (only when required).
1.4 - O B S E R VATI O NS A ND MO DIF IC ATIO NS
Right from the first time, ‘The Cable System’ was installed, we observed minor
deflections and its lack of ability to retain its expected form. Two of the joineries were
under internal torsional forces, the cables were under high tension, certain components
of the joineries itself began to bend, and a box section (50 cm in length) twisted under
torsional forces.
Because of the arrangement of the elements, two major errors took place deforming the
structure. Firstly, because of the asymmetrical arrangement of the box sections (with
respect to the plan of the installation), the entire installation rotated toward the heavier
side. The second horizontal aluminum box section placed below the first vertical box
section endured torsional forces. The third horizontal box section in a chronological order
experienced major torsion, twisting quite evidently from a visual viewpoint. Further on,
the joinery connecting the horizontal-third and the vertical-fourth box section twisted
further under torsion with the timber joint cracking up. Secondly, since the steel wire
ropes were aligned axially with the box sections, connecting them from one junction of
the box section to the subsequent one, each set of the wire ropes were only effective in
controlling the deflection of the respective box section it was aligned over. Connecting
tensile cables across various junctions was intentionally avoided in order to look for a
better solution for a challenging problem.
Based on the above-mentioned observations, the installation was further modified in

order to resist the existing forces endured by each element and to reduce the deflection
that took place in the overall form of the structure.
12
ABOVE
Fig 1.5: The rotation of the
entire installation because
of the assymetrical weight
ditribution
MIDDLE
Fig 1.6: The twisting of the
second-horizontal box section
BELOW
Fig 1.7: The twisting of the
third-horizontal box section
13
The first modification was an addition of an extra horizontal box section and the change in
the design of two of the joineries. The additional box section was attached at the junction
between the second-horizontal and the third-horizontal box section perpendicular to the
second one and following the same axis as the third one. This was, as discussed above,
done in order to balance the asymmetrical load distribution of the entire system which
led to the instability and the twisting of the entire system. The additional box section
was filled with pieces of wood so that it would add extra weight, eventually balancing
out the entire system.
The joinery at the junction between the third-horizontal and the fourth-vertical box
section was a simple tongue-and-groove, and it couldn’t resist the torsional forces of the
installation. This was modified by adding two angle plates (mild steel), one at the top
and the other at the bottom of the joinery junction, resisting the torsion in its opposite
direction.
ABOVE
Fig 1.8: The joinery between
the Third Horizontal and the
Fourth Horizontal was changed
by adding two mild steel angle
plates.
14
ABOVE
Fig 1.9:
The addition of another
horizontal box section at the
junction between second and
third horizontal box section
to balance the asymmetrical
weight distribution of the
installation
15
However, even after the modifications were in place, the entire system while hanging
still showed signs of deflection and imbalance. It wasn’t as if the changes made in the
previous process weren’t effective to make the system stable, it was just that the role
played by the changes in the stabilization of the system wasn’t instrumental beyond a
point.
Based on these observations, further changes are to be incorporated. These changes

include adding linear wooden elements to the previously added additional box section
and changing the joinery at the junction between the third-horizontal and the fourth-
vertical, making it completely in mild steel flat plates. Since these changes are still in
process, further observations/changes to be made (if any) aren’t presented in this thesis.
16
2. C ASE S T UDIES
The concept of using tension members in order to hold things together, to stabilize the
elements within a structure, or to reduce the use of materials is not a new one. We come
across several such examples in our daily life such as the use of an elastic rubber band to
hold paper documents or a spider web or a cable-stayed bridge. The history of Building
technology also has such examples wherein the use of the inherent tensile properties
of a particular material or that of an element itself has been used to achieve structural
efficiency.
In this section, there are selected examples of structural systems in built environment
which are studied with the intention of understanding the many different ways in which
either optimization of material or efficiency in structural design can be achieved by
using the inherent tensile properties of either the material itself or by articulating the
system in such a way that the internal forces are resisted using the tensile elements.
The examples for the case studies range from a Dinner Table to architectural elements
such as a truss, a beam, a column to an entire systematic arrangement of multiple such
elements.
17
Case Studies
2.1 - D I N N E R TA B L E S # 1, 2 , 3
Architect Kevin Low has designed a series of Dinner Tables where, in all three of it,
he uses tensile properties of steel to stabilize the wooden members which make up the
table. Out of the three tables part of this series, the first two follow a similar manner of
arrangement while the third is slightly different in the way the elements are arranged
and put to use.
Both, the first and the second Dinner Table of the series follow the same arrangement of
having four vertical timber elements forming a square and are diagonally braced using
timber elements. The only difference between the two tables is that in the first one, along
with the diagonal timber members, steel wire ropes tie the vertical supporting members
in the Z-plane while in the second table the steel wire ropes tie the vertical members in
the XY-plane parallel to the diagonal bracing wooden elements. In the first one, the wire
ropes connect two diagonally opposite vertical wooden members, from the upper end
of one member to the lower end of the opposite one and vice versa. In the second table,
the steel ropes connect the diagonally opposite vertical members while being in a single
horizontal plane. The third table, however, is made up of four vertical timber members,
laterally braced using wooden members connecting adjacent vertical members on its
upper end and cross-braced using steel rods connecting diagonally opposite vertical
members.
The Functioning of the Elements -

In all three cases, the wire ropes/steel rods function to pull all four vertical members
inwards. In the first and the second case, the diagonal bracing of the timber elements
provide lateral stability and the wire ropes only serve for additional stability. But, in the
case of the third table, the vertical timber members are slender compared to the previous
two tables and also truncated, the top being wider and getting narrower towards the
bottom. The vertical timber table-legs are laterally braced at the top end with horizontal
timber, and then by using steel rods diagonally. The steel rods being in tension, pull the
vertical table-legs inwards, compressing the horizontally braced timber. In this sense,
the diagonal bracing of the steel rods helps in stabilizing the structure of the table and
allows it to function with slender supports.
18
Case Studies
Fig 2.1: Dinner Table # 1
19
Case Studies
Steel Rods
Lateral Timber Pieces
Vertical Timber Supports
Fig 2.4: A sketch of Dinner Table # 3 Fig 2.5: The Elements of the table :
Steel Rods
Lateral Timber Pieces
Vertical Timber Supports
Fig 2.6: Corner junction of the Table Fig 2.7: The Functioning of the Elements
20
Case Studies
2 .2 - PO LO NCE A U T RU SS
The concept of using tension members in order to reduce the materials used in the
making of an element is not a new one. In the early nineteenth century, Engineer Camille
Polonceau exploited this principle in order to achieve a slender beam for spanning. He
invented a roofing system, which is now known as ‘Polonceau Truss’. In this system,
Polonceau was trying to reduce the depth of the inclined beams which met at the top
forming a ridge. He added a transverse compression member at the center of the beams
and tied the bottom-end of that member to the ends of the respective inclined beams
using steel rods.

