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Environment is the physical and biotic habitat that surrounds us. Environmental issues
affect, and are affected by all our activities to varying degrees. In our society, all
educated citizens need to have a working understanding of the fundamental principles
involved for environmentally responsible decision making. The major goals of
environmental education programs are to raise consciousness about environmental
conditions and to teach environmentally appropriate behavior. Environmental education
also aims to create an environmental ethic that forester¶s awareness about the
ecological inter-dependence of economic, social and political factors in a human
community and the environments. Changes in values, attitudes and behavior toward the
environment can ultimately result in a better quality of life.
Environmental education is evolving to be the education for sustainable and ethical
development, both at local and global level. Knowledge about the environmental
promotes attitudinal and behavioral change. There fore, environmental education is an
agent of change and a step toward community empowerment.
Thus environmental education is aimed at increasing the public awareness and
knowledge about environmental issue and provides facts, opinion or the skills to make
informed decisions and take environmentally responsible actions.
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Chemicals on earth are distributed among four major environmental components
atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. While such a classification of
nature is arbitrary, it helps in organizing and extending our knowledge of the
distribution and flow of chemicals. A representation of the four environmental
components and their interrelationships is shown in fig.

Atmosphere

Atmosphere
Atmosphere

  
 
The circles represent the spheres and the curved arrows the flow path ways of
Atmosphere
matter. In the fig, circles are curved arrows are used instead of boxes and straight
line connections to emphasize the close, dynamic, inseparable, organic coupling
among the environmental components. If one component or linkage changes, all
other components respond. In this conceptual frame, every sphere has a two way
linkage to every other sphere, including itself. The two way linkage signifies that
matter may flow from one component to another in both directions. Some arrows
show the transfer with in a given component from one location to another indicating
movement of the substance from one physical location to another without leaving the
sphere. Since matter can not be created of destroyed, the major objective is to find
the location and chemical form of the substance at any given time.

The   may be considered as a transport component that moves

substances from atmospheric sources to receptors> Its storage capacity fro matter is
small compared to the other spheres, but it has an immense capability for spatially
redistributing matter.
 The   may be farther classified into two subcomponents: a conveyor,
arriver system that collects the substances within the watershed and delivers them
to the second hydrologic subcomponent, oceans.
The lithosphere is the solid shell of inorganic materials on the surface of the earth.
It is composed of soil particles and the underlying rocks down to depth of 50km. The
solid layer is also referred to as the pedosphere which is a mixture of inorganic and
organic solid matter, air, water and microorganisms.

The biosphere is the thin shell of organic matter on the surface of earth comprising
of all the living things. It occupies the least volume of all of the spheres but it is the
cause of the majority of the flow of matter through nature. Weathering through the
hydrological cycle, blowing wing and volcanic releases are some of the other
mobilizing agents. The biosphere is responsible for the grand scale recycling of
energy and matter on earth. The periodic burning of forests, for e.g. not only
changes the chemical form of matter, but also results in long range atmospheric
transport and deposition.

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The process of adding unwanted materials to the environment is called pollution.
Humans depend on nature to dispose of our waste products. Our oceans, rivers,
lakes and lands have become the dumping yards for society¶s industrial and organic
waste products. Our oceans, rivers, lakes and lands have become the dumping
yards for scarcity¶s industrial and organic waste. Pollutants entering our environment
travel through the food web and end up in the tissues of the living things they come
into contact with Large volume of pollution over when the earth¶s capacities to
absorb, transform or break down these materials,
Some materials take thousands of years to decay and may become more toxic as
thy decompose, resulting in long term environmental damage. As a result of the
direct poisoning or due to the degradation of the environment and other dependant
species, many animals and plants have become extinct in the 20th century.

