c c

An eye is a round-shaped organ

that works with the brain to
provide us with vision. The shape of
the eye is maintained by the
pressure of the aqueous humor.
The aqueous humor is the fluid that
fills the front chamber of the eye.





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The main function of the eye is to

work with the brain to provide us
with vision. The eye and brain
translate light waves into a
sensation we call vision.

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The eye has many parts. Some of

the main parts are listed and described below.

p lens
› The transparent crystalline lens of the eye is located immediately behind the iris.
p cornea
› The cornea is a transparent dome which serves as the outer window of the eye.
The cornea is the most powerful structure focusing light entering the eye.
p retina
› The retina is the innermost layer of the eye. It is composed of nerve tissue which
senses the light entering the eye.
› The retina sends impulses through the optic nerve back to the brain, which
translates the impulses into images that we see.
› There are 4 types of light-sensitive receptors found in the retina
1. rods
2. cones that absorb long-wavelength light (red)
3. cones that absorb middle-wavelength light (green)
4. cones that absorb short-wavelength light (blue)
p pupil
› The pupil is the hole in the center of the eye where light passes through.
p iris
 › The iris is the colored part of the eye. It is a thin diaphragm composed mostly of
connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers. The iris lies between the cornea and
the crystalline lens.
p optic nerve
› The optic nerve is a continuation of the axons of the ganglion cells in the retina.
It acts acts like a cable connecting the eye with the brain.
› The optic nerve is also called the cranial nerve II.
p sclera
› The sclera is the white, opaque portion of the eye. It provides protection and
serves as an attachment for the extraocular muscles which move the eye.

c
Tongue is located inside the mouth and is an
important muscle. It does not have any
bones. It is reddish-pink in color. The main
function of tongue is taste, help in chewing
food, in swallowing food and speech.



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p ˜apillae: Granular projection on the

upper side of the tongue is known as
papillae. There are four types of
papillae there,
› jiliform (thread shaped)
› jungiform (mushroom shaped)
› joliate (leaf shaped)
› ºallate (ringed shaped)
p Sulcus terminalis
p Tonsils: They are present at the back of the tongue. There are two types of tongue,
› Ñingual tonsils
› ˜alatine tonsils
p Adenoids
p jrenulum linguae: It is present on the under surface of the tongue.











p ˜apillae: ˜apillae contains taste bud (chemo-receptors), which helps us identify between
different tastes of food. When we chew food, a portion of it dissolves in the saliva. This
dissolved part of food comes in contact with the taste buds and generates nerve
impulses. These nerve fibres are known as microvilli. These nerve fibres carry messages
to the taste center in the brain. Then brain perceives the taste.
› joliate, ºallate and jungiform have taste buds which helps in identifying the
taste
› jiliform helps in holding the food ( to grip the food in place)
p Tonsils: Both the types of tonsils helps in filtering germs.
p Adenoids: They help in fighting infections.
p jrenulum linguae: It secures or holds the tongue in place inside the mouth.
p ºery small fibre-like or hair-like projections are present on the upper side of the tongue
which connect with nerve fibres at the lower end of the tongue which lead to the brain.

There are about 3000 taste buds on the tongue of an adult person. There are four main
tastes - sweet, salty, sour and bitter. These four main tastes are felt by different portion of the
tongue. The tip of our tongue senses salt and sweet. The taste buds at the sides detect sour
taste. The rear portion of the tongue detect bitter taste.

 




 from Nanchao, an ancient Tai kingdom (now in Yunnan province,
China), bronze, 13th century; in the British Museum, Ñondon.Height 44 cm.


 from Celebes, bronze, Amaravati
style, 3rdʹ5th century; in the Jakarta
Museum.Height 75 cm.

Champa:  !
- Artifact of the Champa

kingdom.

!
", embossed scabbard and grip, from

southern Celebes, Indonesia; in the Royal Tropical
Institute Museum, Amsterdam.Overall length 40.5
cm.

!  from the Tanimbar Islands,
Indonesia; in the Royal Tropical Institute Museum,
Amsterdam.Height 38 cm.



#

, Intramuros, Manila, the
˜hilippines, 1599ʹ1614.

The  
 !$ at Borobudur in Java,

Indonesia.


!


!
! showing a Cham ascetic

playing a flute, sandstone, from My Son E1, ºietnam,
second half of the 7th century; in the Cham Museum,
Da Nang, ºietnam. Height 60 cm.

ë
  , sandstone, from BanteaySrei,

Angkor, Cambodia, late 10th century; in the National
Museum, ˜hnom ˜enh, Cambodia. Height 60 cm.



, gilt bronze sculpture from Sukhothai,
Thailand, 14thʹearly 15th century; in the Honolulu
Academy of Arts.
  





 found at Nok, Nigeria. In the Jos Museum,
Nigeria.Height 21 cm.

%
&'
!
&(, thought to have been the

head of a staff, decorated with coloured beads of glass and
stone, 9th century, from Igbo Ukwu, Nigeria; in the Nigerian
Museum, Ñagos. Height 16.8 cm.

 2


mask, wood, horns, fibre, cotton cloth, feather,

metal, sacrificial material, Côte d͛Ivoire, 19thʹ20th century;
in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.


)


› , Edo brass sculpture from the court of

Benin, Nigeria, 16th century; in the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York City.


"*
&

, Cameroon grasslands; in
the Ethnological Museum, Berlin.Height 83.2 cm.