Indicadores Emocionales Del DFH y Su Relacion Con El Motivo de Consulta en Niños

Anuario de Investigaciones
ISSN: 0329-5885
anuario@psi.uba.ar
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Argentina
López, Lucila; Luchetti, Yanina; Brizzio, Analía

INDICADORES EMOCIONALES DEL DFH Y SU RELACIÓN CON LOS MOTIVOS DE
CONSULTA PSICOLÓGICA EN NIÑOS
Anuario de Investigaciones, vol. XX, 2013, pp. 369-376
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=369139949077
Cómo citar el artículo

Número completo
Sistema de Información Científica
Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal
Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto
FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA - UBA / SECRETARÍA DE INVESTIGACIONES / ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIONES / VOLUMEN XX
INDICADORES EMOCIONALES DEL DFH Y SU RELACIÓN

CON LOS MOTIVOS DE CONSULTA PSICOLÓGICA EN NIÑOS
EMOTIONAL INDICATORS OF THE HFD AND ITS RELATION WITH
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REASONS FOR CONSULTATION IN CHILDREN
/ySH]/XFLOD

; < = > ? < @ K L = M ; K N M
/RV,QGLFDGRUHVHPRFLRQDOHV,(VGHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD 7KH(PRWLRQDO,QGLFDWRUV(,RIWKH+XPDQ)LJXUH'UDZLQJ

+XPDQDSRVWXODGRVSRU.RSSLW]VRQDPSOLDPHQWH SRVWXODWHGE\.RSSLW]DUHZLGHO\XVHGLQFOLQLFDO
XWLOL]DGRVHQORViPELWRVFOtQLFRV\HGXFDWLYRVHQQXHVWUR DQGHGXFDWLRQDOVHUYLFHVLQRXUFRXQWU\IRUSV\FKRORJLFDO
SDtVSDUDODH[SORUDFLyQSVLFROyJLFDGHSREODFLyQLQIDQWLO H[SORUDWLRQRIFKLOGUHQ7KHVHLQGLFDWRUVSURYLGHLQIRUPD
LQIRUPD
(VWRVLQGLFDGRUHVEULQGDQLQIRUPDFLyQDFHUFDGHODVDQVLH WLRQDERXWWKHDQ[LHWLHVDWWLWXGHVDQGFRQFHUQVRIFKLO
GDGHVDFWLWXGHV\SUHRFXSDFLRQHVGHORVQLxRV.RSSLW] .RSSLW]7KHSUHVHQWVWXG\DLPVWRREVHUYH
O E I P
(QHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLRVHHYDO~DQHVWRV,(VHQORV WKHEHKDYLRURIWKHVH,(VLQFKLOGUHQEHWZHHQDQG

JUi¿FRVGHQLxRVGHHQWUH\DxRVTXHDVLVWHQDFRQ \HDUVZKRZHUHDWWHQGHGLQSXEOLFRUSULYDWHSV\FKRORJLFDO
VXOWDSVLFROyJLFDHQORViPELWRVS~EOLFRV\SULYDGRVFRQHO FRQVXOWDWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHPRVWIUHTXHQWUHDVRQVIRU
REMHWRGHUHOHYDUVLVHHYLGHQFLDUHODFLyQFRQORVPRWLYRV FRQVXOWDWLRQ LQ WKLV DJH JURXS $QDO\VLV RI WKH UHVXOWV
GHFRQVXOWDPiVIUHFXHQWHVHQHVWDIUDQMDHWDULD'HODQi VKRZV WKDW WKHUH DUH ,(V ZKLFK DSSHDU PRUH RIWHQ LQ
OLVLVGHORVUHVXOWDGRVVHYHUL¿FDTXHODSUHVHQFLDGHDOJX FKLOGUHQZLWKOHDUQLQJGLI¿FXOWLHVDQGEHKDYLRUDOSUREOHPV
QRV,(VVHREVHUYDFRQPiVIUHFXHQFLDHQQLxRVFRQGL¿
FXOWDGHVHQHODSUHQGL]DMH\SUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWD .H\ZRUGV
J
+)'(PRWLRQDO,QGLFDWRUV(PRWLRQDO3UREOHPV/HDU
QLQJGLI¿FXOWLHV%HKDYLRUDOSUREOHPV
A B C B D E B F G C B H I J
')+,QGLFDGRUHV(PRFLRQDOHV3UREOHPDVHPRFLRQDOHV
'L¿FXOWDGHVHQHODSUHQGL]DMH3UREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWD
/LFHQFLDGDHQ3VLFRORJtD,QYHVWLJDGRUDHQIRUPDFLyQ3URJUDPD352,136,8%$'RFHQWH8QLYHUVLGDG%XHQRV$LUHV(PDLOOXFLODORSH]#

! " #
$
% & # ( ) * & # ) # ) / 0 ! 1 ) 2 ! ! ( 6 # * " " & # ( # ( 6 # * " " " # # ( * # *
' + , ' ' - ' . - 3 4 5 + ' 7 ' 3 4 5 8 . 9 - 3 ' 4 : 5 '
DE LA PÁGINA 369 A LA 376 369