 
 
1. Air pollution 4. Water pollution
2. Soil pollution 5. Marin pollution
3. Noise pollution 6. Thermal pollution

    :- is the presence in the air of substances generally

origination from the activities of man in sufficient con

   : - water around the world is getting polluted due to human
activities and the availability of potable water in nature is become rare day by
day.
    :- is the introduction of substances, biological
organisms or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is
likely to affect the normal use of the soil or end angering public health and the living
environment.
 !   : - can be defined as the direct or indirect introduction by
 of "  or  into the marine environment, resulting in harm
to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities
including fishing, impairment of the quality of sea water and reduction of
amenities.
|    : - Noise is unwanted sound and noise pollution can be defined
as unwanted or offensive sounds that unreasonably introduce into the our daily
activities.
#   : - is the process of heating up a body of water through run
off or discharge (Thermal pollution increases water temperature, causing a
change of dissolved oxygen levels). Heat and hot water result from many
industrial processes. They are in particular by products of the activities of
terminal power stations. The warm water rejected into the marine mediums has
harmful effects, primarily on the marine animal life.


  : - are source reduction and other practices that reduce or
eliminate the creation of pollutants through the increased efficiency in the used of
raw materials, energy, water or other resources, or protection of natural resources
by conservation.

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Forest resources play a vital role on the economy of any country.
 :- a forest is a highly complex, constantly changing environment made up
of a variety of living (wild life, trees, shrubs, fungi, and micro-organisms) and non
living (water nutrients, rocks, sunlight and air) things. Trees are the dominant
component of this complex community.

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1. Provide clean water
2. Provide home to unique plants and animals
3. Source of economic growth
4. Provides clean air
5. Provides recreational opportunities
6. Ecological benefits
 " &' : - the impact of logging on the forests indicates that extraction
has resulted in fragmentation of the remaining forest, as well
as a decrease in biodiversity. Farther more, the remaining
valuable species are likely to be damaged during the
extraction of near by trees.

!  : - is the act of extracting ores, coal etc from the earth. Mining on an
industrial scale can produce environmental damages resulting from exploration and
development, even long after the mine is closed.

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An ecosystem is a biotic assemblage of plants, animals and microbes, taken

together with their physio-chemical environment. In an ecosystem the biological cycling
of materials is maintained by three groups Viz. Producers, consumers and decomposed
recyclers. The producers are plants and some bacteria capable of producing their own
food. Photosynthetically or by chemical synthesis the consumers are animals that obtain
their energy and protein directly by grazing, feeding on other animals or both. The
decomposers/recyclers are fungi and bacteria that decompose the organic matter of
producers and consumers into in organic matter of producers and consumers into
inorganic substances that can be reused as food by the producers, thus decomposers
are the recyclers of the biosphere. Nature is capable of sustaining the producers-
consumer-decomposer cycle indefinitely with the sun as the energy source. The
smallest such entity that just self-sufficient is an ecosystem Figure shows an ecosystem
with producers, consumers and recyclers.

Functionally, human activities that disturb the natural environment can also be
divided into three similar components. Producing activities include energy production
(fossil fuels), manufacturing (non-fuel minerals), and growing food. The consumers are
humans and their domestic animals. Decomposing or recycling activities include
treatment of water, recycling of metals and soil waste. However, an ecosystem rules on
its decomposers for a complete recycling of its elements, the anthrop system lacks such
efficient decomposers and recyclers. As such manufactured materials that are no longer
needed and waste by-products of industrial activity are largely disposed into the
physical environment. The waste by products are disposed by the atmosphere and the
hydrosphere, and delivered to the biological and geochemical receptors. Thus the
anthrop system, as defined above, is an open system.
 In the anthrop system, much of the mobilized materials are transferred to the rest of
the material environment, to the producers and to the consumer. Hence, it is mostly an
open system, where recycling accounts for only a small fraction of the mobilized matter.

Ecosystem will fail if they do not remain in balance. No community can carry more
organisms than its food, water and shelter can accommodate. Food and territory are
often balanced by natural phenomena such as fire, disease and the number of
predators. Each organism has its own role to play.
We have affected ecosystems in almost every way imaginable! Every time we walk
out in the wilderness or bulldoze land fro a new construction, we are drastically altering
an ecosystem. We have disrupted the food chain, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle
and the water cycle. Mining materials also takes its toll on an ecosystem. We need to do
our best not to interfere in these ecosystems and let nature take its tool.

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A food chain is the path of food from a given consumer back to a producer. For
instance, a typical food chain in a field ecosystem is:-
Grass grasshopper mouse snake hawk

The real world is more complicated than a simple food chain. While many organisms
specialize in their diets, other organisms do not. Hawks don¶t limit their diets to snakes,
snakes eat things other than nice, and mice eat grass as well as grasshoppers. A
more realistic representation of who eats whom is called a food web; an e.g. is shown
in Figure.

