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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

A. RESEARCH GAP

The emergence of electronic paradigm for learning compared to traditional

method and availability of almost all information on the information

superhighway(Internet), nowadays have caused students to be less motivated to come

to the lecture rooms than ever before. Laziness on the part of students, nonchalance to

school work, extra social activities that have no importance in aiding the objectives of

the institution and a lot more, may prevent students from attending lectures. Sequel to

these, lecturers and administrators in most developing countries have had to come up

with ways to ensure a healthy participation from students, and make sure that the

student-lecturer interactive relationship is kept intact. This in some cases have come in

simple forms like roll calls, while in more interesting cases, can be formats like surprise

quizzes, extra credit in class, etc. These strategies are however time consuming,

stressful and laborious because the valuable lecture time that could otherwise been

used for lectures is dedicated to student attendance taking and sometimes not accurate.

(Chitresh, S and Amit K ,2010)

In addition to all these challenges, the attendances are recorded manually by the

tutor and therefore are prone to personal errors. There arises a need for a more efficient

and effective method of solving this problem. A technology that can solve this problem

and even do more is the Radio Frequency Identification technology. Radio Frequency
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Identificatio is an automated identification and data collection technology, that ensures

more accurate and timely data entry. Radio Frequency Identification is not actually a

new technology; it only quickly gained more attention recently because of its current low

cost and advances in other computing fields that open up more application areas. Radio

Frequency Identification combines radio frequency and microchip technologies to create

a smart system that can be used to identify, monitor, secure and do object inventory. At

their simplest, Radio Frequency Identification systems use tiny chips called ―tags that

contain and transmit some piece of identifying information to an Radio Frequency

Identification reader, a device that in turn can interface with computers. The ability of

Radio Frequency Identification systems to deliver precise and accurate data about

tagged items will improve efficiency and bring other benefits to business community and

consumers alike in the not distant future. (Henry. S, S. Arivazhagan and L. Ganesan ,

2003)

Many schools have opted for the Radio Frequency Identification based

attendance system because of the inbuilt time-in and time-out feature. This feature

allows students and other school staff to sign in when they report and also sign out

when they are leaving. This has enabled many schools to do away with the manual

register to monitor the attendance of the students and workers.

The Radio Frequency Identification based attendance system has also enabled

the school administration to ensure only accredited people access the school premises.

This goes a long way in enhancing the general security within the school. It is for these
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two reasons that principals and other school administrators are advised to have the

Radio Frequency Identification attendance system for school.

Schools and organizations that have installed this system are efficiently running

their activities without incurring extra costs. Money that could have otherwise been used

to buy registers, employ more security guards among other things has been put into

other meaningful projects.

B. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Recently, students attendance have been considered as one of the crucial

elements or issues that reflects the academic achievements and the performance

contributed to any university compared to the traditional methods that impose time-

consuming and inefficiency. Diverse automatic identification technologies have been

more in vogue such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). An extensive research

and several applications are produced to take maximum advantage of this technology

and bring about some concerns. (Rjeib,2018)

The ability to locate and track children is a vital issue to both parents and school

staff. Identification and tracking can be achieved, with today technologies in different

ways. GSM(Global Sysytem Mobile)/GPRS(General Packet Radio Service) based

tracking for locating children anywhere. Radio Frequency (RF) - based tracking is for

helping parents to keep an eye on their children wherever they are.

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The technology earned mixed grades when first deployed in schools of St Joseph

College-Inc. Now, its use is growing, slowly but steadily, with applications focused on

improving teacher efficiency and ensuring student safety.

The researchers want to find out the perceived effects of this advancement in

school tracking system in relation to its impact to education since the time of its

implementation. The applied system aims to manage student’s attendance recording

and provides the capabilities of tracking student absentee as well, supporting

information services include students grading marks, daily timetable, lectures time and

classroom numbers, and other student-related instructions provided by faculty

department staff.

C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Regularity of student attendance is a key concern in every schools and

universities alike. Schools adopting Radio Frequency Identification technology stay

ahead in competition. Maintaining automatic regularity of student attendance and taking

action against late-comers and non-attendees, schools can not only enhance academic

performance of students but also play an active role in the holistic development of each

student.