INDICADORES EMOCIONALES DEL DFH Y SU RELACIÓN CON LOS MOTIVOS DE CONSULTA PSICOLÓGICA EN NIÑOS
EMOTIONAL INDICATORS OF THE HFD AND ITS RELATION WITH THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REASONS FOR CONSULTATION IN CHILDREN
SUREOHPiWLFDV\HOiPELWRHGXFDWLYRQRHVWDQGLUHFWDFRPR
Q R S @ M ; T U > N N S V @
HQODVDQWHULRUPHQWHPHQFLRQDGDVGLVWLQWDVLQYHVWLJDFLR
U W X Y Z [ \ X ] W ^ _ X ` a b ^ \ c \ W d W ^ a Y e _ \ ] W ^ Y a \ d X f ^ g Y _ \ h
QHVUH¿HUHQTXHHVWDVGL¿FXOWDGHVWUDHQDSDUHMDGDVLQFRQ
f d d ` i \
&XDQGRVHWUDEDMDFRQSUREOHPiWLFDVTXHDWDxHQDOFDPSR YHQLHQWHVHQODDGTXLVLyQ\FRQVROLGDFLyQGHDSUHQGL]DMHV
GHODLQIDQFLDHVIXQGDPHQWDOTXHHOSURIHVLRQDOTXHGH DVtFRPRSUREOHPDVDQLYHOFRQGXFWXDO$3$+D
HOODVVHRFXSHFXHQWHFRQXQDSUHSDUDFLyQHVSHFt¿FD\XQD PULQ 3DFKOHU7LHOVFK -DFNVRQ$OOHQ
IRUPDFLyQPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUTXHHQWUHRWUDVFXHVWLRQHVOH 6LVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHORVQLxRVQRVLHPSUHXWLOL]DQOD
SHUPLWDGLVFULPLQDUHQWUHODVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVGHORVQLxRV SDODEUDSDUDH[SUHVDUVXVVHQWLPLHQWRV\SUHRFXSDFLRQHV
TXHVHDQSURSLDVGHODHGDG\DTXHOODVTXHGHEDQVHULQWHU HVHOSURIHVLRQDOHOTXHGHEHUiJHQHUDUQRVyORHOHVSDFLR
SUHWDGDVFRQYDORUGLDJQyVWLFR)RUQVL6DQWDFDQD VLQRODVKHUUDPLHQWDVQHFHVDULDVSDUDSRGHULGHQWL¿FDUOD
(OORHVDVtDWHQWRDTXHORVVXMHWRVFRQORVFXDOHVVHHVWi SUREOHPiWLFD &D\VVLDOV 0XUSK\ 'H HVWD
WUDEDMDGRVHHQFXHQWUDQHQSURFHVRGHFRQVWLWXFLyQ\GH PDQHUDHVHOGLEXMRXQRGHORVPHGLRVDWUDYpVGHOFXDO
VDUUROORORFXDOHYLGHQWHHLQHYLWDEOHPHQWHORVVLW~DFRQ HOORVSXHGHQUHSUHVHQWDUVXVHVWDGRVGHiQLPRVXVQHFH
QHFHVLGDGHV\SDUWLFXODULGDGHVGLIHUHQWHVDODVTXHSXHGHQ VLGDGHV \ HPRFLRQHV %UHFKHW %DOG\ 3LFDUG
SUHVHQWDUVHHQHOWUDEDMRFRQORVDGXOWRV 0DF'RQDOG.LUNSDWULFN 6XOOLYDQ6RODQR0RVTXH
(VSRUHOORTXHHOFRQWDUFRQKHUUDPLHQWDVGHH[SORUDFLyQ UD <pSH].XUL3RUORWDQWRHVWDVSURGXFFLRQHV
SVLFROyJLFDEUHYHVVHQFLOODV\VHQVLEOHVTXHVHDGHFXHQ SRGUtDQVHUXWLOL]DGDVFRPRXQPRGRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQFRQ
DHVWDSREODFLyQ\TXHOHSHUPLWDQDOSVLFyORJRHIHFWXDU HOORV\XQPDWHULDOGHSRVLEOHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQSVLFROyJLFD
XQUDVWULOODMHTXHGHWHFWHLQGLFLRVGHSRVLEOHSUREOHPiWLFD 'ULHVVQDFN*URVV +D\QH0DFKRYHU
HPRFLRQDOUHVXOWDIXQGDPHQWDO\PiVD~QHQDTXHOORV :HLQOH:HVVRQ 6DOPRQ
iPELWRVGHGHVHPSHxRHQORVTXHVHDVLVWHRDVHVRUDD 6HUtDHQWRQFHVGHJUDQXWLOLGDGSDUDHOSVLFyORJRTXHVH
SREODFLRQHVGHDPSOLDPDJQLWXGFRPRRFXUUHHQODHVIH GHVHPSHxDFRQHVWDSREODFLyQKDOODUXQDWpFQLFDTXH
UDGHODDWHQFLyQFOtQLFDS~EOLFD\HOJDELQHWHSVLFROyJLFR EDVDGDHQHOGLEXMRSHUPLWDUHDOL]DULQIHUHQFLDVVREUHHO
HQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHGXFDWLYDV-XVWDPHQWHHVHQHVWD HVWDGRHPRFLRQDOGHORVQLxRV(VHQUHODFLyQFRQHVWDV
IUDQMDHWDULDGRQGHODYLQFXODFLyQHQWUHODLQVWLWXFLyQFOt FXHVWLRQHVTXHHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD+XPDQD')+KD
UHFLELGRXQDHVSHFLDODWHQFLyQ
P j G B k I O l G B m j H B E I F l C m B j n o E I F G j P O j D C I o B E B I C m E B m B n j I P
WRLQWHJUDOGHOQLxR6DWWOHU
(QHVWHVHQWLGRVRQGLYHUVRVORVHVWXGLRVTXHLQIRUPDQ
< ^ U p q a \ e \ r W h h Y e ` W d g Y ] W W s _ ^ \ h Y a ` b d _ X ` a \ ^ b c ` a Y
TXHORVPRWLYRVGHFRQVXOWDPiVIUHFXHQWHVHQQLxRVHQ
W d d ` i \ X
HGDGHVFRODUHQWUHORV\ORVDxRVVRQORVSUREOHPDV (O7HVWGHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD+XPDQD')+GHVDUUROOD

GHDSUHQGL]DMH\ORVSUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWD$OiH])HU GRSRU*RRGHQRXJK\UHYLVDGRSRU+DUULV
QiQGH]0DUWtQH]$ULDV\5RGUtJXH]6XWLO*D\'tD] HVDPSOLDPHQWHXWLOL]DGRHQQXHVWURSDtV\HQHOUHVWRGHO
)ULG*RQ]iOH] 2OLYLHUL6DPDQLHJR5HV PXQGRWDQWRHQiPELWRVFOtQLFRVFRPRHGXFDWLYRV\DVHD
SHFWRDOSULPHURGHHOORVHOLQLFLRGHODHVFRODULGDGSULPD SDUDHYDOXDUDVSHFWRV &DVXOOR t u v w x u y z { | } ~ { | w y z { | }
ULDXELFDGDHQQXHVWURFRQWH[WRDSDUWLUGHORVDxRV *RRGHQRXJK +DUULV .RSSLW]

PDUFDHQHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRHOFRPLHQ]RGHORVDSUHQ :HFKVOHU | z y z { | } ~ z y y w u }
GL]DMHV VLVWHPiWLFRV 3RU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SURSLDV GH .RSSLW]1DJOLHUL0F1HLVK %DUGRV t |
HVWHQLYHOHVFRODU\SRUORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVTXHHVWHDSUHQ 0DFKRYHU+DPPHU.RSSLW]
z | u }
GL]DMHLPSOLFDHVTXHPXFKDVYHFHVVHSRQHQGHPDQL \RSVLFRSDWROyJLFRV'L/HR/XNDVK0DO

¿HVWRGL¿FXOWDGHVTXHDQWHVSRGUtDQKDEHUWUDQVFXUULGRGH FKLRGL
PDQHUDVRODSDGD\RLQYLVLELOL]DGD'HYDO(VWRV 'HQWURGHORVWUDEDMRVTXHVHKDQUHDOL]DGRVREUHHVWDWH
DSUHQGL]DMHVDGHPiVQRVyORVHUH¿HUHQDORVFRQWHQLGRV PiWLFDVRQGHGHVWDFDUORVDSRUWHVUHDOL]DGRVSRU(OL]D
FXUULFXODUHVTXHVHLPSDUWHQDSUHQGL]DMHGHODOHFWRHVFUL EHWK.RSSLW]DTXLHQHVWDEOHFLyTXHHO
WXUDGHODVQRFLRQHVPDWHPiWLFDVEiVLFDVHMHUFLFLRGHO ')+SRGtDVHUDQDOL]DGRHQEDVHDSRUORPHQRVGRV
SHQVDPLHQWRDQDOtWLFR\DEVWUDFWRHWFVLQRWDPELpQDODV FULWHULRVGLIHUHQWHV(OSULPHURGHHOORVKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOD
QRUPDVVRFLDOHVTXHLQYROXFUDQHOSHUWHQHFHUDXQDLQVWL
I O B O k P j H I C O I n B O l E B G j P k I F m B D C I G I l P B F I E j I O I
v z
WXFLyQHGXFDWLYD6RUtQ'HHVWDPDQHUDHVTXH u TXHVHREVHUYDQHQORVGLEXMRV(OVH