The key principles which operate within this system have been applied to several other
systems of spanning. In this system, the tension rods tied to the compression strut at the
center, undergoing tensile stresses tend to revert back to its original form, and in doing
so, they push the compression strut upwards. This provides enough thrust to support the
beam above at that point, allowing it to span with a reduced depth.
The Polonceau Truss, when first invented was a planar system, however, it has evolved
over a period of time to several of its contemporary versions which follow a different
kind of a configuration, but are essentially the same in principle.
‘The Riding Hall’ at Flying, Sweden, has subdivided the tension members into two
parts cross-connecting the bottom ends of the neighboring beams creating a web-like
structure in its process.
21
Case Studies
Fig 2.8: Oude Vismijn Restoration, Ghent by Bontinck Architecture and Engineering.
Fig 2.9: Riding Hall, Flyinge by AIX Arkitekter AB
22
Case Studies
Fig 2.10: St. Gerold Riding Arena, Austria by Architekten Hermann Kaufmann
23
Case Studies
Fig 2.11: Inclined Beams Fig 2.12: Bending because of reduced depth
Fig 2.13: Need for an Upward Thrust Fig 2.14: Use of Tension Members for the same
Fig 2.15: The Functioning of the Elements
24
Case Studies
2 .3 - CE PT W O R K S HOPS (ROOF BEAM S)
The one-way curved roof set at an inclined angle at CEPT Workshops has been designed
using Glued Laminated (Glulam) Timber Beams and a system of tensile rods that are
attached underneath the beams in order to optimize its tensile strength and reduce the
usage of Glulam wood above. It is a single-curved sloping roof with Glulam beams
positioned at regular intervals that support it. The glulam beams have tensile rods tied
from both of its ends following the same axis as that of the beam. The tensile rods, while
tying the two ends of the Glulam beam, pass through a series of compression struts
varying in their sizes, the largest of them being in the center and the smallest of them on
the end points of the beam, form a curved shape under the beam.

In principle, the Glulam beams of CEPT Workshops are similar to the ‘Polonceau
Truss’. The difference is in the selection of materials and the way they are articulated.
In this case, the number of compression struts creating an upwards thrust towards the
beam in order to support it are more in number. Each compression strut is tied to two
tensile rods. This adds to the structural stability of the beam itself. With more number of
compression struts supporting the beam, the bending of the Glulam beams is met with
an equal thrust of the compression struts ties with tensile cables stabilizing the entire
system.
25
Case Studies
Fig 2.16: CEPT Workshops, Ahmedabad by Gurdev Singh
26
Case Studies
Glulam Beams
Compression Struts
Tensile Rods
Fig 2.17: The Elements of the Beam:

Tensile Rods
Glulam Beams
Compression Struts
27
Case Studies
2.4 - N ATA KB A A Z I S TAGE LIGHTING B E A MS
A total of four slender beams made out of an assembly of timber planks, plastic pulleys,
and tensile cables suspend over the ‘Natakbaazi Stage’ in CEPT University. These
beams are connected on one end with the surface of the building using a pin joint and
they suspend on the other end forming a canopy structure over the stage. These beams
are used for hanging the stage lights for the performances that take place below.
The articulation of the beams is such that each beam is made up of two wooden planks
each put together creating a V-shape frame in its cross section. The planks are held
together by bolting them at equal distance along its longitudinal axis. Alternating bolts
hold within themselves a plastic pulley that rests along the center axis of the beam.
Within each beam, a set of tensile cable ties the set of pulleys and tightens them further
up. Apart from that, another set of tensile cables connect the four beams to the upper
floor surface of the building, locking its hinge movement and making it stay stable in
its intended form.

The V-shape frame made out of wooden planks remain suspended from a single pin
joint on the surface of the building. The set of plastic pulleys within the center axis of
the wooden-plank beam are tightened with the help of tensile cables. The pulleys rest
within a set of bolts which are connected to both the planks. Because of the tightening
of the tensile cables, the pulleys exert a force. This force is then encountered by each of
the bolt, that passes through the respective pulley which then, in turn, is exerted on the
wooden planks. Since, these beams cantilever from one side of the building, the upper
area of the beam undergoes tension and hence, the plastic pulleys have been placed
naturally on the upper surface area optimizing the tensile strength of the beam in that
particular area.
28
Case Studies
Fig 2.19: Natakbaazi Stage Lighting Beams, Ahmedabad by Taniv Jain & Smit Modi
29
Case Studies
Tensile Cables
Timber Plank
Plastic Pulleys
ABOVE
Fig 2.20: Natural tendency
of the element to bend when
cantilevered
MIDDLE
Fig 2.21: Cross Section of the
Beam. The Elements fo the
Beam:
Tensile Cables
Timber Planks
Plastic Pulleys
BELOW
Fig 2.22: The functioning of
the Elements
30
Case Studies
2 .5 - B A MBO O PAVIL ION (AURO DESIGN SCHOOL )
So far, this thesis has discussed architectural elements, the articulation of these elements
and how the tensile cables or rods play a role in achieving structural efficiency. The
further two examples will discuss an entire system and an assembly of the elements
which come together to form a habitable environment.
As a part of a workshop conducted in a design school, the students of AURO Design

school, Surat, built a Bamboo Pavilion which integrated within itself a system of tensile
cables that helped in making the pavilion lighter by using less material.
The pavilion uses four inclined bamboo columns on one side and three up-straight
bamboo columns on the other to support a sloping roof made out of bamboo truss
beams. Each of the four inclined bamboo columns is assembled by getting together
two linear bamboos, set apart only enough to pass in between them a connector. Now,
the connector is made of two small bamboo canes placed perpendicularly one above
the other forming a crucifix. This bamboo crucifix is placed at regular intervals along
the longitudinal axis of the two linear bamboos (one at the top, at the center and at
the bottom) connecting them so that they structurally act like one. Further on, these
columns are reinforced at their outer sides with tensile cables. The tensile cables are tied
from the top end on the column to its bottom and pass through the crucifix connectors
which are of varying length (longer at the center and shorter at the top and the bottom).
In a similar manner, the three up-straight bamboos on the opposite are also connected
together by using the bamboo crucifix and tensile cables which reinforce the bamboo
columns on all four sides. The truss beam above is made out of a single linear bamboo
section which reinforced at its bottom using tensile cables.

The four inclined columns on one side are assembled by connecting two bamboo
sections parallel to one another. The natural tendency in this particular condition is that
the column will be subjected to buckling. The column will buckle towards the interior
of the pavilion. This buckling force of the column is resisted by adding the tensile
cables at the back side of the column tying it from the top end of the column to the
bottom along with the varying lengths of the crucifix connector forming an arch shape.
This same principle is applied to the up-straight bamboo columns on the opposite side.
The inclined truss beam which supports the inclined roof of the pavilion is made up of
a single bamboo section reinforced with tensile cables at the bottom of it. The tensile
cables here, just like the Glulam beams of CEPT Workshops, has been tied from both
its ends with the varying length of struts (longest in the center) optimizing its tensile
strength.
31
Case Studies
Fig 2.23: Bamboo Pavilion, AURO Design School, Surat by Vicky Achnani.
32
Case Studies
ABOVE
Fig 2.24: Elevation
Bamboo Pavilion
MIDDLE
Fig 2.25: Natural tendency of
the material to bend/buckle
BELOW
Fig 2.26: The functioning of
the Elements
33
Case Studies
2.6 - RE N A U LT D I S TR I B UTIO N CE NTE R
The Renault Centre is a high-tech building in Swindon, UK, designed by architect

Norman Foster, and opened in 1982. The building was designed for the French car
company Renault to conduct their operations in the UK. The structural system for the
building is a modular one, wherein each module is a square (24m X 24m), with a column
at each of its corner. This module gets repeated continuously forming a large industrial
shed. The structural system is integrated with steel tensile rods which hold the structure
in its place. Each column of the square module is connected with its adjacent columns
and with its diagonally opposite columns with a horizontal spanning member. Hence,
each of the columns is connected with eight of its other opposite columns (except for
the ones on the sides). The columns are twice as high as the roofing shed from the
ground and are only 450 mm in diameter. They are reinforced with tensile rods on all
four of its cardinal sides. The horizontal members also incorporate tensile rods within
them. The tensile rods, in this case, start from the top-end of a column and connect to
the horizontal spanning member, pass through the member, support it from underneath
it and pass through it back again to get connected to the top end of the opposite column.