Sn e -


R t

Food

Spder

Preyng M nts
Gr sshoper

Gr ss Sp rro

Mouse
 When we have a picture of a food web the definition of food chain makes more
sense. Thus a food web consists of interlocking food chains, and that the only way to
untangle the chains is to trace back along a given food chain to its source.





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The term biodiversity refers to the totality of species, populations, communities and
ecosystems, both wild and domesticated that constitute the life of any one area or of the
entire planet. It may also be defined as the variety and variability among living
organisms and the habitats in which they live.

Biodiversity includes genetic differences within each species for example, between
verifies of crops and breeds of livestock chromosomes, genes, and DNA (Deoxyribo
nucleic aid). The building blocks of life determine the uniqueness of each individual and
each species. Yet another aspect of biodiversity is the variety of ecosystem such a s
those that occur in deserts, forests, wet lands, mountains, lakes, rivers and agricultural
landscapes. In each ecosystem, living creatures, including humans form a community,
interacting with one another and with the air, water and soil around them.
In nature, many species share common habitat requirements, and hundred of species
coexist in close proximity. Habitats are degraded when they can no longer support
associations of plants and animals in natural conditions. Erosion of native biodiversity is
manifested as species extinction, restriction of geographic range, unusual population
fluxes, reproductive failures and depiction of genetic diversity. The consequences are
loss of potentially valuable organisms and biological compounds for agriculture,
silviculture and medicine.
Regeneration of habitat and reversing erosion of biodiversity is an extremely difficult
and long process. Since all manner of human existence is dependent on environmental
health, maintenance of natural habitats and native biodiversity are inexorably linked to
human health and welfare.

   


      
1. Genetic diversity
2. Species diversity
3. Ecosystem diversity

  *   + refers to the variation of genes within species. This covers
genetic variation between distinct populations of the same species. It also covers
genetic variation within a population. Genetic diversity can be measured using a
variety for DNA- based and other  , 

      +              -  "
    
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         .
.  (        "
  " / /   &    
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range from 5 to 100 million.
  &     + encompasses the broad differences between
ecosystem types, and the diversity of habitats and ecological processes
occurring with in each ecosystem type. Different physical settings favour very
different communities of species.

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   Forest entomology is concerned with insects that affect the forest and
forest product.
Wood product entomology is concerned with the protection of wooden structures, poles,
posts and wood by products from insect damage.


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1. Field insects (seed production area, clonal seed orchard etc).

2. Storage
3. Quarantine insects
4. Insects pollinators

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a. Insect pests Termites, defoliators, shoot bore etc.

b. Non-Insects Nematodes, rodentsa

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i) Defoliators
1. Leaf eater/feeder
2. Leaf skeletonizer
3. leaf rollers
4. leaf binders
5. bud worms

ii) Borers
1. Stem borer
2. root borer
3. shoot borer
4. Bark beetles

D. Timber Entomology:-
a. Borers of freshly felled timber
b. Borers of timber during transportation
c. Borers of stored timber
d. Borers of converted timber

E. Beneficial Insects:-
1. Pollinators
2. Lac Insects
3. Honey Insects
4. Silk/Tassor Insects
5. Medicinal Insects
6. Parasites/predators
 †. Aesthetic Insects

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A. Borers which attack on vigorous trees:-

1. Acacia Arabica roots and stem borer
2. Poplar stem borer
3. Cedar, Mahogany shoot borer

B. Borers which attack on less vigorous or dying trees:-



1. Platypus biform on pine.

2. Scolytus major on deodor
3. Ips longifolia on conifers

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Termites belong to order Isopteran these are pre-eminently social insects living in
colonies, forming an independent state with a social system, which is for insects, highly
developed.
The majority of the species are subterranean in nature and either builds wood carton
nests or soil mound or lives in diffused colonies in soil and move through the galleries
and burrows.