v | x } { | w y z { | }
WDPELpQHQODHGDGHVFRODUVHSXHGHQHYLGHQFLDUSUREOH JXQGRUH¿HUHDODVDQVLHGDGHVSUHRFXSDFLRQHV\DFWLWXGHV
PiWLFDV TXH DWDxHQ DO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR \ OD DGDSWDFLyQ DORVTXHGDHQOODPDU (V

v z u v | x } t | z | u } }
TXHVHUHTXLHUHQSDUDWUDQVFXUULUSRUHVWDHWDSDHYROXWLYD WRV~OWLPRVVRQGH¿QLGRVSRUODDXWRUDFRPRVLJQRVREMH
ODFXDOVHHQFXHQWUDHQHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQFRQODLQVWLWXFLyQ WLYRVHQHO')+TXHGL¿HUHQGHORVSULPHURVGDGRTXHQR
HGXFDWLYD FRQVWLWX\pQGRVH ORV SUREOHPDV GH FRQGXFWD HVWiQUHODFLRQDGRVSULPDULDPHQWHFRQODHGDG\PDGXUD
FRPRRWURGHORVPRWLYRVGHFRQVXOWDPiVIUHFXHQWHVHQ FLyQGHOQLxR$VLPLVPRHVSHFL¿FDTXHGHEHQSRGHUFXP
HOWUDEDMRFOtQLFRFRQQLxRVGHHVWDHGDG SOLUWUHVFULWHULRVDVDEHUSRGHUGLIHUHQFLDUORV')+GHQL
$VLPLVPRRWURVWUDEDMRVSODQWHDQTXHORVWUDVWRUQRVHQHO xRVFRQSUREOHPDVHPRFLRQDOHVGHORVTXHQRORVWLHQHQ
HVWDGRGHiQLPR\DQVLHGDG\ORVSUREOHPDVFRQHOJUXSR } \GDUVHFRQHVFDVDIUHFXHQFLDHQORV')+GH
x z w } w u }
SULPDULRGHDSR\RIDPLOLD\KHUPDQRVWDPELpQVRQPRWLYRV ORVQLxRVQRUPDOHVTXHQRFRQVXOWDQSRUSUREOHPiWLFDVGH

IUHFXHQWHVHQODFRQVXOWDSRUQLxRVGHHVWDHGDG%UL]]LR tQGROHHPRFLRQDO\SRU~OWLPR | } y u x x u z | u v | } |
/ySH] /XFKHWWL<VLELHQODUHODFLyQHQWUHHVWDV ODHGDG\ODPDGXUDFLyQ.RSSLW]
370 DE LA PÁGINA 369 A LA 376

7RPDQGRFRPREDVHVXSURSLDWUD\HFWRULDFOtQLFD\ORV &RPRVHUHVHxDKDVWDDTXtVRQQXPHURVRVORVWUDEDMRV
WUDEDMRVSULQFLSDOPHQWHGH0DFKRYHU\+DPPHU TXHVHRFXSDQGHHYDOXDU\UHYLVDUODH¿FDFLDGHODWpFQL
ODDXWRUDSURSRQHXQOLVWDGRGHWUHLQWDVLJQRVRE FDSDUDGHWHFFLyQGHSUREOHPiWLFDHPRFLRQDOFRQVLGH
MHWLYRV TXH FXPSOLUtDQ HVWRV WUHV VXSXHVWRV TXH VLUYHQ UDQGR UHOHYDQWH HO SRGHU FRQWLQXDU LQGDJDQGR VREUH OD
FRPRLQGLFDGRUHVGHSHUWXUEDFLyQHPRFLRQDO\GHVDUUR SRWHQFLDOLGDGGHO')+FRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGHH[SORUDFLyQ
OODXQDSRVLEOHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQFOtQLFDGHODSUHVHQFLDGH SVLFROyJLFDGDGDODDPSOLDGLIXVLyQGHOXVRGHODWpFQLFD
pVWRV6HJ~QVXVHVWXGLRVQRUPDWLYRVODSUHVHQFLDGH WDQWRHQHOiPELWRFOtQLFRFRPRHGXFDWLYR
GRVRPiVLQGLFDGRUHVHPRFLRQDOHVHQXQ')+SRGUtDVHU 3RUORH[SXHVWRKDVWDDTXtVHSODQWHDFRPRREMHWLYRGH
VXJHUHQWHGHSUREOHPDVHPRFLRQDOHVHQHOQLxR.RSSLW] HVWHWUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHOSRGHUYHUL¿FDUVLH[LVWH
D UHODFLyQHQWUHODSUHVHQFLDGHORV,QGLFDGRUHV(PRFLR
$SDUWLUGHODSXEOLFDFLyQGHHVWRVHVWXGLRVODYDOLGH]\ QDOHV GHO ')+ \ ORV PRWLYRV GH FRQVXOWD PD\RUPHQWH
H¿FDFLDGHO')+\VXV,(VKDVLGRVRPHWLGDDSUXHEDSRU REVHUYDGRVHQSREODFLyQTXHDVLVWHDGLVSRVLWLYRVS~EOL
GLVWLQWDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DOUHGHGRU GH WRGR HO PXQGR FRV\SULYDGRVGHDWHQFLyQSVLFROyJLFDHQHOÈUHD0HWUR
'HQWURGHHOODVH[LVWHQSRUXQODGRWUDEDMRVTXHVHRFX SROLWDQDGH%XHQRV$LUHV$VLPLVPRVHSUHWHQGHHYDOXDU
SDURQGHUHSOLFDUORVHVWXGLRVGHYDOLGDFLyQGHORV,(V\ VLH[LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVHVWDGtVWLFDPHQWHVLJQL¿FDWLYDVHQ
TXHREWXYLHURQUHVXOWDGRVTXHGLIHUtDQHQSDUWHGHORVGH ODFDQWLGDGGH,(VSUHVHQWHVHQORVJUi¿FRVGHORVQLxRV
ODDXWRUD+LEEDUG\+DUWPDQREVHUYDURQTXHDOJX TXH FRQVXOWDQ D GLVSRVLWLYRV DPEXODWRULRV GH DWHQFLyQ
QRVVLJQRVHPRFLRQDOHVDSDUHFtDQFRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLD SVLFROyJLFDVHJ~QFDGDXQRGHORV PRWLYRVUHOHYDGRV
GHORHVSHUDGRHQQLxRV\QLxDVQRUPDOHV5HVXOWDGRV 3RU~OWLPRVHDQDOL]DODUHODFLyQGHORV,(VFRQYDULDEOHV
VLPLODUHVREWXYLHURQ%DUURVH,VRQDOFRQVWDWDUTXH VRFLRGHPRJUi¿FDVFRPRHOVH[R\ODHGDG7RGRVHVWRV
LQGLFDGRUHVTXHVHVXSRQtDGHEtDQVHULQXVXDOHVVHRE SURSyVLWRV FRQ OD SUHWHQVLyQ GH SURYHHU GDWRV ORFDOHV
VHUYDEDQFRQVLPLODUIUHFXHQFLDWDQWRHQQLxRVFRQSHU TXHHVWpQDOVHUYLFLRGHXQDDGHFXDGDLGHQWL¿FDFLyQGH
WXUEDFLyQFRPRHQDTXHOORVVLQHVDFRQGLFLyQ$VXYH] LQGLFDGRUHVHQORVGLEXMRVGHORVQLxRV(VWHWUDEDMRIRUPD
HQXQHVWXGLRSUHYLRDOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRQRVHHQFRQWUD SDUWHGHOSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ } y w v z | | x t u y z { |
URQGLIHUHQFLDVGHVLJQL¿FDFLyQHQODFDQWLGDGGHLQGLFD GH9DOLGDFLyQ&OtQLFDGHORV,QGLFDGRUHV(PRFLRQDOHVGHO
GRUHVHPRFLRQDOHVSUHVHQWHVHQHO')+GHQLxRVGHOD 7HVWGHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD+XPDQDHQPDUFDGRHQHO
&LXGDG GH %XHQRV $LUHV \ &RQXUEDQR DO FRPSDUDU XQ 3URJUDPDGH)RPHQWRDOD,QYHVWLJDFLyQGHOD)DFXOWDG
JUXSRGHQLxRVHQFRQVXOWDSVLFROyJLFDDPEXODWRULDSRU GH3VLFRORJtD352,136,
SUREOHPiWLFDVGHtQGROHHPRFLRQDOFRQXQJUXSRGHSR
EODFLyQJHQHUDO%UL]]LR/ySH])UHLEHUJ*ULOOR/XFKHWWL
R ? M T U T
'$PHOLR2WURWUDEDMRUHVSDOGDHOXVRGHO')+ WUDQVYHUVDOGHVFULSWLYRGHGLIHUHQ

