MUSTARD

Brassica juncea L.
Group No:
04
 INTRODUCTION
• Native to temperate regions of Europe

• More than 350 genera

• One of the first domesticated crops

• Major cultivating countries are Nepal, Canada,

Myanmar, China & United State
 SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Brassica
 MORPHOLOGY
Flowers
• Mostly perfect flowers
• Actinomorphic
• Four sepals & four petals
• Six stamens
• Ovary superior
• Mostly two fused carpel
• One to many ovules
• One pistil
Leaves

• Opposite
• No stipules
• Net venation
Fruit

• Seed pods
• Many are slender and long

Seed
• Small round seeds
• Usually about 1 or 2 mm in diameter
• May be colored from yellowish white to black
 MAJOR GROWING AREAS
• Remained as a subsidiary crop in the wet, and
intermediate zones of SL,& also in some areas of
dry zone

• Mainly cultivated districts are;

⁻ Badulla
⁻ Puttalam
⁻ Anuradhapura
⁻ Rathnapura
⁻ Nuwara Eliya
⁻ Kurunegala
⁻ Matale
 FORMS OF MUSTARD & USES

• Mustard oil

• Mustard powder

• Mustard cream

• Mature seeds
• Culinary uses
Used as a condiment, as an ingredient in mayonnaise, vinaigrette,
marinades, and barbecue sauce, a popular accompaniment to hot
dogs, pretzels, and bratwurst
• Medicinal uses
Sore Throat Relief, Chest Decongestant, Muscle Relaxing Bath,
Relief for Tired Feet ,Backache-Treating Bath
• Cosmetics production
• Agrochemical production
ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Climate

• Mustard is a cool season crop that can be

grown in a short growing season
• Seedlings are usually somewhat tolerant to
mild frosts after emergence, but severe frosts
can destroy the crop
• Moisture stress caused by hot, dry conditions
during the flowering period frequently causes
lower yields
Soil

•Mustard can be raised on variable soil types

with ;
⁻Fertile
⁻Well-drained
⁻Loamy soils
• Soils prone to crusting prior to seedling
emergence can cause problems
• Crop will not tolerate waterlogged soils since
growth will be stunted

• Dry sand and dry sandy loam soils should also be

avoided
• Seedlings are usually somewhat tolerant to
mild frosts after emergence, but severe frosts
can destroy the crop

• Seed will germinate at a soil temperature as

low as 40°F
 CROP ESTABLISHMENT
AND
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
• Propagation

• Crop Rotation

• Seed Bed preparation

• Fertilization

• Irrigation

• Weeding

• Pest & Disease Management

• Harvesting & Processing

 PROPAGATION

• Propagation- through seeds

• Seeds can be sown directly into the ground
• Germination will take place within 10 days
 SEED BED PREPARATION
• seedbed should be;
- firm
- moist
-Uniform
- free of weeds and previous crop residue
- close to the surface

• Seedbed preparation depends on the

production system
 CROP ROTATION

• Three important considerations with respect

to mustard in a crop rotation are;
1. Disease control
2. Protect soil
3. Moisture management
 Seeding Date
• Planting should occur as early in the season as
the environmental conditions allow

• An earlier seeding date is allowed;

o To benefit from the moisture in establishing
a good canopy before weeds emerge
o To avoid heat stress during summer that
causes flower or pod abortion
o To reduces the risk of damage from fall
frosts that can reduce crop yields and quality
 Seeding Rate

•For brown and oriental mustard : 4.5 - 6.7 kg/ha

and for yellow mustard : 7.8 - 11.2 kg/ha

•Do not seed mustard deeper than 37 – 50 mm

(1 ½ - 2 inch) deep
Irrigation
• The mustard crops are usually grown on
conserved moisture received during monsoon
rain-fed crops
• Adequate soil moisture & aeration are
important for both seed germination &
nematode hatching
• The soil is usually very dry and irrigation is
required immediately after crop is planted

• For sprinkler irrigation systems, water can be

applied immediately after planting to promote rapid
germination
• Under gravity irrigation systems, furrows should be
put into the field shortly after planting