In this holistic approach of monitoring the attendance of the learners that will

impact their academic performance, the researchers want to determine and seek the

answers to the following questions:

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 How can Radio Frequency Identification secure students?

 Why is it important to make Radio Frequency Identification compulsory

to all students?

 How effective Radio Frequency Identification is since the time of its

implementation in St. Joseph College?

 What are the impacts of Radio Frequency identification in the school

performance of St. Joseph College learners in terms of attendance?

 What is the importance of Radio Frequency Identification in the current

tracking school system of St. Joseph School?

D. PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW

Assuring security is one reason to justify introducing a surveillance system;

however, “security” is an umbrella term. Some studies categorize security into objective

and subjective conditions. For objective conditions, security indicates “without threat,”

“neutralization of threats” and “avoidance of danger”; and subjective security indicates

“feeling safe” and “free from anxiety”. These two conditions are correlated, but

distinguishing them is essential when considering reasons how people perceives a

surveillance system. The obsession with “risks” should be critically examined. Equally,

the obsession with “security” also needed to be examined with reference to certain

situations and contexts. In particular, how security is perceived is significantly influenced

by context and the relationship between the surveyor and the surveyed.” (Zedner 2006)

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 Under the rhetoric of child security and care, various information and

communication technologies (ICTs) are introduced with economic, political and

commercial interests. The most well-known ICT is CCTV and many schools have

introduced CCTV inside/outside schools. For more individualized security, Ground

Positioning System (GPS) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) are well

commercialized. (McCahill and Finn 2010)

The technologies of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) enjoy an enormous

interest at the current time, not only from the standpoint of research but also from

corporate practice. In our current educational system that promotes the security of

students, this kind of tracking system the welfare of the learners’ security is the main

priority. Guardians who send their children to the schools frequently question the

wellbeing of their offspring requesting satisfactory measures from the school

administration promising the learners safety.

Using the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) all students were made aware

that the login data was being collected and their attendance monitored. This project is

tracking movement, so to meet with ethical approval it is essential the students grant

informed consent. This is explained to students during their first lecture when the tag

cards are distributed. Information is provided on all aspects of participation, data use

and they have the opportunity to ask questions and to receive answers. It is made clear

that by signing for their tag card, students are giving their informed consent. However, it

is also important that an opt-out is available. Should a student not wish to participate,

their card is withheld and their student details removed from the system’s database as 8

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well as from the list containing student details that generates the login data. As a

consequence, they do not appear on any electronic registers or reports and will not be

contacted or monitored as part of the project. A student may opt out at any point in time.

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V. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Technology is all around us and schools are not exception to that. We are moving

towards a world of connected devices and it will be great to see how RFID for school

will shape future education and the learners’ safety.

Smart automatic attendance using RFID chip is one of possible and most

common use of RFID for School. An RFID chip could be embedded in a student’s ID

card, school bag or uniform and can be tracked. To take it next level, multiple day to day

activities like “how students move through the school during the day, who do they study

with? Who do they play with at recess? If they are not crossing safe zones, if there are

potential chances of eve teasing, if children are in campus but missing in class, if

teacher is there in class or not”. Certainly RFID system if implemented on such scale

will improve efficiency, accountability and security.

However, this study investigates important issues related to privacy and security

of RFID based on the recent literature and suggests solutions to cope with the problem.

Results of this study could be highly beneficial specifically the following:

CURRICULUM PLANNERS. Those who are engaged in enhancing curriculum

should further improve and included the awareness on the adaptation of the modern

way of tracking the learners to assess their safety and security.

SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS. The results will serve as a sign for them to

provide more enhancement protocols that will help the students as well as parents and

stakeholders in terms of safety and security.

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 TEACHERS. This will be easily identifying the intruders or not enrolled in the

campus.

STUDENTS. It helps the students easily and lessen the time entering the school

premises without checking their Identification Card.

PARENTS and STAKEHOLDERS. They will assure that their son/daughter is

given an adequate safety and security of the school by receiving an instant messages

or notification.

FUTURE RESEARCHER. They would get valid information on the effectiveness

of using RFID which they could use in the review of related literature and studies.

