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Article history: In this paper, the flow past a circular cylinder with dimpled surface (the roughness coefficient k/D = 0.05,
Received 18 September 2014 k is the depth of the dimple hole, and D is the diameter of the cylinder) was investigated. The experiments
Received in revised form 30 May 2015 were conducted in an open water channel and the Reynolds number ranged from 7.43 103 to
Accepted 27 July 2015
1.798 104. Drag and lift forces on the cylinder were measured directly using a load cell. Two types of
Available online 30 July 2015
surface roughness were investigated, i.e., half dimpled and fully dimpled. The study revealed that the
cylinder covered with dimples uniformly over the total surface could produce a drag coefficient of about
Keywords:
90% of a smooth cylinder. On the other hand, the force coefficients (drag and lift) of the half dimpled
Flow control
Drag reduction
cylinder varied considerably, depending on the orientation of the dimpled surface with respect to the
Surface roughness incident flow. The flow field in the wake of the cylinder was measured using particle image velocimetry
Dimpled cylinder (PIV) technique, confirming that the dimpled surface could affect the strength of vortex shedding from
the cylinder.
Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Butt et al. [5] investigated the flow over cylinders with hexago-
nal dimples (k/D = 1.98 102) in a subsonic wind tunnel over the
Effective control of flow separation and wake in the lee of a range Re = 3.14 104–2.77 105. Their results showed that the
cylinder and hence the reduction of drag and lift is an important dimpled cylinder could achieve a drag coefficient of about
theme in many engineering applications. The mechanism of drag 0.65 times of a smooth one.
reduction due to surface roughness is thought to be caused by However, we are not aware of any reported study on flow past a
the transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer. Flow over cylinder with this type of dimpled surface (fully or partially cov-
a rough surface is known to display an early transition to turbu- ered dimple patterns). In this study, the characteristics of eight dif-
lence, which means that a rough cylinder may have a lower drag ferent types of dimpled pattern were investigated. The findings of
coefficient than a smooth cylinder at a certain range of Reynolds this paper would serve to produce better understanding of the
numbers [3]. Different types of roughness pattern have been con- dynamic forces (drag and lift) on the cylinder with dimpled rough
sidered by previous researchers, for example dimples and grooves surface.
[2,3], surface trip wire [9,14], roughness strips [10], dimples [4,12],
grooves [8,7,13], helical strakes [18], screened surface [11], and
2. Experimental set-up
periodic blowing and suction [6], among others.
These studies brought to light the fact that hydrodynamic forces
Comprehensive measurements were conducted in an open
on a cylinder could be modified through introduction of pertinent
channel located at the Maritime Research Centre, Nanyang
roughness patterns. For example, Bearman and Harvey [4] demon-
Technological University to investigate the complex non-linear
strated that the dimpled surface can have a substantial effect in
flow phenomena in the wake of the cylinders. The re-circulating
reducing drag on the cylinder over Reynolds number range from
open channel was 6 m long with a rectangular cross section of
Re = 2 104 to 3 105 (where Re ¼ DU=v , in which D is the diam-
0.3 m 0.4 m (width height). The bottom and the two side walls
eter of the cylinder, U is the flow velocity and v is the kinematic
of the test section were made of glass to facilitate optical access.
viscosity). The dimpled surface was made of twelve equally spaced
The streamwise turbulence intensity in the free stream was found
dimples (k/D = 0.9 102) machined around the circumference of
to be low such that it was below 2%. Particle Imaging Velocimetry
the cylinder.
