Lecture

 A lecture is an oral presentation of information by the instructor.

 It is the method of relaying information which includes principles, concepts,
and ideas.
 In a lecture the instructor tells, explains, describes or relates whatever
information the trainees are required to learn through listening and
understanding.
 It is therefore teacher-centered.

Uses of lecture
1. To orient students.
2. To introduce a subject.
3. To give directions on procedures.
4. To present basic material.
5. To introduce a demonstration, discussion, or performance.
6. To illustrate application of rules, principles, or concepts.
7. To review, clarify, emphasize or summarize.

Advantages of Lecture
1. Factual material is presented in a direct, logical manner.
2. May provide experiences that inspire - useful for large groups.
3. Most efficient way to convey teacher spoken information.
4. Saves time.
5. Permits flexibility.
6. Requires less rigid space requirement.
7. Permits adaptability.
8. Permits versatility.
9. Permits better center over contact and sequence.

Disadvantages of Lecture
1. Proficient oral skills are necessary.
2. Audience is often passive.
3. Learning is difficult to determine as the lecture progresses.
4. Communication is one-way.
5. Not appropriate for children below grade 4.
6. Involves one-way communication.
7. Poses problems in skill teaching.
8. Encourages student passiveness.
9. Poses difficulty in gauging student reaction.
10. Require highly skilled instructors.

Application in teaching
  There should be a clear introduction and summary.
 Effectiveness is related to time and scope of content.
 Use a variety of approaches like the KNOWN to UNKNOWN;
from SIMPLE to COMPLEX, or from PARTS to a WHOLE.
 Knowing the trainees and addressing their needs and interests is very
important.
 Question and Answer periods should be included in the lecture.

Lecture with Discussion

Advantages of Lecture with Discussion
1. Involves students, at least after the lecture.
2. Students can question, clarify and challenge.
3. Lecture can be interspersed with discussion or breaks as the content and
time permit.

Disadvantages of Lecture with Discussion

1. Time constraints may affect discussion opportunities.
2. Effectiveness is connected to appropriate questions and discussion; often
requires teacher to "shift gears" quickly.

Application in teaching
 Teacher should be prepared to allow questions during lecture.
 Teacher should also anticipate difficult questions and prepare appropriate
responses in advance.

Brainstorming
 It is particularly a good way of getting bright ideas.
 Participants are encouraged to let ideas flow freely, building on and
improving from previous ideas.
 The combination of swiftly generated ideas usually leads to a very
animated and energizing session.

Uses of brainstorming
 Brainstorming session is use to discover new ideas and responses very
quickly.

Advantages of Brainstorming
1. Listening exercise that allows creative thinking for new ideas.
2. Encourages full participation because all ideas are equally recorded.
3. Draws on group's knowledge and experience.
4. Spirit of cooperation is created.
5. One idea can spark off other ideas.
6. Leads to a very animated and energizing session.
7. More reserved participants feel free to contribute.
Disadvantages of Brainstorming
1. Can be unfocused
2. Needs to be limited to 5 - 7 minutes
3. Students may have difficulty getting away from known reality
4. If not managed well, criticism and negative evaluation may occur
5. Value to students depends in part on their maturity
6. It takes time particularly if it is a large group.
7. May consume a lot of material e.g. flipcharts or writing materials.
8. Requires high level facilitation skills.

Application in teaching
 Teacher selects issue.
 Teacher must be ready to intervene when the process is hopelessly bogged
down.