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VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Mobile Phone Tracking. Cell phones make life more convenient. So in cell phone

tracking system, parents can receive messages from the system about their child detail

information about their location or premise.

Android. In this system a particular android app is created and that will display

child’s location to the parents. Android is an operating system based on the Linux

kernel, and it is basically designed for smart phones and tablet computers. In this child

tracking system one android app is developed by using this android based approach.

This app helps to locate child whenever parent’s want and also alerts the parents if child

is moving outside of define area.

GPS. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is space based navigation system

that provides location information in terms of latitude and longitude, anywhere on the

earth by using satellite. GPS having various applications which are specifically used in

civil, military, and in commercial purpose.

Short Message Service (SMS). A text messaging service component of phone,

web or mobile communication system, using communications protocols that allow the

exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices

RFID Section. Radio frequency identification uses electromagnetic fields to

automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically

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stored information. Passive tags are placed near to the reader as they collect energy

from a nearby Radio Frequency Identification reader's interrogating radio waves. Active

tags have a local power source such as a battery and may operate at hundreds of

meters from the RFID reader.

Radio Frequency Identification based attendance system. Enabled the school

administration to ensure only accredited people access the school premises.

Easy tracking. Radio Frequency Identification tags are developed in a way that

allows the user to easily track the students throughout the stay in school.

Smart classroom roll call system. This system has been proposed in order to

overcome the limitations of the traditional roll call system and the Radio Frequency

Identification roll call system, i.e; to make roll call for every student’s attendance easy.

Perceived usefulness. The degree to which a user believes that using the system

will enhance their safety and security.

Perceived ease of use. The degree to which a person believes that using a

particular system would be free of effort

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VII. LIMITATIONS AND DELIMATIONS OF THE STUDY

Radio Frequency Identification uses radio waves to spot a person or a thing. Use

of Radio Frequency Identification technology is safe, comfortable and secure and

majorly used by School Management Systems. Each student is given a unique Radio

Frequency Identification card to carry. Everything is automatic. Thus, when the student

passes by the monitoring system, or while getting on or down the bus, the time, location

and date are recorded and are sent to a secure database.

Though Radio Frequency Identification technology has already been applied

effectively, it has certain technological barriers that still need to be overcome to optimize

its application. Thus, the researchers’ limitations in this study were as follows:

Research is limited to Grade 11 of St. Joseph College ; therefore, the results

cannot be generalized for other schools.

Students used in this study are the random Grade 11 students of St. Joseph

College ; therefore, the results cannot be generalized to other grade levels athletes.

Researchers use semi-structured methods such as in-depth interviews and

participant observation in this study; therefore, the results may not be generalized to

other instruments that measure the safety and security of the students using Radio

Frequency Identification.

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 Limited diversity existed among the students; therefore, the results cannot be

generalized into other educational settings.

There were other variables present within the lives of the study participants that

influenced student’s safety and security productivity in the school setting.

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VIII. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research is a combination of five chapters that contains and elaborates

specific topics such as the Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results and

Discussion, Conclusion and Further Development that can be applied in this study.

Chapter 1 basically is an introduction of the project. In this chapter, the

discussion is all about the background and objectives of the project. The overall

overview of the entire project also will be discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 2 will be discussed about the literature review for the development of the

Student Attendance Using Radio Frequency Identification System. Everything related to

the project will be describe generally in this chapter.

Chapter 3 this chapter includes the research methodology of the research. In

more details, in this part the author outlines the research strategy, the research method,

the research approach, the methods of data collection, the selection of the sample, the

research process, the type of data analysis, and the ethical considerations.

Chapter 4 discusses all the results obtained and discussion of the research. The

main flow chart for this project will be explained briefly under this topic.