The tensile rods that reinforce the columns optimize its tensile strength. The columns
are merely 450 mm in diameter. The tensile rods connect from the top of the column
to its bottom having an acutely inclined angle, broader towards the center. These rods
function to resist the column’s tendency to buckle, allowing it to be of a slender radius
in cross section. The other tensile rods start from the top of the column pass through the
horizontal members - the beam - that elongates from the mid-level of the column. The
tensile rod goes underneath it and connects itself to the top of its opposite side column.
In the central portion, when the tensile rods pass underneath the beam, they support the
beam, which has a lesser depth than the other beams, with the help of two compression
struts which provide an upwards thrust for the beam.
34
Case Studies
ABOVE
Fig 2.27: Renault Distribution
Center, Swindon, UK by
Norman Foster
BELOW
Fig 2.28: Isometric View
Structural System, Renault
Distribution Center
35
Case Studies
Fig 2.29: Using Tensile members to resist Buckling Fig 2.30: Using Tensile members to resist Bending
36
3. THE DISCUSSION
In all of the examples, discussed in the previous chapter, there exist several common
factors about the behavior of elements undergoing internal forces and how those forces
are resisted. The obvious common factor is the importance of the role played by the
tensile members in keeping the elements in place. In all of the examples, without the use
of the tensile members, the structure would either fail or simply start to deflect because
of internal structural stresses.
Apart from that, there are other common occurrences that take place because of the way
the tensile members function.
In two of the examples, the tensile members function to achieve structural stability. By
structural stability, I do not mean that in the absence of the tensile members, the structural
elements would begin to deform. I simply mean that without the tensile members, the
structural elements wouldn’t stay in their intended positions. This happens in the case
of all three Kevin Low Dinner Tables, wherein the tensile cables in the first and the
second, and the steel rods in the third table keep the elements in their place. In the case
of Natakbaazi Stage Lighting Beams, the cross bracing of the tensile cables keep the
four beams aligned and in their position.
In some of the other examples, the tensile members play the role of reducing the usage
of materials and thereby resisting internal structural stresses which take place because
of reducing material(dimensions) in the first place. The examples that fall into this
category are - Polonceau Truss, CEPT Workshops (Roof Beams) Natakbaazi Stage
Lighting Beams, Bamboo Pavilion, Renault Distribution Centre.
In the case of Polonceau Truss, CEPT Workshops, Bamboo Pavilion, and Renault
Centre, the beams that support the roof above are of a reduced depth. And beam with
lesser than required depth in its cross section will naturally tend to bend. This bending
moment is countered by the compression struts placed at regular intervals underneath
the beams that produce an upward thrust. The compression struts are tied from the ends
37
38
The Discussion
Case-Studies
Intention
for
using
Dinner Polonceau CEPT Natakbaazi Stage Bamboo Renault Distribution
tensile members Tables Truss Workshop Beams Pavilion Centre
For
Material
Optimisation
For
Resisting
Internal
Forces Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending
Buckling Buckling
For
Stabilising
the Structure
The Discussion
of the same beam using a common tensile member that passes underneath the struts
pushing them upwards. In principle, there is a common technique of arrangement and a
similar articulation of elements to resist a common force.
In the case of Natakbaazi Beams, the four wooden beams undergo bending. The
upwards thrust for the cantilevered beams is provided by the tightening of the plastic
pulleys, using tensile cables, set at regular intervals along the longitudinal axis of the
beams. The tightening of the pulleys results into a backward thrust endured by the
plastic pulleys, which in turn is endured upon the fasteners that connect the pulleys with
the wooden planks. The wooden planks, as a result, experience an upward pull resisting
the internal bending moment.
In other cases, such as the Bamboo Pavilion and Renault Distribution Centre, the
use of slender columns result in buckling moment. This is countered by the use of
tensile cables in the case of the Bamboo Pavilion and tensile rods in the case of Renault
Distribution Centre. The common method of resisting buckling in both the cases is by
tying tensile cables/rods from the top end of the column to its bottom end. These cables/
rods are not tied parallel to the column but rather they bulge outwards in the central area
of the column and narrow inwards around the top and the bottom ends of the column.
The tensile cables/rods on the side of the column, of the respective direction in which it
buckles experience high tension, countering the buckling effect.
In conclusion, there are two principles constant in all of the above-mentioned examples.
Firstly, the tensile members have been used in a way that its tensile strength generates
a thrust in the opposite direction of the exerted force - bending or buckling. And
secondly, the tensile members in all cases, use multiple points to transfer the thrust in
the opposite direction.
As for ‘The Balancing Hanger’, the use of tensile cables was not effective enough
since the tensile cables were tied along the same axis as the aluminum box sections,
from one junction to the subsequent one. By changing the direction or alignment of the
tensile cables, various possibilities can be explored - in terms of generating a thrust to
resist torsion. Apart from that, the number of points that connect the tensile cables to the
aluminum box sections can also be increased for further explorations.
In the next chapter, this research will derive the configurational aspects of the elements
of ‘The Balancing Hanger’, using the study conducted in Chapter One, in order to devise
an experiment. This experiment will explore the possibilities of using tensile cables to
resist internal torsional forces. The experiment will have three types of tensile cable
configurations, and its aim is to figure out which type of configurations works better in
terms of resisting torsion.
39
4. THE EXPERIMENT
‘The Balancing Hanger’ is a modular system. Each module of ‘The Balancing Hanger’
is made up of one vertical aluminum box section connected to two subsequent horizontal
box sections. The first box section being perpendicular to the second and the third being
adjacent to the second in the same plane. These modules are then further repeated to
construct the intended form of the installation.
In order to proceed forward with this study, I will present here a set of experiments
which focus on the modular arrangement of elements in ‘The Balancing Hanger’.
Within this experiment, there are a total of three tests conducted, and each test will use
‘aluminum box sections’ as a constant material for all of its iterations. The lengths of
the box sections, as well as the dimensions of its cross-section, will remain fixed. Along
with that, the type of joineries that connect the three box sections will also remain
constant - the first being a pin joint and the second being a fixed joint. Across all the
three tests, the only change that takes place is in the configuration of the tensile cables
used to counter the internal forces. Each experiment shall present a different method of
using tensile cables to counter the internal forces.
A total of three tests will be conducted over three modules with three different
configurations of tensile cables. All of the three modules will be tested by adding
measurable load to the modules in order to find out which out of the three configurations
of tensile cables are able to resist internal forces with the least signs of deflections.
The test, as explained below, will create conditions for the modules to undergo torsion,
since it will be anchored from its top end and the measurable weight will be added to
its bottom end.
A Point Load Test -