(PIV) technique was used to measure flow around the cylinder
with or without dimples. The PIV system had a double cavity
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +65 97438252; fax: +65 67906620. Nd:YAG laser light sheet at 532 nm wavelength (Litron model,
E-mail address: zhoubo@ntu.edu.sg (B. Zhou). power 135 mJ per pulse, duration 5 ns). 1050 instantaneous
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.07.020
0894-1777/Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
20 B. Zhou et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 69 (2015) 19–26
flow fields were obtained for each case at the frequency of 15 Hz. [16]. The coordinates x, y and z denote the streamwise, transverse
More details of the open channel could be found in Wang and and spanwise directions, respectively. In the present test, the
Tan [17] and Zhou et al. [19]. free-stream velocity (Ue) was set as 0.18, 0.29, 0.37 and 0.45 m/s,
The test circular cylinders were made of initially smooth, solid corresponding to Re = 7.43 103, 1.179 104, 1.479 104 and
perspex rod with a constant diameter of D = 40 mm. Dimple pat- 1.798 104, respectively. This Re range is quite common used for
terns were later milled on the cylindrical surface as roughness ele- engineering applications, such as offshore or in-land structures.
ments. The design picture of the dimpled cylinders is shown in The lists of test cases are shown in Table 1.
Fig. 1. Model A corresponded to the cylinder with one half of its A platform was used to affix the test cylinder at its top end, as
exterior surface covered with dimples. Model B was fully covered shown in Fig. 3. A piezoelectric three-axis load cell (Kistler model)
with dimples. The dimples were laid out in checker fashion with was mounted on the platform, and was used to measure the inte-
two dimple densities, i.e., sparse and dense with 16 and 32 dimples gral lift and drag forces on the cylinder. In this way, the dynamic
along the circumference, respectively. The diameter (d) and depth drag (FD) and lift (FL) forces acting on the cylinder could be mea-
(k) of the dimples were 4 mm (d/D = 0.1D) and 2 mm (k/D = 0.05), sured directly. The mean and root-mean-square (r.m.s.) values of
respectively. The center-to-center spanwise distance between the drag coefficient CD (¼ F D =0:5qU 2e A, where q is fluid density
dimples was 8 mm (0.2D). Fig. 1 shows detailed dimensions of and A is the projected frontal area) and lift coefficient CL
the dimpled cylinders. The test cylinders in the experiment are (¼ F L =0:5qU 2e A) were deduced from the measurements, which are
shown in Fig. 2. the main load parameters for engineering applications. Through a
The length of the cylinders was 400 mm, leading to an aspect number of repeated experiments on the smooth cylinder, the
ratio length-to-diameter of 10. This aspect ratio was considered uncertainty in the mean drag coefficient was found to be within
large enough to ensure a 2D flow in the near wake of the cylinder 1%.
Fig. 1. Schematics of the cross-sectional and side views of the dimple cylinders (dimensions are in mm).
B. Zhou et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 69 (2015) 19–26 21
Fig. 2. Photographs of the test cylinder(s) with (a) different types of roughness elements (dimples) (b) sparse checker dimple pattern (c) dense checker dimple pattern.
Table 1
The covered test cases.
2 Dimple full DF
Fig. 4. Time history of the instantaneous lift and drag coefficients for the smooth and dimpled cylinders at Re = 1.798 104.
shows the computed power spectra for the smooth, ‘‘dimple full’’ values for the DHF cylinder are about 14% lower than that of the
(DF), ‘‘dimple half forward’’ (DHF), and ‘‘dimple half backward’’ smooth cylinder.
(DHB). It can be observed that there is always a distinct and defi- At Re = 1.179 104, the difference in C D value for DDHB and
nite peak at about Strouhal number St = 0.18 (St ¼ fD=U e , f is the DDHF is about 22%. The lowest value of C D is observed for the
peak frequency), which corresponds to that for periodic vortex
DHF cylinder at Re = 7.43 103 with ðC D Þmin 0.9, whereas the lar-
shedding from the cylinder [15].
gest value of C D is observed for the DDHB cylinder at
The peak corresponding to the vortex shedding frequency is dif-
ferent over the covered test cases. Normally the peak value of the Re = 1.179 104 with ðC D Þmax 1.3. It could be deduced that the
smooth cylinder is larger than that of the dimpled cylinders at the effect of the orientation of the dimpled surface is significant.