Chapter 5 discusses the conclusion and further development of the research.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Radio Frequency Identification

Radio Frequency Identification Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has had a

long history commencing with its utilization during the Second World War to its modern

usage. The basic architecture of Radio Frequency Identification itself consists of a tag,

reader and middleware to perform advanced analysis on the data which makes it

practical for use in many applications with beneficial outcomes. There are several

problems which arise when using the passive tags due to the nature of the system, in

particular, the amount of unreliable readings in the raw data. (Darcy, Stantic 2010)

Radio Frequency Identification Technology is a means of automatic identification

of objects using radio signals and provides improved data collection and handling

through greater accuracy, speeds and visibility. Radio Frequency Identification has the

potential to lower costs of inventory management, supply chain management and retail

checkouts. Neeley (2006) empirically demonstrated that organizational factors, inter-

organizational factors, technology-related factors influenced adoption of advanced

connective technology such as Radio Frequency Identification. Brown and Russell

(2007) investigated three contexts in the Radio Frequency Identification adoption status:

technological context (relative advantage, compatibility, complexity and cost),

organizational context Lee and Shim (2007) investigated the Radio Frequency

Identification, suggesting that performance gap, market uncertainty, vendor pressure

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and perceived benefits had a positive effect on likelihood of adopting Radio Frequency

Identification in the healthcare industry. Sharma (2007) added inter-organizational

factors to examine the Radio Frequency Identification implementation process. This

paper argued that Radio Frequency Identification can be viewed both as an internal as

well as an interorganizational tool. Schmitt et al. (2007) proposed compatibility, cost,

complexity, performance, top management support in the context of RFID adoption.

Radio Frequency Identification Adoption process The process of adoption of innovation

in organizations has been divided into a variety of phases. They suggest innovation

adoption as a process consisting of multiple stages: initiation stage, implementation

stage. Other studies presented the telecommunications technologies as a three-stage:

initiation, adoption and implementation. Initiation includes pressure to change and

gathering and evaluation of information culminating in the adoption stage. Adoption

involves the decision to commit resources to the innovation. The final stage,

implementation, includes development and installation activities to ensure that the

expected benefits of the innovation are realized and Sharma (2007) present the Radio

Frequency Identification implementation process as a three stage model with the

following stages: Radio Frequency Identification evaluation, Radio Frequency

Identification adoption decision, Radio Frequency Identification integration. Thus, this

study applied these existing theories from the adoption and diffusion literature to frame

or model of Radio Frequency Identification adoption on two stages: adoption stage and

implementation stage. In this study, adoption stage includes initiation and adoption

decision stage. Namely, in adoption stage, top organizational echelons decide to adopt

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the technology and allocate resources to it. In implementation stage, Radio Frequency

Identification is put into use by organizational members, clients or customers.

B. DEVELOPMENT OF Radio Frequency Identification

It’s generally said that the roots of radio frequency identification technology can be

traced back to World War II. The Germans, Japanese, Americans and British were all

using radar which had been discovered in 1935 by Scottish physicist Sir Robert

Alexander Watson-Watt to warn of approaching planes while they were still

miles away. The problem was there was no way to identify which planes belonged to the

enemy and which were a country’s own pilots returning from a mission.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) research and discovery began in

earnest in the 1970s. Radio Frequency Identification is commonly used to transmit

and receive information without wires. Radio Frequency Identification readers and

tags communicate through a distance using radio waves. There are a lot of

advantages in Radio Frequency Identification system, included their price, size,

memory capacity and their capability. The pure memory-based Radio Frequency

Identification chip without a co-processor is cheap, and its footprint is small and

usually use in car immobilizer applications where the IC has to fit in a tiny glass tube

buried in the key. Radio Frequency Identification fast processing speed is also

essential.

Advances in radar and RF communications systems continued through the

1950s and 1960s. Scientists and academics in the United States, Europe and Japan did

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research and presented papers explaining how RF energy could be used to identify

objects remotely. Companies began commercializing anti-theft systems that used radio

waves to determine whether an item had been paid for or not. Electronic article

surveillance tags, which are still used in packaging today, have a 1-bit tag. The bit is

either on or off. If someone pays for the item, the bit is turned off, and a person can

leave the store. But if the person doesn't pay and tries to walk out of the store, readers

at the door detect the tag and sound an alarm.