This test will use sandbags of measurable units (50gm, 100gm, 200gm) that will be
placed inside a hanging mechanism attached to the last horizontal box section of the
module. As the module is anchored from its first vertical box section, the addition
of load over the last box section will naturally start the process of deflection for the
module. This shall be measured using a motion measuring technique with the help of a
unit-based graph and a digital camera.
40
The Experiment
Fig 4.1 Fig 4.2:

Constant elements across the modules - Experiment Module 1
Pin Joint (First Junction)
Multi-Lap Joint (Second Junction)
First-Vertical
Second-Horizontal
Third-Horizontal
Wooden Connector Point
Pin-Joint
Multi-Lap Joint
Fig 4.3: Figure 4.4:
Experiment Module 2 Experiment Module 3
Fig 4.5:
The Experiment Module
41
The Experiment
4 .1 - MO T I O N - ME A S URE T E C H N I Q UE
Motion Measuring Technique, in this research, is used to measure the deflection that
takes place in the above mentioned test of the three modules.
This technique, for this research, involves the use of Photography, measurable weights,
a hanging mechanism to add weights in it, and a Dual Axes Graph set perpendicular to
the lens of the camera.
In this technique, the Graph paper is set up over a vertical plane, with the camera
opposite to it having its lens set parallel, facing it. The space in-between the camera
and the vertical Graph is where the modules get fixed. The hanging mechanism is
fixed to the last horizontal section of each module. Later on, measurable weights in
the form of sandbags are added to the hanging mechanism. With the addition of each
sandbag, the deflection is recorded by clicking a camera picture with the graph paper in
the background. For each experiment, sandbags are added until the module completely
deforms. The total weight and the deflection is recorded in a log book.
Apart from the Motion Measuring technique, two more cameras are fixed that focus on
the pin joint and the fixed multi-lap joint. These cameras do not intend to measure the
deflection but only record it for empirical observations.
42
The Experiment
Soft Graph Camera 1 The Hanging Camera 2 Camera 3

Stand Focus on Focus on Motion
Board Paper Module Mechanism
Lap Joint Pin Joint Measure
ABOVE
Fig 4.6: An illustration of
Motion-Measure Technique
43
The Experiment
4.2 - E X P E RI M E N T MO DULE N O . 1
In ‘The Balancing Hanger’, all the tensile cables were aligned axially with the
aluminum box sections, tying one junction to its subsequent one. However, in this
experiment module, the tensile cables have been arranged diagonal to the axis of the
second-horizontal box section. The first set of tensile cables tie from the top end of
the first-vertical box section to the opposite edge of the second-horizontal box section
diagonally. The second set of tensile cables tie the junction between second and third
horizontal box section with the end of the last box section, similar to the installation.
The diagonal arrangement of the tensile cables helps in resisting the twisting of the
second horizontal box section since the tensile cable is placed in the direction that
provides for a pull in the opposite direction in which it twists, hence, resisting torsion.
ASIDE
Fig 4.7: Module No. 1
44
Timber Piece - 120 x 38.1 x 25.4
Aluminium Box Section - 600 x 38.1 x 25.4
Experiment Module No. 1

Exploded Isometric View
Fig 4.8:
ABOVE

The Experiment
45
The Experiment
In the second experiment, the tensile cables are fixed by wrapping them around the
second horizontal box section of the module. The first set of tensile cables are tied
from the top end of the first vertical box section and towards the joinery at the junction
between second and third horizontal box section. There have been a few changes with
the design of the joineries with respect to the configuration of the tensile cables used in
this experiment. The joinery at that particular junction is a fixed joint, with one of its
part extending towards the opposite side of the third-horizontal box section. The second
set of tensile cable is connected from this extended part of the joinery and towards the
end of the third horizontal box section.
This type of configuration of the tensile cables responds to the assumed torsional
rotation of the module. By adding weight to the end part of the module, it is the second
horizontal box section that will endure torsion. So, in order to resist that, the first set
of tensile cables are wrapped around the second horizontal box section in the opposite
direction of the assumed torsional rotation.
ASIDE
46


Fig 4.10:
ABOVE
Timber Piece - 38.1 x 25.4 x 25.4
Timber Piece - 38.1 x 25.4 x 25.4

The Experiment
47
The Experiment
In the third experiment, the attempt is to arrange the tensile cables in a way that they
provide for an opposite thrust while undergoing twisting. The first set of tensile cables
are tied from the outer surface of the first vertical box section, connecting it with the two
rod-eye junction set aligned to the axis of the second horizontal box section and then
connecting it back to the outer extended surface edge of the multi-lap joint between the
second and the third horizontal box section. The second set of tensile cables, similar to
experiment two, are tied from extended end of the multi-lap joint to the end of the third
horizontal section.
The first set of tensile cables are arranged such that they align axially with the second-
horizontal box section, while both the ends of the tensile cables are connected to the
extended outer edges of the respective adjacent box sections. This allows for the tensile
cables to act as a single plane over the second-horizontal box section while being pulled
in the opposite direction. The second set of tensile cables are meant to resist the bending
moment of the third horizontal section.
ASIDE
48

Fig 4.12:
ABOVE

Timber Piece - 38.1 x 25.4 x 25.4
Timber Piece - 38.1 x 25.4 x 25.4

The Experiment
49
5. RESULT S
In all three cases, there were various similarities in the way each of the elements
behaved and various differences in terms of the total weight each module was able to
retain within its hanging mechanism as well the junctions from where the structure of
module failed.
In Experiment No. 1, the total weight that the module could sustain in its hanging
mechanism was 7.5 Kg before the tenons of its Pin Joint (See Fig 5.15, Pg 65) sheared
off. The Module No. 2 was able to sustain the maximum weight out of three i.e. 11.5 Kg.
In this case, the wooden cover that was used to extend the connector point of the first set
of tensile cables split into half because of the thrust generated by the tensile cables (See
Fig 5.17, Pg 67). Module No. 3 was able to sustain only a kilogram more than Module
No. 1. The tenons of its Multi-Lap Joint sheared off at 8.5 Kg weight in the hanging
mechanism (See Fig 5.18, Pg 69).
The records of the test have been documented as a part of a Log which shall be
presented further in this segment. The test was conducted by adding 500 gm of weight
consecutively. The deflection of the module, for every sandbag of 500gm, was recorded
quantitatively using the Motion Measure Technique. With the addition of each sandbag
(500 gm), the Experiment Module No. 1 would deflect at an average of 4.893 units,
Experiment No. 2 would deflect at an average of 0.4130 and Experiment No. 3 would
deflect at an average of 0.53125.
It is clear from the average rates that the configuration of tensile cables of Module No.
2 works better in both cases - in terms of resisting torsion better and deflecting at a
lesser rate as well than the other two. However, the reason why Module No. 2 sheared
off from the wooden piece perpendicular to the First Vertical box section was because it
was not oriented in the direction of the thrust generated by the respective set of tensile
cables. Had the wooden piece been oriented in the direction of the thrust generated by
the tensile cables,then the capacity of Module No. 2 to resist weight and hence resist the
degree of torsion would have increased (See Fig 5.16, Pg 66).
50
Results
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Weight Added Total Weight Plot Point on Difference