same Reynolds number. For example, at Re = 1.798 104, the peak This discrepancy might be explained as follows. The drag on a
value of the smooth cylinder is 0.00512, whereas those of the DF, smooth cylinder is dominated by the form (or pressure) compo-
DHF and DHB cylinders are 0.00126, 0.00124 and 0.0013, respec- nent, which contributes more than 98% of the total drag, whereas
tively. The lower amplitude of the spectral peak for DF, DHF and the skin friction (or viscous) component is responsible for the
DHB cases indicates that the strength of vortex shedding becomes remaining 1–2%, see Achenbach [1,2]. For a rough cylinder, on
weaker due to the presence of dimpled surface. the other hand, both the form and friction drags are significant
Fig. 6 shows the variation of C D as a function of Re for the and neither components can be neglected, see Sumer and
Fredsøe [15]. However, considering the fact that with further
smooth and dimpled cylinders. The C D value of the smooth cylinder
increases slightly with Re, but is in the neighbourhood of 1.1. In increase in Re the total drag coefficient C D of the rough cylinders
is lower than that of the smooth counterpart, the form drag of
comparison, for the fully dimpled cylinders (DF or DDF), the C D val-
the rough cylinders must have been reduced significantly. One pos-
ues (about 0.95) are significantly lower than those of the smooth
sibility is that the presence of the surface roughness would lead to
cylinder over the Re range considered. For the half dimpled cylin-
early transition of the separated boundary layer causing it to
ders, on the other hand, the C D values vary with the orientation
achieve a turbulent state and reattach to the body. This might also
of the dimpled surface with respect to the incident flow. When
explain why the orientation of the half dimpled surface has such an
the dimpled surface is located at the lee side of the cylinder, i.e.,
effect on the drag force. When the half dimpled surface faces the
DDHB or DHB, the C D values are closer to or even higher than that incident flow, it will help to lead to the early transition of the sep-
of the smooth cylinder. When the rough surface is orthogonal to arated boundary layer. When it faces backward, by contrast, it will
the incident flow, i.e., DDHS or DHS, the C D values are less than that not help to reduce the drag force, but increase the friction force. As
of the smooth cylinder, but higher than the fully dimpled case (DF
a consequence, the C D value for the half dimpled cylinder attains
or DDF). In the case when the rough surface faces the incident flow,
the minimum and maximum values when the dimpled surface is
i.e., DDHF or DHF, the C D values are significantly lower than those orientated upstream and downstream, respectively.
of the smooth cylinder, and are close to that for the fully dimpled For the same dimple design (k/D = 0.05), the numbers of dim-
cylinders (DF or DDF). For example, at Re = 1.798 104, the C D ples is expected to produce significant impact on the mean drag
B. Zhou et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 69 (2015) 19–26 23
Fig. 5. Power spectra of fluctuating lift coefficient of the cylinder at different Reynolds numbers: (a) Smooth; (b) DF; (c) DHF; and (d) DHB.
Fig. 8. Representative snapshots of the instantaneous vector plot (superimposed with contours of spanwise vorticity) for the smooth and dimpled cylinders at
Re = 1.798 104: (a) t = 0 s; (b) t = 2/15 s; and (c) t = 4/15 s.
B. Zhou et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 69 (2015) 19–26 25
2 of the cylinder at Re = 1.798 104 (a) smooth; (b) DF; (c) DHF; and (d) DHB.
Fig. 9. Distributions of the normalized turbulent kinetic energy k=U e
and strength of vortex shedding. Fig. 10 shows the amplitude spec- acknowledged. The authors also wish to thank the anonymous
tra of v for both the smooth and dimpled (DF, DHF and DHB) cylin- reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments to improve
ders at Re = 1.798 104. There is an obvious peaks at about the quality of the paper.
St = 0.18 for the smooth cylinder, which is in good agreement with
the literature as well as the results in Fig. 5, implying that the References
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(CRP, NRF-CRP5-2009-01) on this project is gratefully