The first Radio Frequency Identification Patents Mario W. Cardullo claims to have

received the first U.S. patent for an active RFID tag with rewritable memory on January

23, 1973. That same year, Charles Walton, a California entrepreneur, received a patent

for a passive transponder used to unlock a door without a key. A card with an embedded

transponder communicated a signal to a reader near the door. When the reader

detected a valid identity number stored within the Radio Frequency Identification tag,

the reader unlocked the door. Walton licensed the technology to Schlage Lock of San

Francisco, a lock maker, and other companies.

Later, companies developed a low-frequency (125 kHz) system, featuring smaller

transponders. A transponder encapsulated in glass could be injected under the cows’

skin. This system is still used in cows around the world today. Lowfrequency

transponders were also put in cards and used to control the access to buildings.

Over time, companies commercialized 125 kHz systems and then moved up the

radio spectrum to high frequency (13.56 MHz), which was unregulated and unused in

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most parts of the world. High frequency offered greater range and faster data transfer

rates. Companies, particularly those in Europe, began using it to track reusable

containers and other assets. Today, 13.56 MHz Radio Frequency Identification systems

are used for access control, payment systems (Mobile Speedpass) and contactless

smart cards. They’re also used as an anti-theft device in cars. A reader in the steering

column reads the passive Radio Frequency Identification tag in the plastic housing

around the key. If it doesn’t get the ID number it is programmed to look for, the car won't

start.

In the early 1990s, IBM engineers developed and patented an ultra-high

frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification system. UHF offered longer read range

(up to 20 feet under good conditions) and faster data transfer. IBM did some early pilots

with Wal-Mart, but never commercialized this technology. When it ran into financial

trouble in the mid-1990s, IBM sold its patents to Intermec, a bar code systems provider.

Intermec Radio Frequency Identification systems have been installed in numerous

different applications, from warehouse tracking to farming. But the technology was

expensive at the time due to the low volume of sales and the lack of open, international

standards.

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C. RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION APLLICATIONS IN SCHOOL

Technology is all around us and school colleges are not exception to that. We are

moving towards a world of connected devices and it will be great to see how Radio

Frequency Identification for school will shape future education and Kids’ safety.

Though Radio Frequency Identification automation is very much in infancy, giants

like Siemens predicts Radio Frequency Identification will make a large impact. Tagging

school children with Radio Frequency Identification tags is uncommon but not new.

According to a survey in 2016, smart schools have already started using Radio

Frequency Identification technology to track school buses, for automating school

attendance by embedding Radio Frequency Identification chip student ID-Card, smart

payments for cafeteria, library automation and also to monitor locations and security

systems among other things.

Smart automatic attendance using Radio Frequency Identification chip is one of

possible and most common use of RFID for School. A Radio Frequency Identification

chip could be embedded in a student’s ID card, school bag or uniform and can be

tracked. To take it next level, multiple day to day activities like “how students move

through the school during the day, who do they study with? Who do they play with at

recess? If they are not crossing safe zones, if there are potential chances of eve

teasing, if children are in campus but missing in class, if teacher is there in class or not”.

Certainly Radio Frequency Identification system if implemented on such scale will

improve efficiency, accountability and security.

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 Other uses can be wearables like Radio Frequency Identification heat bands that

reports brain activities to a connected server or mobile app for further analysis and

analytics collected can be used by teachers for better student engagement and track

learning styles.

Radio Frequency Identification can eliminate the need of pocket money for students

as Id-Card embedded with Radio Frequency Identification chip can act as a wallet and

used for cafeteria payments. Parents can track eating habits of their children.

Radio Frequency Identification labels also replacing barcodes in school libraries as

Radio Frequency Identification integration can automate complete process combining

RFID label in Books, ID-Card and Anti-Theft RFID pillars. Radio Frequency Identification

school attendance might be another use case.

PERCEIVED OF RADIP FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION TO GRADE 11

 STUDENTS SECURITY OF

SAINT JOSEPH COLLEGE-OLONGAPO INC.

A Qualitative Reseach

Presented to the faculty of St. Joseph College-Olongapo Inc.

In partial fulfillment of the subject practical Researc 1

Delos Santos, Marcus Dre

Jardin, Ze-v

Valenzuela, Ardon Wyeth

Mendoza, Denise Paola Erin

Wiseman, Marjery

May Frances Posadas

Research Adviser