Graph
000 gm 000 gm 0.50 ----
500 gm 500 gm 0.80 0.30
500 gm 1000 gm 1.30 0.50

1 KG
500 gm 1500 gm 1.60 0.90
500 gm 2000 gm 2.00 0.40

2 KG
500 gm 2500 gm 2.40 0.40
500 gm 3000 gm 2.75 0.35

3 KG
500 gm 3500 gm 3.20 0.45
500 gm 4000 gm 3.65 0.45

4 KG
500 gm 4500 gm 4.10 0.45
500 gm 5000 gm 4.80 0.90

5 KG
500 gm 5500 gm 5.25 0.45
500 gm 6000 gm 5.70 0.45

6 KG
500 gm 6500 gm 6.45 0.35
500 gm 7000 gm 6.90 0.45

7 KG
500 gm 7500 gm ---- ----
51
Results
ASIDE
Fig 5.1: Images of the Pin Joint
connecting the First-Vertical
with the Second-Horizontal
box section.
52
Results
0 KG 7.5 KG
0 KG 7.5 KG
LEFT
Fig 5.2: Images of Module
No. 1 with 0 kg in the hanging
mechanism
RIGHT
No. 1 with 7.5 kg in the
hanging mechanism 0 KG 7.5 KG
53
Results
EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Graph
000 gm 000 gm 1.00 ----

500 gm 500 gm 1.55 0.55
500 gm 1000 gm 1.90 0.35 1 KG
500 gm 1500 gm 2.35 0.45
500 gm 2000 gm 2.75 0.40 2 KG
500 gm 2500 gm 3.10 0.35
500 gm 3000 gm 3.55 0.45 3 KG
500 gm 3500 gm 3.90 0.35
500 gm 4000 gm 4.30 0.40 4 KG
500 gm 4500 gm 4.70 0.40
500 gm 5000 gm 5.15 0.45 5 KG
500 gm 5500 gm 5.60 0.55
500 gm 6000 gm 6.10 0.50 6 KG
500 gm 6500 gm 6.55 0.45
500 gm 7000 gm 6.95 0.40 7 KG
500 gm 7500 gm 7.40 0.45
500 gm 8000 gm 7.80 0.40 8 KG
500 gm 8500 gm 8.30 0.50
500 gm 9000 gm 8.60 0.30 9 KG
500 gm 9500 gm 8.90 0.30
500 gm 10000 gm 9.20 0.30 10 KG
500 gm 10500 gm 9.90 0.70
500 gm 11000 gm 10.30 0.40 11 KG
500 gm 11500 gm 10.40 0.10
54
Results
ASIDE
Fig 5.4: The Wooden Cover
used to project the Connector
Point of the first set of tensile
cables.
55
Results
0 KG 11.5 KG
0 KG 11.5 KG
LEFT
mechanism
RIGHT
0 KG 11.5 KG hanging mechanism
56
Results
EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Graph
000 gm 000 gm 2.30 ----
500 gm 500 gm 2.65 0.35
500 gm 1000 gm 3.15 0.50

1 KG
500 gm 1500 gm 3.65 0.50
500 gm 2000 gm 4.15 0.50
2 KG
500 gm 2500 gm 4.70 0.55
500 gm 3000 gm 5.20 0.50

3 KG
500 gm 3500 gm 5.70 0.50
500 gm 4000 gm 6.20 0.50

4 KG
500 gm 4500 gm 6.80 0.40
500 gm 5000 gm 7.35 0.55

5 KG
500 gm 5500 gm 7.95 0.60
500 gm 6000 gm 8.50 0.55

6 KG
500 gm 6500 gm 8.95 0.45
500 gm 7000 gm 9.40 0.45

7 KG
500 gm 7500 gm 9.90 0.50
500 gm 8000 gm 11.00 1.10

8 KG
500 gm 8500 gm ---- ----
57
Results
ASIDE
Fig 5.7: The Multi-Lap Joint
connecting the Second-
Horizontal with the Third-
Horizontal box section.
58
Results
0 KG 8.5 KG
0 KG 8.5 KG
LEFT
mechanism
RIGHT
hanging mechanism 0 KG 8.5 KG
59
Results
5.1 - G E N E RA L O B SE R VATIO NS
Joints :
Pin Joint -
In all three cases, because of adding weight, The Pin Joint started to twist in the
perpendicular direction of its presumed rotation. This happened because the addition of
the weight lowered the third horizontal box section, which exerted torsional forces on
the second horizontal box section further conveying the force on to the next one being
the first vertical box section. Since the first vertical box section was anchored at its top
point, it restrained and resisted force. The resistance of the first vertical box section
and the lowering third box section concentrated the stress on The Pin Joint which then
started to twist along with the second horizontal box section.
Multi-Lap Joint -
The Multi-Lap Joint, in all three cases, happens to rotate with respect to its orientation.
Because of the added weight, the third horizontal box section tends to lower down
lowering down the part of The Multi-Lap Joint connected within it along with itself. The
Multi-Lap Joint connects the second horizontal with the third, it starts to twist the second
horizontal along with itself. Now, the twisting of the box section is further restrained
because of the first vertical being anchored at its top end. This then concentrates the
stresses on the other half of The Multi-Lap Joint connected to the second horizontal box
section. The result of this stress is evident in Experiment No. 3, wherein The Multi-Lap
Joint shears off.
60
Results
ABOVE
Fig 5.10: The torsion exerted
by the Pin Joint
BELOW
Fig 5.11: The torsion exerted
by the Multi-Lap Joint
61
Results
Box Sections :
First Vertical -
Two types of changes were clearly observed in the case of the First Vertical box section.
One is the change in its axis. Because of added weight at the last box section, the entire
module tends to rotate shifting in the opposite direction of the weighing mechanism.
Since the First Vertical box section is anchored from its top, it tends to rotate changing
its longitudinal axis. Secondly, because of its anchored top end, the First Vertical isn’t
able to rotate beyond a point and hence, starts bending in that direction with the addition
of each sandbag.
Second Horizontal -
Similar to the First Vertical, the Second Horizontal box section also undergo the two
types of changes. Firstly, it rotates from its longitudinal axis up to a certain limit. And
secondly, in this case, instead of bending it starts to twist undergoing torsional stresses.
This happens because on the one hand, the Pin Joint restrains its rotational movement,
and on the other hand, the third horizontal tends to lower itself with the addition of each
sandbag forcing the second horizontal to rotate.
Third Horizontal -
The Third Horizontal begins to lower down with the addition of each weight. It shifts
along with the entire module because of added weight. Primarily it simply keeps on
lowering itself down which has been recorded using the Motion Measure Technique,
and it shall be further discussed.
62
Results
ABOVE
Fig 5.12: The Bending of the
First-Vertical Box Section
MIDDLE
Fig 5.13: The twisting of
the Second-Horizontal Box
Section
BELOW
Fig 5.14: The lowering down
of the Third-Horizontal Box
Section
63
Results
5.2 - S P E C I F I C O B SE R VATI O NS
Module No. 1 :
Module No. 1 broke from the tenons of the Pin Joint - between first vertical and second
horizontal - with 7.5 kilograms of weight within its hanging mechanism. The Pin joint,
in all three cases, was made by overlapping two tenons of wood from one side, a single
from the other side and eventually drilling and bolting them to act as a fulcrum point.
The Pin Joint in this experiment sheared off from the single-sided tenon.
In the other two cases as well, there is substantial evidence that the pin joint exerted
torsional forces, however, in both the other cases the pin joint survived. The reason for
this lies in the configuration of the tensile cables.
In all three cases, the tensile cables are connected from the top end of the first vertical
box section. The connector point is placed 15 centimeters away from the longer side of
the first vertical cross section using a wooden piece to project its location. In the first
experiment, the tensile cable connects from the connector side of the first vertical box
section to the diagonally opposite longer side of the second horizontal box section. In
Experiment Two and Three, the tensile cable connects in a similar manner from the first
vertical to the second horizontal box section. However, in the case of Experiment Two
and Three, the connector point on the second horizontal member is only 25 centimeters
away from the fulcrum point of the pin joint, whereas in the case of Experiment One the
connector point is 55 cm away from the fulcrum point.
Placing the connector point farther away from the fulcrum point allows for more
surface area to endure torsion with the addition of measurable weights in the hanging
mechanism. Farther the connector point of the second horizontal box section away from
the pin joint, more the degree of torsion it allows to be endured over the box section,
which later affects the Pin Joint - breaking it off in this case.
64
Results
ASIDE
Fig 5.15: The Pin Joint
connecting the first Vertical
with the Second Horizontal
box section.
65
Results
Module No. 2:
The wooden piece used to project the first connector point of the tensile cables in each
of the experiment chipped off in Module No. 2 with 11.5 kilograms of weight in the
hanging mechanism. The wooden piece is used in all the experiments to extend and place
a connector point beyond the aluminum box sections. The wooden cover is essentially a
piece of wood,(1” x 2” in cross section and 12 cm long in this case.) placed at the longer
side of the aluminum cross-section of the first vertical and bolted from its bottom.
In the case of the other two Experiments, the wooden cover was appropriately placed
with its deeper side (2” in cross section) aligned in the direction of the thrust generated
by the tensile cable. However, in the case of this Experiment, the shorter side (1” in
cross section) was aligned in the direction of the thrust which led to the chipping off of
the wooden cover.
The speculation that I present here is that had the wooden cover been aligned
appropriately, the failure of the module would have taken place at some other part of it.
th r
us
t
th r
us
t
Wooden Cover: Wooden Cover:

Horizontal; Diagonal;
NOT aligned to the direction Aligned to the direction
of the tensile cable thrust of the tensile cable thrust
66
Results
ASIDE
Fig 5.16: The Wooden Cover
was used to project the
connector point of the first set
of tensile cables.
67
Results
Module No. 3
In this Experiment, the Multi-Lap Joint connecting the second and the third horizontal
box section sheared off from it tenons with 8.5 kilograms in the hanging mechanism.
The reason for this is twofold:
The first reason is the increase in load in the hanging mechanism that kept lowering the
third horizontal box section. This rotated the Multi-Lap Joint from its original position
twisting the second horizontal box section.
The second reason is the way in which the tensile cables are arranged over the first
vertical and the second horizontal box section. Although a single set of tensile cables
connect the first vertical and second horizontal, it can be divided into three parts - the
middle part stays axially aligned to the second horizontal box section passing above it,
the first and the last part of the tensile cable connect its middle part to the top-end of the
first vertical and the extended edge of the third horizontal respectively. Since both - the
first and the last part of the tensile cables - function collectively to pull the middle part
in the opposite direction of the torsional force over the second horizontal, the stresses
naturally get concentrated over the Multi-Lap Joint.
As a result, the Multi-Lap Joint shears off from its tenons in this case.
68
Results
ASIDE
Fig 5.17: The Lap Joint
connecting the Second
Horizontal with the Third
Horizontal box section.
69
6. APPLIC ATIONS
Out of the three different modules that were tested for torsional resistance, Module No.
2 was able to resist more weight than the other two. The tensile cables in the second
module were wrapped around the second horizontal box section forming a spiral that
provided a tensile thrust in the direction opposite to the pull of the torsional forces. In
principle, this is again similar to the way internal structural stresses - Bending, Buckling
- are resisted as discussed in the examples mentioned in segment three.
The thesis further explores the possibilities of using this principle of resisting torsion, and
the system of tensile cable arrangement (Module No. 2) to propose Spatial applications.
There are several approaches to the way in which Module No. 2 from the experiment
can be modified to create elements of Space-Making. The approaches and the elements
are mentioned below:
1. The inherent configuration of the modules itself is one approach that

can be used to make tables, shed, chairs. A detailed making of a Table is
discussed further in this segment.
2. The second approach is to tessellate the existing arrangement of elements

of the module. A single module after being tessellated creates a surface.
The applications of this surface can be in the form of a wall (if linear), or a
roof, depending upon the direction in which the module is tessellated. The
example of a Wall is discussed in this segment.
3. The third approach is to use the principles of torsional resistance from

Module No. 2, alongside present-day principles of Structural system. In
this segment, the existing principles of making a shed and a pavilion are
explored in detail.
70
Applications
There are a total of five applications discussed within this segment that use the Module
in three of the above-mentioned ways. They are:
1. A Working Table Hung from the ceiling.