R Q R M ` _ \ ] W W X g f ] ` \
SDUDODHYDOXDFLyQGHOQLYHOFRJQLWLYRHQQLxRVSHURDGYLHU FLDGHJUXSRV
WHVREUHVXH¿FDFLDSDUDODHYDOXDFLyQGHOGHVDUUROORVR
R R Y h g ` a ` _ Y d g W X
FLRHPRFLRQDO /DDN GH *RHGH $OHYD 9DQ 5LMVZLMN

U W X a h ` _ a ` b d ] W ^ Y e f W X g h Y
6RODQR0RVTXHUD\<pSH].XULFXHVWLRQDQ 6HHPSOHyXQPXHVWUHRLQWHQFLRQDOVLPSOH3DUWLFLSDURQGH

VXXWLOLGDGFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDDX[LOLDUHQHOGLDJQyVWLFRGH ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQQLxRVQLxRV\QLxDV
SDWRORJtDVSVLTXLiWULFDVLQIDQWLOHV UHVLGHQWHVHQHOÈUHD0HWURSROLWDQD&LXGDG$XWyQRPDGH
6LQHPEDUJRRWUDVOtQHDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQVtREWXYLHURQ %XHQRV$LUHV\*UDQ%XHQRV$LUHVTXHDOPRPHQWRGHOD
UHVXOWDGRVTXHFRQ¿UPDQODVSRVWXODFLRQHVGH.RSSLW] DGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD+XPDQD')+HV
YHUL¿FDQGRODXWLOLGDGGHDOJXQRVGHORV,(V WDEDQUHDOL]DQGRHQWUHYLVWDVGHFRQVXOWDSVLFROyJLFDDP
SURSXHVWRV SRU OD DXWRUD DVt FRPR HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV EXODWRULD\DVHDHQHOiPELWRSULYDGRQ FRPR
DJUHJDQGRLQGLFDGRUHVQXHYRV0DJDQWR *DUDLJRUGR HQHOiPELWRGHDWHQFLyQS~EOLFDQ (OUDQJRGH
ELO1DJOLHUL0F1HLVK %DUGRV3DFN HGDGRVFLOyHQWUHORV\ORVDxRV0HGLD '(
PDQHWDO5HVSHFWRGHORVPRWLYRVTXHSRGUtDQ (QOD7DEODVHGHWDOODQORVYDORUHVGHIUHFXHQFLD\

OOHYDUDORVQLxRVDFRQVXOWDSVLFROyJLFD/HYLQ\&RQWLQL SRUFHQWDMHSRUFDGDJUXSRGHHGDG
GH*yQ]DOH]GHWHUPLQDURQODH[LVWHQFLDGHDVR
FLDFLyQHQWUHDOJXQRV,(V\ODSUHVHQFLDGHWUDVWRUQRVHQ
M Y ^ Y Q R p h W a f W d a ` Y X \ h a W d g Y W X ] W Y h ` Y ^ W < ] Y ]
HODSUHQGL]DMHGHODHVFULWXUDHQQLxRV$VLPLVPR/HyQ ¡ ¢ £
9i]TXH]\&DVWDxHGD&KDQJKDOODURQTXHFLHUWRV

¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨
VLJQRVHPRFLRQDOHVSHUPLWtDQGLIHUHQFLDUSURWRFRORVGH

¥ ¦ § ¨
©
QLxRVFRQSUREOHPDVGHPDOWUDWRHQVXJUXSRSULPDULR
3RU~OWLPRWRPDQGRHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQYDULDEOHVVRFLRGH
ª ¥ ¦ § ¨
PRJUD¿FDVRWURVHVWXGLRVLQIRUPDQPD\RUFDQWLGDGGH
« ¥ ¦ § ¨
,(VSUHVHQWHVHQORVGLEXMRVGHORVYDURQHVHQFRPSDUD ¬ ¥ ¦ § ¨

FLyQ FRQ ORV GH ODV QLxDV (OLI 'DJOLRJOX 8PLW 'HQL] ¬ ¬ ¥ ¦ § ¨

7DPELpQVHDUURMDQHYLGHQFLDVDFHUFDGHODPHQRU

¬ ® ¥ ¦ § ¨
SUHVHQFLDGH,(VHQQLxRV\QLxDVTXHFRQFXUUHQDHVFXH ¯ § ° ¥ ± ¬ ² ¤ ¬ ³
ODVSULYDGDVHQFRPSDUDFLyQDQLxRVGHPHQRUHVUHFXUVRV
TXHFRQFXUUHQDHVFXHODVS~EOLFDVg]HU

(OWRWDOGHORVQLxRVSDUWLFLSDQWHVVHHQFRQWUDEDHVFRODUL )UHFXHQFLDV\3RUFHQWDMHVGHYDULDEOH2FX
M Y ^ Y Â R
]DGRIRUPDOPHQWHGHVGHSUHHVFRODUKDVWDJUDGR(O SDFLyQGHSDGUH\PDGUH

PD\RUSRUFHQWDMHGHQLxRVUHSRUWyYLYLUFRQDPERVSDGUHV
\ KHUPDQRV Q 5HVSHFWR GHO QLYHO HGXFDWLYR Ã ¢ Ä Å Å Ä ¢ Æ ¡
)3DGUH 3DGUH )0DGUH 0DGUH

