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Journal of Occupational Health Psychology

An Assessment of the Overlap Between Morale and Work


Engagement in a Nonoperational Military Sample
Gary W. Ivey, J-R. Sébastien Blanc, and Janet Mantler
Online First Publication, December 22, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038559

CITATION
Ivey, G. W., Blanc, J-R. S., & Mantler, J. (2014, December 22). An Assessment of the Overlap
Between Morale and Work Engagement in a Nonoperational Military Sample. Journal of
Occupational Health Psychology. Advance online publication.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038559
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