2. A System of Partition Walls hung from the ceiling.
3. An Overhang creating a shade.
4. A Canopy.
5. A Pavilion.
LEGEND
MODULE NO. 2
First-Vertical
Second-Horizontal
Third-Horizontal
Wooden Connector Point
Pin-Joint
Multi-Lap Joint
ABOVE
Module No. 2 - Annotations
71
Applications
6.1 - A P P L I C ATI O N N O . 1 - A W O R K ING TA B LE
The first set of approach intends to use the configuration of the elements of Module No.
2 in its existing form. The initial few instances that came to my mind, using the existing
formation of Module No. 2 emerged in the form of furniture pieces - a table, a chair, wall
hanging shelves. Out of all this, the Table was detailed using the existing configuration
of Module No. 2, adjusting its proportions and dimensions as per the human scale.
As seen in the illustration on the following page, the Table is anchored to the ceiling and
hangs vertically from the top. The second and third horizontal box sections are used to
support a horizontal plane which acts as the Table Top. As a result, both, the second and
the third box section act as one element transferring the structural action onto the first
vertical box section via the pin joint connecting the first and the second box section.
Because of this reason, there are two sets of vertical box sections (S.H.S.) placed on
both sides of the second horizontal box section and connected using a pin joint that
passes at the ends of the three box sections. (See the illustration)
The primary purpose of the pin joint is to allow the working table to be collapsible.
Since the Table is hung from the ceiling with no legs to support it from the bottom, it
can be collapsed in an upward direction when not being used allowing more space for.
72
Applications
To be anchored to the ceiling above
ABOVE
Working Table anchored to the
ceiling
73
Applications
6.2 - A P P L I C ATI O N N O . 2 - A PA R TI TI O N WA LL
In this case, the second type of approach is used - tessellation as a method - to develop a
spatial application of principles of Module No. 2. There are two possible ways in which
the module can be tessellated, because of its fixed rectilinear layout - One way is to
tessellate the Modules by descending them in one fixed direction. The other way is to
tessellate the module in a vertical direction wherein the last box section of Module One
attaches itself with the first box section of Module No. 2, creating a downward spiral
formation. The former way of tessellating can be used to make the structure of a roof
with a column in the center for support, and a conically shaped shade resting on top of
it. The latter way of tessellating can be used to make vertical surfaces that act as a wall.
This method of tessellating is detailed out in the form of a partition wall in this segment.
As seen in the illustration, each module connects with the next module, rotating inward
whilst forming a cuboidal spiral. In order to use this module as a Wall, multiple such
cuboidal spirals are aligned to form a vertical surface that then acts as a wall. Simply
because of its rectilinear nature, there are various possibilities of connecting the box
sections that this sort of arrangement offers. There are multiple instances where two
elements are parallel - vertically and horizontally. Vertically parallel elements are used
to create a partition, while the horizontally parallel ones are used to create shelf space
within the cuboidal spirals. An illustrative example of this is shown on the following
page.
74
Applications
ABOVE
Fig 6.3: Elevation
Partition Wall
Used as storage space, display
space
BELOW
Fig 6.4: Plan
Partition Wall
Used as storage space, display
space
75
Applications
76
Applications
ABOVE
Fig 6.5: Bottom-Up Isometric
View
Partition Wall
Structural Frame
77
Applications
6 .3 - A P P L I C AT I O N N O . 3 - A N O VE RH A N G
The existing configuration of elements in Module No. 2 can utilize the second and the
third horizontal box section to create a horizontal plane resting on them. However, the
question of using that system to create a longer horizontal plane is addressed here by
modifying the system of Module No. 2. This is achieved by lengthening the second
horizontal box section and adding multiple box sections perpendicular to it, aligned
with the third horizontal box section.
As seen in the illustration, the design of the application is similar to the existing Module
No. 2, however, it is extended in one direction. Because of the structure being anchored
to one single point, and having multiple box sections added perpendicular to the second
horizontal, the torsion endured by the second horizontal naturally increases. To avoid
this, there are a set of cables connected from the top of the first vertical to the second
horizontal at regular intervals. Each cable is connected at the junction between the
second horizontal and its respective perpendicular box section.
This approach of extending the second horizontal in order to achieve a longer horizontal
plane can be used as overhangs(as shown in the illustration) or large scale canopies.
Another variation of this application is discussed in the next application.
78
Applications
ABOVE
Overhang
79
Applications
6.4 - A P P L I C ATI O N N O . 4 - A C A N O PY
This case uses the third kind of approach wherein the principles of torsional
resistance(Module No. 2) are used alongside an existing system of structural
construction. The method used to arrive at the design of such an application firstly
involved deciding the type of structural system - which in this case is a frame-structure
with a horizontal plane on top acting as a shelter (a Pavilion, a canopy). Secondly, it
involved the identification of torsion prone elements within the structure (this involved
a back and forth process of shifting the configuration of the elements to determine).
And lastly, the configuration of tensile cables was applied to the torsion prone elements
forming the complete structure.
This example details a Canopy structure supported on two columns with a transverse
beam connecting them. The horizontal plane for canopy shelter cantilevers from the
transverse beam (as seen in the illustration). In this case, the transverse beam undergoes
torsion because of the cantilever that it projects. In order to resist the torsion, the depth
of its cross-section needs to be increased. The central transverse beam will twist towards
the three perpendicular beams (beams that support the horizontal plane for shade - see
illustration).
For this case, the columns are extended above the level of the horizontal plane allowing
the tensile cables to wrap themselves around the central beams from a vertical distance
just like the system of Module No. 2. Two sets of tensile cables, both from the respective
column tops wrap the central beam with an end at the center of the beam. Similar to
the third horizontal box section of Module No. 2, the perpendicular beams, in this case,
have been connected with the tensile cables in order to resist the bending forces.
80
Applications
ABOVE
A Canopy
81
Applications
6.5 - A P P L I C ATI O N N O . 5 - A PAVI LI O N
Similar to the previous example, this application discusses in detail a structural system
that incorporates the principles of Module No. 2 and creates pavilion supported on
columns with a horizontal plane on top. As seen in the illustration, the columns are
placed closer to the central axis of the pavilion rather than the corners. By doing so, each
column, in a sense, supports the respective quadrant of the horizontal plane that rests on
top of it. Further on, each quadrant is then designed according to the principles and the
configurations of the elements of Module No. 2.
The elements within each quadrant are arranged in a way similar to the configuration of
Module No. 2. The column of the quadrant acts as the ‘first vertical’ box section. Each
quadrant has a total of two consecutive horizontal box sections set perpendicular to the
‘second horizontal.’ Further, there is an additional horizontal box section, projecting out
from the column itself, perpendicular to the second horizontal. These three perpendicular
horizontal box sections of each quadrant form the structural support for a horizontal
plane.
The two columns placed next to one another on one side of the pavilion span out a total
of six perpendicular box sections which are then connected to box section that is set
parallel to the ‘second horizontals’ of both the quadrants. This box section connects the
two ends of the quadrants. The second horizontal box section in each of the quadrant
undergoes torsion which has been resisted by wrapping the tensile cables. The two
adjacent quadrants along with two more on the opposite side form a square base for a
horizontal plane to sit on top of it.
82
Applications
ABOVE
A Pavilion
83
END N O TE
Throughout the thesis, the central focus remained around the system of ‘The Balancing
Hanger’, its material, and the configuration of its elements. As an endnote, I would like
to offer not so much of a conclusion, but rather a few directions in which this research
can be explored further.
The Experiment conducted as a part of the thesis deems the tensile cable arrangement
of Module No. 2 as the arrangement that resists torsion better. In terms of its results,
the experiment does offer a systematic arrangement of elements that follow a certain
principle as well as a certain structural logic to resist an internal force. As a part of
the thesis, the material (aluminium), and the joinery (timber) were constrained to the
one used in ‘The Balancing Hanger’. However, the systematic arrangement of elements
derived post the experiment can be integrated using various other materials ranging from
paper tubes to concrete and many other. Such an extrapolation would require various
kinds of experiments similar to the ones conducted as a part of this thesis to determine
the dimensions of the elements.
Apart from the systematic arrangement of the elements, there are three types of approaches
to the application of this system in the construction of spatial environments - The first one
is the use of the module in its original form. The second one is to tessellate the module
in order to construct roofs or surfaces. The third, and the more open-ended approach,
is to integrate the system within existing structural systems. This approach allows for
redesigning or reinterpretation of existing structural systems. It was demonstrated as a
part of the thesis in the last two examples of applications, however, this approach has
an array of unexplored possibilities that can be used to create large-scale structures such
as Industrial sheds, Exhibition Pavilions, deployable tents, or small-scale lightweight
structures that can be used for outdoor walkways, Pavilions, Roofing systems and so on.
Lastly, as a part of a discussion with Prof. Vinodlal Ratilal Shah, a significant aspect
regarding the understanding of torsion came up. He mentioned that torsion acts as
a bilateral force over a particular element. Which means that when a linear element
84
End Note
undergoes torsion, it endures forces in a diagrid formation. Diagonally speaking, in one

direction, it undergoes tension and in the opposite direction it undergoes compression.
Imagine a piece of cloth, twisted and squeezed in one direction to draw water out of it, the
direction in which it turns undergoes tension, whereas the opposite direction undergoes
compression. Borrowing the understanding from this example, and extrapolating it to
the configuration of Module No. 2, the possibilities of resisting torsion can increase, if
compression members wrap the second horizontal box section of Module No. 2 in the
opposite direction of the tensile cables forming a diagrid over the element.
85
APPENDIX A - S TRUCTURAL AN ALY SIS
86
2
1 Structural Analysis
Module No. 1
1 2
87
2
Module No. 2
1 2
88
2
Module No. 3
1 2
89
APPENDIX B -
DOCUMENTATION OF
THE B AL ANCING HANGER
90
‘The Balancing Hanger’:
Photographs of its Joinaries
91 91
ILL US TRATION CREDIT S
INT ROD UCT I O N