LQIRUPDGRSRUORVSDGUHVGHORVQLxRV\QLxDVHQFRQVXOWD

Ç ± È ¥ ¦ ¶ ± » ¨ É º » § ¸ » ¨ É
ODPD\RUtDGHORVSDGUHVFRQWDEDFRQQLYHOWHUFLDULRFRP § È µ » µ § ¨ É º § µ ° » µ § ¨
SOHWRQ RVHFXQGDULRFRPSOHWRQ Ê Ë § Ì » µ » ¨ É § È µ » µ § ¨ ¹ ¥ Í

0LHQWUDV TXH HO JUXSR UHVWDQWH Q LQIRUPy OL¿FDGRVYHQGHGRUHV
KDEHU FRPSOHWDGR QLYHO SULPDULR R FRQWDU FRQ HVWXGLRV
¥ ¾ · ¶ ¸ ¶ ¨ ° µ ¥ ° ¶ À § ¨
LQFRPSOHWRVHQHVHQLYHO(QHOFDVRGHODV PDGUHVHO Î § ¹ » ¸ ° » ¨ É » ¸ Ì » µ · » µ § ¨ É

Q GHFODUDKDEHUFRPSOHWDGRHVWXGLRVWHUFLDULRV
È ¥ ¸ ¹ ¥ µ ¶ § ¨ É ¹ § · » µ Í
RXQLYHUVLWDULRVPLHQWUDVTXHHOQ D¿UPDKDEHU
¹ ¶ ¥ ¸ ° » ¨
DOFDQ]DGRHOQLYHOVHFXQGDULRFRPSOHWR(QHOUHVWRGHOD

Î ¶ µ » ¹ ° ¶ À § ¨ É Ï » µ » ¸ ° » ¨ É
º µ § Ì » ¨ ¶ § ¸ ¥ ± » ¨ É
PXHVWUDFRPSXHVWDSRUXQQ VHLQIRUPyQLYHO » · º µ » ¨ ¥ µ ¶ § ¨
SULPDULRFRPSOHWRRLQFRPSOHWR(QOD7DEODVHREVHUYDQ

Ð ½ È ¶ ± ¥ ¾ § ¨ É ¥ · ¥ ¨ ¾ »
ORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVFULSWLYRVFRQPD\RUGHWDOOH ¹ ¥ ¨ ¥

Î » ¨ § ¹ ½ º ¥ ¾ § ¨
M Y ^ Y R p h W a f W d a ` Y X \ h a W d g Y W X ] W Y h ` Y ^ W d ` W ^

´ ± ¥ ¸ » ¨ ¿ § ¹ ¶ ¥ ± » ¨
W ] f a Y g ` \ ] W ^ _ Y ] h W ] W ^ Y e Y ] h W R

¯ § ° ¥ ±
1LYHOHGXFDWLYR )3DGUH 3DGUH )0DGUH 0DGUH

´ µ ¶ · ¥ µ ¶ § ¶ ¸ ¹ § · º ± » ° §
3RU~OWLPRHQUHODFLyQFRQORVPRWLYRVGHFRQVXOWDGHORV

´ µ ¶ · ¥ µ ¶ § ¹ § · º ± » ° § ¼
QLxRV\QLxDVHYDOXDGRVHQHOQ GHORVFDVRV

¨ » ¹ ½ ¸ ¾ ¥ µ ¶ § ¶ ¸ ¹ § · º ± » ° §
VHVROLFLWDEDDWHQFLyQSVLFROyJLFDSRUSUREOHPDVGHDSUHQ
¿ » ¹ ½ ¸ ¾ ¥ µ ¶ §
GL]DMHHQHOQ SRUSUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWDHQ

HOQ SRUSUREOHPDVFRQHOJUXSRSULPDULRGH
¹ § · º ± » ° § ¼ ° » µ ¹ ¶ ¥ µ ¶ § §
DSR\RHQHOQ SRUFULVLVGHDQJXVWLDPLHQWUDV
½ ¸ ¶ À » µ ¨ ¶ ° ¥ µ ¶ § ¶ ¸ ¹ § · º
TXHODVPHQRUHVSURSRUFLRQHVVHUHXQtDQHQHOQ

¯ » µ ¹ ¶ ¥ µ ¶ § ¼ Á ¸ ¶ À » µ ¨ ¶ ° ¥ µ ¶ §
GHFRQVXOWDVSRUSUREOHPDVGHVDOXGHQHOQ SRU
¹ § · º ± » ° §
7RWDO PLHGRVHQHOQ SRUSUREOHPDVFRQJUXSRGH

SDUHVHQHOQ SRUDEXVRYLROHQFLDRPDOWUDWR\HQ
/DRFXSDFLyQDODTXHVHGHGLFDEDQVXVSDGUHVDOPR HOQ UHVWDQWHSRURWURVSUREOHPDVYLWDOHV
PHQWRGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHORVSURWRFRORVVHGLYLGLy
HQXQQ GHJHUHQWHVGLUHFWLYRVSURIHVLRQDOHV
R Â R Ñ Y h ` Y ^ W X W S d X g h f e W d g \ X
\ HPSUHVDULRV XQ Q GH FKRIHUHV REUHURV

S d ] ` a Y ] \ h W X W e \ a ` \ d Y ^ W X ] W ^ M W X g ] W ^ U ` f \ ] W ^ Y
FDOL¿FDGRVYHQGHGRUHV\DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV(OUHVWRGHOD 6RQVLJQRVREMHWLYRV
p ` c f h Y q f e Y d Y Ò Ó \ _ _ ` g Ô Õ Q Ö × Ø Ù
PXHVWUDHVWDEDFRQIRUPDGDSRUSDGUHVGRFHQWHVHQIHU TXHGL¿HUHQGHORVLQGLFDGRUHVPDGXUDWLYRVDOQRUHODFLR
PHURV\EDQFDULRVHQXQQ DOEDxLOHVHPSOHD QDUVHSULPDULDPHQWHFRQODHGDG\ODPDGXUDFLyQGHOQLxR
GRVGRPpVWLFRVSHRQHVSRUWHURVHQXQQ VLQRTXHUHÀHMDQODVDQVLHGDGHVSUHRFXSDFLRQHV\DFWL
GHVRFXSDGRVHQXQQ \FRQSODQHVVRFLDOHVHQ WXGHVGHORVPLVPRV&DGDLQGLFDGRULPSOLFDXQDYDULDEOH
XQQ (QHOFDVRGHODVPDGUHVODVSURSRUFLRQHV HQVtPLVPD
VHUtDQODVVLJXLHQWHVQ MXELODGDV\DPDVGH ,QVWUXPHQWRGHUHFROHFFLyQGHGDWRV 7HVWGHO'LEXMR

FDVDQ GRFHQWHVHQIHUPHURV\EDQFDULRV GHOD)LJXUD+XPDQDYHUVLyQ*RRGHQRXJK+DUULV

Q FKRIHUHVREUHURVFDOL¿FDGRVYHQGHGRUHV 9DULDEOHVVRFLRGHPRJUi¿FDV (GDG6H[R*UXSRGH
\DGPLQLVWUDWLYRVQ JHUHQWHVGLUHFWLYRVSUR FRQYLYHQFLDGHOQLxR1LYHOHGXFDWLYRGHORVSDGUHV2FX
IHVLRQDOHV\HPSUHVDULDVQ DOEDxLOHVHPSOHD SDFLyQGHORVSDGUHV
GDV GRPpVWLFRV SHRQHV SRUWHUDV \ HO Q GH ,QVWUXPHQWRGHUHFROHFFLyQGHGDWRV (QFXHVWDVRFLR