 
  
1. /   + These belong to the family kalo-termitidae. The
colony is confined entirely to wood and is started by a colonizing pair which
enters the wood above the ground at the time of swarming. They further divided
into:-

a) 0 /   :- These requires a constant high amount of

moisture in the wood.
b) 0 /   : These can maintain their calories in dry, sound or
seasoned wood i.e. wood of windows, doors etc.

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The colony is always partly in the ground and in connection with it and is sorted by
a colonizing pairs which enters the earth or wood in the earth.

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40% of wood is destroyed by bio-degradation from which about 10% by termites.
There is no attack of termites in temperate regions. Damage by termites is more in
tropical and sub-tropical regions. Principally they feed on cellulosic materials.
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Termites are an integral part of the extensive subterranean fauna of tropical and
subtropical forests and are well known for the damage they cause to forestry,
agriculture, horticultural crops, timber and timber products. However, termites have
some immediate direct and indirect beneficial bearing from human point of view.

2


 
1. As a pest of building materials e.g. door, window etc.
2. as a pest of felled tree and stored timber
3. As a pest of domestic articles i.e. furniture, box, clothes etc.
4. As a pest of plantations/nurseries/ agricultural crops.

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1. Constitute as a food material for tribal people.
2. Used as medicine
3. Improve the porosity of soil by termites galleries & tunnel
4. They improve soil fertility by mound soil.
5. termites also form a important role in food chain
6. Bio-indicators of ground water and mineral particularly for gold, Nickel, Iron, AL,
copper etc.
†. They play a very important role in decomposition of the forest material/litter.

 
    Control measures for termites are discussed in 3
sections.
-   
 "   :- Termites which invade building may be below
ground in the soils (ground dwelling termites) or above ground in wood masonry
or woodwork.

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i. Destruction of mounds and nests; by breaking, poisons (e.g. arsenic), Fumigation
(creosote + Kerosene) cs2, petrol spray, dusting of calcium cyanide.
ii. Termites that do not build mounds; soaking the soil of the foundation -trenches and
floor spaces or drainage trenches or leveling operation with 20% solution of Zncl2. or
copper sulphate. Provide adequate drainage and ventilation.

  
 
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i ) Incompletely protected building with cow dung , mud walls, earth filling etc. such
buildings are partially protected by using resistant or treated timber.
ii) Isolation of timber; isolate the building timber from the earth as much as
possible.
 iii) Where the danger of infestation of flying termites is present, all exposed wood
work should be periodically treated with antiseptics or replaced by impregnated
wood.
iv) Foundation walls should be made entirely of stones and bricks with lime or
cement mortar

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3  "     :- keep the ground of the depot or yard as dry as
possible by adequate drainage and clean of material attracting termites by avoiding
the accumulation of adds and ends of lumber, sawdust.
)3.      :- wooden structures used in rounded forms like posts,
fences, poles, railway sleeper etc. When used in contact with ground can only be
protected by impregnation with creosote and oils or with water-soluble antiseptics.

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A) Nurseries:- irrigation with out inclusion, mixing of soil with white arsenic,
spraying of insecticides.
B) Transplants and young sapling:- Irrigations with crude oil emulsion, extract
of tobacco leaves and use of mixture of arsenate of soda + white arsenic +
washing soda.
C) Poles and older trees: - use poison like Paris green.

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The economic, ecological and social values that we associate with forests have
increased dramatically in recent years. Efficient utilization of our forest resources
requires that we manage depredation caused by destructive insects and disease.

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a philosophy, concept and methodology for

dealing with destructive insects and disease species in forests.

IPM is the maintenance of destructive agent including insects, at tolerable levels by

the planned use of a variety of preventive, suppressive or regulatory tactics and
strategies that are ecologically and economically efficient and socially acceptable.

Forest protection IPM for insects, disease, weeds and fire

1. Biological control, including augmentation of insect parasites, insects¶ predators,
avian predators and diseases.
2. Chemicals, including various pesticides and herbicides.
3. Behavioral chemicals, including compounds that result in attraction and
dispersal.
4. Utilization, which involves harvesting of infested hosts materials.
5. Various mechanical procedures, including felling infested hosts and burning
infested hosts.
6. Silvicultural control includes using mixed plantation, selection of site, selection of
species etc.
The concept of IPM stresses that a variety of tactics can be used simultaneously to
manage pest populations.