Fig A - Nomadic Tents in Tibet.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Old_nomad_tenttibet.jpg
Fig B - Kurilpa Bridge, Australia.

https://d2v9y0dukr6mq2.cloudfront.net/video/thumbnail/yDDo4ta/videoblocks-aerial-
of-brisbane-river-city-cbd-skyline-kurilpa-bridge-riverside-expressway-water-ferry_
rwmkxpnjz_thumbnail-full01.png
C - Original Work of the Author.
1. T H E B AL ANCI N G HANGER
Fig 1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9 - Original Work of the Author.
2. C A S E S T UD I E S
Fig 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 - Small Projects, Kevin Mark Low.
Fig 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 - Original Work of the Author.
Fig 2.8 - Oude Vismijn Restoration, Ghent by Bontinck Architecture and Engineering.
http://www.bontinck.biz/media/projects/oude%20vismijn/images_list/g_06_bg.jpg
Fig 2.9 - Riding Hall, Flyinge by AIX Arkitekter AB.

http://www.skandglas.se/public/uploads/slideshow/517681763a5bfFlyingeRidhus_04.
jpg
Fig 2.10 - St. Gerold Riding Arena, Austria by Architekten Hermann Kaufmann.
http://www.wooddays.eu/typo3temp/pics/5d71b24b8a.jpg
Fig 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15 - Original Work of the Author.
92
Fig 2.16 - Photographs clicked by the Author.
Fig 2.17, 2.18 - Original Work of the Author.
Fig 2.19 - Photographs clicked by the Author.
Fig 2.20, 2.21, 2.22 - Original Work of the Author.
Fig 2.23 - Photographs provided by Vicky Achnani.
Fig 2.27 - Renault Distribution Center, Swindon, UK by Norman Foster.

https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/pictures/2000x2000fit/6/7/0/1412670_1-2158-4-
1fd7f6135866f64d7d5f0bfc0880624d.jpg
Fig 2.28 - Renault Distribution Center, Isometric VIew.

https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/pictures/2000x2000fit/6/7/0/1412670_1-2158-4-
1fd7f6135866f64d7d5f0bfc0880624d.jpg
4. THE EXPERIMENT
Fig 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.11, 4.12 - Original Work of the Author.
Fig 4.6, 4.8, 4.10 -Photographs clicked by the Author.
5. RESU LT S
Fig 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9 - Photographs taken by the Author.
Fig 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14 - Original Work of the Author.
Fig 5.15, 5.16, 5.17 - Photographs clicked by the Author.
6. APPL IC ATIONS
Fig 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8 - Original Work of the Author.
All images and figures as a part of the Appendices are original works of the author
93
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sandaker, Bjorn N., Arne P. Eggen, and Mark R. Cruvellier. The Structural Basis of
Architecture. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2011.
Muttoni, Aurelio, and Stephen Picccolo. The Art of Structures: introductionto the
functioning of structures in architecture. New York, NY: EPFL Press Routledge, 2011.
Allen, Edward, and Waclaw Zalewski. Form and Forces: Designing Efficient Expressive
Structures. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2009
Silver, Pete, Will McLean, and Peter Evans. Structural Engineering for Architects: A
Handbook. London: Laurence King, 2014.
Ching, D. K. Francis, Barry Onouye, and Douglas Zuberbuhler. Building Structures

Illustrated. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2009
Spillers, W. R. Introduction to Structures. Woodhead Publishing, 2002.
Harris, James B., and Kevin Pui-K Li. Masted Structures in Architecture. Oxford: Taylor
& Francis Ltd, 2016.
94
Undergraduate Thesis, 2018
Faculty of Architecture, CEPT University

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Declaration

- Aim, Objectives, Research Methods, Scope & Limitations

1. The Balancing Hanger 6

1.1 The Balancer

1.2 The Cable System

1.3 Hanging Lamps

2.1 Dinner Tables #1, 2, 3

2.2 Polonceau Truss

2.3 CEPT Workshops

2.4 Natakbaazi Beams

2.5 Bamboo Pavilion

2.6 Renault Distribution Centre

4.1 Motion Measure Technique

4.2 Experiment Module 1

4.3 Experiment Module 2

4.4 Experiment Module 3

5.1 General Observations

5.2 Specific Observations

6.1 Application No. 1 - Working Table

6.2 Application No. 2 - Partition Wall

6.3 Application No. 1 - Overhang

6.4 Application No. 1 - A Canopy

6.5 Application No. 1 - A Pavilion

Appendix A - Structural analysis 86

Appendix B - Photographic documentation of The Balancing Hanger 89

To study existing structural systems(the ones which incorporate tensions members) of

To formulate Architectural (spatial) applications based on the results of the experiment.

In order to conduct the experiment, ‘a module’ - a configuration of linear elements,

The thesis explores possibilities of resisting internal torsional forces by conducting a

junction and not any other.

The Cable System -

1.1 - THE B A L A NCER

1.3 - THE HA NGI NG L AM PS

1.4 - O B S E R VATI O NS A ND MO DIF IC ATIO NS

Based on the above-mentioned observations, the installation was further modified in

Based on these observations, further changes are to be incorporated. These changes

The Functioning of the Elements -

Fig 2.1: Dinner Table # 1

Fig 2.2: Dinner Table # 2

Fig 2.3: Dinner Table # 3

Lateral Timber Pieces

Vertical Timber Supports

The Functioning of the Elements -

Fig 2.9: Riding Hall, Flyinge by AIX Arkitekter AB

Fig 2.15: The Functioning of the Elements

2 .3 - CE PT W O R K S HOPS (ROOF BEAM S)

The Functioning of the Elements -

Fig 2.16: CEPT Workshops, Ahmedabad by Gurdev Singh

Fig 2.17: The Elements of the Beam:

Fig 2.18: The Functioning of the Elements

2.4 - N ATA KB A A Z I S TAGE LIGHTING B E A MS

The Functioning of the Elements -

2 .5 - B A MBO O PAVIL ION (AURO DESIGN SCHOOL )

As a part of a workshop conducted in a design school, the students of AURO Design

The Functioning of the Elements -

2.6 - RE N A U LT D I S TR I B UTIO N CE NTE R

The Renault Centre is a high-tech building in Swindon, UK, designed by architect

The Functioning of the Elements -

Fig 2.31: The Functioning of the Elements

A Point Load Test -

Fig 4.1 Fig 4.2:

Soft Graph Camera 1 The Hanging Camera 2 Camera 3

Timber Piece - 100 x 38.1 x 25.4