GHVRFXSDGDV3DUDXQDPHMRUYLVXDOL]DFLyQGHORVYDOR GHPRJUi¿FDGLVHxDGDSDUDHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
UHVVHLQFOX\HDFRQWLQXDFLyQXQDWDEODFRPSDUDWLYDYHU
Ñ Y h ` Y ^ W X ] W h W c ` X g h \ N ^ [ d ` a \ ? \ g ` \ ] W N \ d X f ^ g Y
7DEOD 0RWLYRTXHUH¿HUHQORVSDGUHVFRPRFDXVDOGHODFRQVXO
WDSVLFROyJLFDDPEXODWRULDUHJLVWUDGRSRUODVLQYHVWLJDGR
UDV HQ HO PRPHQWR GH ODODV HQWUHYLVWDV LQLFLDOHV GH
DFXHUGRFRQXQDFDWHJRUL]DFLyQSUHYLDPHQWHHVWDEOHFLGD
,QVWUXPHQWRGHUHFROHFFLyQGHGDWRV +RMDGHUHJLVWUR

GHGDWRVFOtQLFRVGLVHxDGDSDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
R Ø R h \ a W ] ` e ` W d g \
(QSULPHUOXJDUVHDGPLQLVWUyHO7HVWGHO'LEXMRGHOD)L

JXUD+XPDQDYHUVLyQ*RRGHQRXJK+DUULVDQLxRVTXH QHV@SUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWD>Q PXMHU\

DVLVWtDQDFRQVXOWDSVLFROyJLFDDOPRPHQWRGHODHYDOXD YDURQHV@\ >Q PXMH õ ì é ö é ö ÷ ï í ø ê ë ö ù é í
FLyQ6HVROLFLWyFRQVHQWLPLHQWRLQIRUPDGRGHORVSDGUHV UHV\YDURQHV6HREVHUYDTXHHOPRWLYR ú x | Û t u v
SDUDSRGHUKDFHUXVRGHORVSURWRFRORVGHVXVKLMRVHQOD | HVHYLGHQFLDGRFDVLHQVXWRWDOLGDGSRUQLxRV
v w y u
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ6HDFODUyTXHODLQFOXVLyQGHORVPLVPRVHQ PLHQWUDVTXHORVRWURVPRWLYRVVHUHSDUWHQVHJ~QVH[RGH
GLFKRSURFHVRHUDFRQ¿GHQFLDO\DQyQLPD$VLPLVPRVH IRUPDPiVHTXLWDWLYD2WURGDWRDFRQVLGHUDUOXHJRHQOD
UHJLVWUDURQORVGDWRVVRFLRGHPRJUi¿FRVHVSHFL¿FDGRVHQ GLVFXVLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVTXHVHLQIRUPDQDFRQWLQXD
HOSXQWRUHIHULGRD 6HUHDOL]DURQ FLyQ HV TXH H[LVWH XQ GHVEDODQFHR HQ ODV HGDGHV TXH

Ú u x z u Û } } y x w t y | }
DQiOLVLVFRQODSUXHED&KLFXDGUDGRDVtFRPRSUXHEDVGH FRPSRQHQORVJUXSRVGHQLxRV\QLxDVVHJ~QPRWLYRVGH
GLIHUHQFLD GH PHGLDV FRPR $QRYD GH XQ IDFWRU VHJ~Q FRQVXOWD/RVHYDOXDGRVTXHFRQVXOWDQSRUSUREOHPDVGH
FRUUHVSRQGLHUD7RGRVORVDQiOLVLVHVWDGtVWLFRVVHHIHF DSUHQGL]DMH\SRUSUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWDWLHQHQHQPD
WXDURQFRQHOSDTXHWH6366 \RUSRUFHQWDMHHQWUH HQHOSULPHUFDVR\ û ü u ý | }
HQ HO VHJXQGR PLHQWUDV TXH ORV TXH UH¿HUHQ ORV
RWURVPRWLYRVPDQWLHQHQSURSRUFLRQHVPiVHTXLSDUDGDV
Â R ; < = > Ü M K U T =
3DUDREVHUYDUODUHODFLyQHQWUHORV,QGLFDGRUHV(PRFLRQD HQWUHORVGRVJUXSRVGHHGDGUHOHYDGRV
OHV \ ODV YDULDEOHV VRFLRGHPRJUiILFDV VH HIHFWXy XQD
A B E B _ h \ ^ W e Y X ] W Y _ h W d ] ` Ô Y W F I I P G l I P m E B O I o I P
SUXHED&KLFXDGUDGRD¿QGHFRPSUREDUODGHSHQGHQFLD GHQFLD HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH VLJQL¿FDWLYDV FRQ HO,QGLFDGRU

RLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHODVYDULDEOHV3UHVHQFLD$XVHQFLDGH (PRFLRQDORPLVLyQGHFXHOOR;ð JOS >JUX
FDGD,(\VH[RFRQVLGHUDQGRDVLPLVPRODFRUUHFFLyQGH SRSULPDULRQ SUREOHPDVGHDSUHQGL]DMHQ
<DWHVSDUDODFRQWLQXLGDGWDOFRPRVHLQGLFDFXDQGRH[LVWH SUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWDQ FULVLVGH
XQVRORJUDGRGHOLEHUWDG&RUWDGDGH.RKDQ9DUJDV DQJXVWLDQ @(QHOFDVRGH
_ h \ ^ W e Y X ] W a \ d þ
6DEDGtDV6HKDOOyGHSHQGHQFLDHVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH
] f a g Y Õ F I I P G l I P m E B O I o I P O I P G j B I F m B O ÿ F m j G B n I P m I F j
VLJQL¿FDWLYDDIDYRUGHORV HQORV,QGLFDGRUHV Ý Þ ß à á â ã QL¿FDWLYDVFRQHO,QGLFDGRUPDQRVJUDQGHV;ð

PDQRVJUDQGHV;ð JOS >9DURQHVQ JOS >JUXSRSULPDULRQ SUREOHPDVGH
YV0XMHUHVQ @PDQRVRPLWLGDV;ð DSUHQGL]DMH Q SUREOHPDV GH FRQGXFWD Q
JOS >9DURQHVQ YV0XMHUHVQ FULVLVGHDQJXVWLDQ @7DQWRSDUDHOPR
@RPLVLyQGHQDUL];ð JOS >9D WLYR FRPRSDUDORV x z } z } v u w } y z u ú x | Û t u } |
URQHVQ YV0XMHUHVQ @ x wQRVHHQFXHQWUDGHSHQGHQFLD