• After the plants emerge, an additional two to three

irrigations may be necessary to provide adequate
plant growth and to stimulate nematode egg
hatching
FERTILIZATION
• Adequate nutrient supply increases the seed and oil
yields by improving the setting pattern on branches,
number of siliquae/plant, and other yield attributes

• Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) for different

zones changes with climate, soil type, time, and type
of cropping system followed
• Chemical fertilization

• Organic fertilization

• Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

 WEED MANAGEMENT

• Decline in crop production ranging 15–

from 30%
• Critical period is 15–40 days
• Hand weeding
PESTS AND DISEASES OF
MUSTARD
 IMPORTANT PESTS OF MUSTARD
• Diamondback moth
• Leaf Webber
• Mustard saw fly
• Leaf miner
• Mustard aphid
• Painted bug
Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella
Symptoms of damage
• Whitish patches due to scrapping of epidermal leaf tissues by
young larvae
• In later stages larvae bore holes in the leaves
• Leaves may be eaten up completely
• It also bores into pods and feeds developing seed

Management
• Installing pheromone trap
• Collection and careful destruction of the larvae
• For control of grown up larvae apply 5% malathion dust
 Leaf webber: Crocidolomia binotalis
Symptoms of damage
• Newly hatched larvae feed ;
-initially on the chlorophyll of young leaves
-later on older leaves, buds and pods,
make webbings and live within
• Severely attacked plants are defoliated
• Seeds in the pods are eaten away
Management
• Spray any one of the insecticides
- phosalone ,fenvalerate
Mustard saw fly: Athalia lugens proxima
Symptoms of damage
• Initially the larva nibbles leaves, later it feeds from the
margins towards the midrib
• The grubs cause numerous shot holes and even
riddled the entire leaves
• They consume the epidermis of the shoot

Management
• Early sowing should be done
• Maintain clean cultivation
• Severe cold reduces pest load
• Collection and destruction of grubs of saw fly
• Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as on anti- feedant
 IMPORTANT DISEASES OF MUSTARD
• Alternaria blight
• Bacterial rot
• Bacterial stalk rot
• Broomrape
• Club root
• Downy mildew
• Mosaic
• Phyllody
• Powdery Mildew
• Sclerotinia stem rot
• White rust
 Alternaria blight

Symptoms
• Brown coloured rounded spots appear on all the
parts of plant with black outer ring
Management
• Spraying of dithane M – 45
• Grow disease resistant varieties
• Use healthy certified seeds
 Bacterial rot
Symptoms
• Dark colour streaks on stem from the ground level
• Gradually these streaks enlarge and girdle the stem
• Stem become hollow due to internal rotting
• browning of veins and withering of leaves are
observed
Management
• Rotating the mustard crop
• Follow complete crop and field sanitation
• Spray Streptocycline or Copper oxychloride
 Downy mildew
Symptoms
• Grayish white irregular necrotic patches develop
on the lower surface of leaves
• The affected inflorescence does not produce any
siliqua or seed
Management
• Varieties of Brassica napus group are resistant to
this disease
• Destroy the diseased crop debris
HARVESTING & PROCESSING
• The normal maturation of the crop, wind, and
rain do not cause shattering before cutting
• great shattering losses when the plants are
overripe
• Yellow mustard does not shatter readily and
can be straight combined if the crop has
matured uniformly (10% moisture) and is free
of green weeds
• Plants should be cut just beneath the height
of the lowest seed pods
• Brown and oriental varieties will shatter more
readily when ripe and should be swathed
• The swathing should begin after the general
leaf drop and when the overall field color has
changed from green to yellow or brown
• About 75% of the seeds may have reached the
mature color of yellow or brown
• The remaining green seeds will mature in the
swath before combining
 GROUP MEMBERS
• U.M.C.S Udagedara UWU/EAG/11/0018
• Premasinghe Y.H.G.D.B. UWU/EAG/11/0023
• G.Y.A.D.D Perera UWU/EAG/11/0025
Thank you