ú | ú x z t u x z | v u ú | |
$¿QGHDQDOL]DUODGHSHQGHQFLDRLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHODV HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWHVLJQL¿FDWLYDFRQODSUHVHQFLDGHQLQJX
QRGHORV,QGLFDGRUHV(PRFLRQDOHVGHO')+
H B E j B D C I F ä F I O I G j O j
x } z u å æ w } z u v } u v u v
UHFDWHJRUL]DUODYDULDEOHHGDGRULJLQDOPHQWHGHFDWHJR 3RURWURODGRVHUHDOL]DURQSUXHEDVGHGLIHUHQFLDGHPH
UtDVHQGRV>DDxRV\DDxRV@GH GLDVHQODFDQWLGDGGH,QGLFDGRUHV(PRFLRQDOHVSUHVHQ
PRGRTXHWRGDVODVFDVLOODGHOD7DEODGH&RQWLQJHQFLD WHVHQORVJUi¿FRVGHORVQLxRVVHJ~QORVFXDWURPRWLYRV
FRQWHQJDQ VX¿FLHQWH Q~PHUR GH FDVRV $ SDUWLU GH ORV GHFRQVXOWDPiVIUHFXHQWHVKDOODQGRODH[LVWHQFLDGHGL
UHVXOWDGRVKDOODGRVSDUDODIUDQMDHWDULDGH IHUHQFLDVHVWDGtVWLFDPHQWHVLJQL¿FDWLYDVHQWUHORVJUXSRV
Y × Y i \ X F I
HQFRQWUyGHSHQGHQFLDGHODVYDULDEOHVHQORV,QGLFDGRUHV ) S DIDYRUGHORVQLxRVTXHSUHVHQWDEDQ

,QWHJUDFLyQ SREUH GH ODV SDUWHV GH OD ILJXUD ;ð SUREOHPDVGHDSUHQGL]DMH SUREOHPDVGHDSUHQGL]DMH '6
JOS >DDxRVQ YVD '6 SUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWD
DxRVQ @3URQXQFLDGDDVLPHWUtDGHODVH[ '6 JUXSRSULPDULR '6

WUHPLGDGHV;ð JOS >DDxRVQ
YVDDxRVQ @ ;ð
Ø R N \ d a ^ f X ` \ d W X U ` X a f X ` b d
è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ë ï ñ í
JOS >DDxRVQ YVD (QIXQFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVFULSWRVHQHOSDUiJUDIR

DxRV Q @ %UD]RV FRUWRV ;ð JO S DQWHULRUVHFRQFOX\HTXHUHVSHFWRGHODYDULDEOHVH[RHQ
>DDxRVQ DDxRVQ @ HOJUXSRGHYDURQHVGHSREODFLyQFRQVXOWDQWHVHREVHUYD
0DQRVRPLWLGDV;ð JOS >DDxRV FRQ PD\RU IUHFXHQFLD OD SUHVHQFLD GH ORV LQGLFDGRUHV
Q DDxRVQ @2PLVLyQGHQDUL] HPRFLRQDOHVPDQRVJUDQGHVPDQRVRPLWLGDV RPL
k
;ð JOS >DDxRVQ YV VLyQGHQDUL](VWH~OWLPRLQGLFDGRU0DJDQWR\*DUDLJRU

DDxRVQ @\2PLVLyQGHFXHOOR;ð GRELOWDPELpQORREVHUYDQFRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLDHQ
JOS >DDxRVQ YVDDxRV YDURQHVHQVXVHVWXGLRVVREUHHO')+
Q @ 'HQWURGHODVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVTXHUHDOL]D.RSSLW]
(QUHIHUHQFLDDRWURGHQXHVWURVREMHWLYRVVHREVHUYyHO DFHUFDGHHVWRV,(VVHPHQFLRQDTXHHOLQGLFDGRUPDQRV
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ORV ,(V VHJ~Q DTXHO SUREOHPD TXH ê VHDVRFLDDFRQGXFWDVDJUHVLYDV\DFWXDGRUDV
ì í ø ÷ ï ö
PRWLYDODFRQVXOWDDXQGLVSRVLWLYRGHDVLVWHQFLDSVLFROy PDQRV RPLWLGDV RPLVLyQ GH QDUL] VH YLQFXODQ FRQ

k
JLFD3DUDHOORVHGHFLGLyUHGXFLUODFDQWLGDGGHYDORUHV SDFLHQWHVSVLFRVRPiWLFRVWtPLGRVRDOXPQRVGHFODVHV
GHHVWDYDULDEOHWRPDQGRVyORORVPRWLYRVPiVIUHFXHQ HVSHFLDOHV5HVSHFWRDOSULPHURPDQRVJUDQGHV
k O I
WHVDFRWDQGRODPXHVWUDDQLxRVFRPSUHQGLHQGRHO DFXHUGRWDPELpQFRQORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVVXSUHVHQ
GHODPXHVWUDWRWDOSUREOHPDVGHJUXSRSULPDULR FLDUHVXOWDVLJQL¿FDWLYDHQORVQLxRVFX\RPRWLYRGHFRQ
GHDSR\R>Q PXMHUHV\YDURQHV@ î ì ò ó ô ï VXOWDVRQORVSUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWDORFXDOHVFRLQFLGHQ
PDVGHDSUHQGL]DMH>Q PXMHUHV\YDUR WH FRQ OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ TXH UHDOL]D .RSSLW]

$GHPiVDOJXQRVDXWRUHVREVHUYDQTXHVRQORVYDURQHV SUREOHPiWLFD HQ OD PXHVWUD GH HVWH HVWXGLR VRQ HQ VX
TXLHQHVPiVVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWHFRQVXOWDQSRUHVWDSUR PD\RUtDPHQRUHVGHDxRVODSUHVHQFLDGHHVWHLQGLFD
EOHPiWLFD$OiH])HUQiQGH]0DUWtQH]$ULDV\5RGUtJXH] GRUHQHVWHJUXSRQRSRGUtDVHUFRQVLGHUDGDVLJQL¿FDWLYD
6XWLO6DPDQLHJR 3RURWURODGRWDPELpQ.RSSLW]HQEDVHDVXVHV
/RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVUHVSHFWRDO,(PDQRVRPLWLGDV WXGLRV HPStULFRV FRQ QLxRV GH DOWR \ EDMR UHQGLPLHQWR
HQSURWRFRORVGHYDURQHVFRQFXHUGDQFRQORVKDOODGRV HVFRODUVRVWLHQHTXHORV,(VQRSXHGHQGLIHUHQFLDUVLJQL
HQRWURHVWXGLRGHHVWH PLVPRHTXLSRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ ¿FDWLYDPHQWHXQJUXSRGHRWURDXQTXHFRQWLQ~DSUHVX
%UL]]LR/ySH]/XFKHWWL\*ULOOR PLHQGRYLQFXODFLyQHQWUHDMXVWHHPRFLRQDO\EXHQGHVHP
(QORTXHVHUH¿HUHDODVQLxDVQRVHKDHQFRQWUDGROD SHxRHQODHVFXHOD(VSRUHOORTXHSRUHOPRPHQWRHQ
SUHVHQFLDVLJQL¿FDWLYDGHQLQJ~QLQGLFDGRUTXHFDUDFWHUL IXQFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVH[SXHVWRVDTXtQRVHSXHGH
FHDHVWHJUXSR(QHVWHVHQWLGR0DFKRYHUPDQL DSRUWDUHYLGHQFLDHPStULFDHQHVWHVHQWLGR
¿HVWDFRPRXQDFXHVWLyQLQWHUHVDQWHDUHVDOWDUHOKHFKR (Q HO FDVR GH
_ h \ ^ W e Y X ] W a \ d ] f a g Y F I I P G l I P m E B
GHTXHORVQLxRVSUHVHQWDQPiVSUREOHPDVHPRFLRQDOHV GHSHQGHQFLDHVWDGtVWLFDPHQWHVLJQL¿FDWLYDHQHO,QGLFD
HGXFDWLYRV\GHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRHQODHGDGGHODWHQFLD GRUPDQRVJUDQGHVUHVXOWDGRTXHWDPELpQUHVXOWDVLJQL
UDQJR GH HGDG FRPSUHQGLGD HQ HVWH HVWXGLR TXH ODV ¿FDWLYRHQHOFDVRGHORVYDURQHV(QHVWHFDVRHVLPSRU
QLxDV(QFRQVRQDQFLDFRQHVWRVSRVWXODGRV(OLI'DJOLR WDQWHUHVDOWDUTXHHOJUXSRTXHFRQVXOWySRUHVWHWLSRGH
JOX\8PLW'HQL]LQIRUPDURQHQVXVHVWXGLRVPD\RU SUREOHPDVHFRQIRUPyFDVLHQVXWRWDOLGDGSRUYDURQHV
FDQWLGDGGH,(VSUHVHQWHVHQORVGLEXMRVGHORVYDURQHV VLWXDFLyQ TXH SXHGH KDEHU VHVJDGR HVWH UHVXOWDGR (V
6LHVWRVHVRVWLHQHHVSRVLEOHTXHODDXVHQFLDGHXQD GHFLU TXH OD DSDULFLyQ GH PDQRV JUDQGHV DVRFLDGR HQ
SUHVHQFLDGHPD\RUVLJQL¿FDFLyQGH,(VHPRFLRQDOHVHQ HVWHFDVRSRGUtDGHEHUVHPiVDOVH[RGHORVHYDOXDGRV
HOJUXSRGHQLxDVVHYLQFXOHFRQODPHQRUSUHYDOHQFLDGH TXHDODSUREOHPiWLFDSRUODTXHFRQVXOWDQ1RREVWDQWH
GL¿FXOWDGHVHPRFLRQDOHVHQHVWHSHUtRGRGHODYLGD6L VHKDFHQRWDUTXHSDUD.RSSLW]HVWH,(VHSUHVHQ
JXLHQGRHVWDOtQHDGHSHQVDPLHQWR\WDOFRPRUH¿HUHQ WDEDHQQLxRVFRQFRQGXFWDVDJUHVLYDVRDFWXDGRUDV3RU
*D\ 'tD] )ULG *RQ]iOH] \ 2OLYLHUL FXDQGR ODV RWURODGRHVWDPELpQLPSRUWDQWHUHVDOWDUXQLHQGRDPEDV
QLxDVOOHJDQDODSXEHUWDGHOJpQHURPiVIUHFXHQWHSRUHO LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVTXHHQHVWDIUDQMDHWDULDQRVRODPHQWH
TXHVHFRQVXOWDVHUHYLHUWHVLHQGRPiVKDELWXDOODVFRQ HVPiVIUHFXHQWHODFRQVXOWDSRUYDURQHVVLQRTXHODVLQ
VXOWDVSRUpVWDV WRPDWRORJtDTXHHOORVPDQL¿HVWDQVXHOHWHQHUXQDSUHVHQ
5HVSHFWR GH OD HGDG VRQ ORV LQGLFDGRUHV
ø ù ï ê ì í õ é ø WDFLyQ PiV GLVIXQFLRQDO $OiH] )HUQiQGH] HW DO
SREUHGHODVSDUWHVGHOD¿JXUD3URQXQFLDGDDVLPH 3HGUHLUDHWDO
WUtD GH ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV )LJXUD SHTXHxD %UD]RV QR
A B E B a h ` X ` X ] W Y d c f X g ` Y k c h f _ \ _ h ` e Y h ` \ ] W Y _ \ \
FRUWRV0DQRVRPLWLGDV2PLVLyQGHQDUL]\2PLVLyQ VH REVHUYD GHSHQGHQFLD HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH VLJQL¿FDWLYD

÷ ï ORVTXHVHLGHQWL¿FDQFRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLDHQ
õ ë ï ô ô ò HQWUHHOPRWLYRGHFRQVXOWD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHDOJ~Q,QGL
ORVQLxRV\QLxDVGHPHQRUHGDGDDxRV'HQWURGH FDGRU(PRFLRQDOGHO')+6HFRQVLGHUDTXHVHUtDQHFH
HVWRVRPLVLyQGHQDUL] EUD]RVFRUWRVFRLQFLGHQFRQ VDULR REVHUYDU HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ORV ,(V HQ XQD
k
ORVKDOOD]JRVSUHYLRVGHHVWHHTXLSR%UL]]LRHWDO PXHVWUDTXHFRQWHPSOHPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHFDVRVSDUDDVt

3RURWURODGRHO,(RPLVLyQGHFXHOOR UHIXWDURFRQ¿UPDUODVLQIHUHQFLDVUHDOL]DGDV
O I D j I E B F I E O I F
FDUWDGRGHHVWHJUXSRDWHQWRDTXHVHJ~Q.RSSLW] 5HVSHFWRDODFDQWLGDGGH,(VSUHVHQWHVVHJ~QPRWLYRGH

HOPLVPRFREUDUHOHYDQFLDFOtQLFDSDUDVXLQWHUSUHWDFLyQD FRQVXOWDHQWRGRVORVFDVRVSUREOHPDVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
SDUWLUGHORVDxRVSDUDODVQLxDV\ORVSDUDORVYDUR GHFRQGXFWDFULVLVGHDQJXVWLD\SUREOHPDVFRQHOJUXSR
QHV FRQ OR FXDO QR VH GHVFDUWD HQ HVWRV UHVXOWDGRV OD SULPDULRVHHQFXHQWUDXQDSUHVHQFLDSURPHGLRGHGRVR
LQÀXHQFLDGHORVDVSHFWRVPDGXUDWLYRVSDUDODH[SOLFDFLyQ PiV,(VHQORVSURWRFRORVGHQLxRVTXHKDQFRQVXOWDGR
GHORVYDORUHVREWHQLGRV(QHVWHVHQWLGR\WDOFRPRSODQ SRUDOJXQRGHGLFKRVPRWLYRV7DOFRPRORSODQWHD.RSSLW]
WHDQ0DJDQWR\*DUDLJRUGRELOFXDQGRVHUHDOL]D D GLFKRV SURWRFRORV DO SUHVHQWDU PiV GHO
XQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOGLEXMRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODYHU Q~PHURGH,(VHxDODGRHVWiQGDQGRFXHQWDGHODSUHVHQ
WLHQWHHPRFLRQDOQRVHGHEHGHVFXLGDUHOIDFWRUHGDGDO FLD GH XQ SUREOHPD GH WLSR HPRFLRQDO SRU OR TXH GHEH
PRPHQWRGHREWHQHUFRQFOXVLRQHVLQWHUSUHWDWLYDV\GLDJ VHJXLUDPSOLiQGRVHODLQGDJDFLyQSVLFROyJLFD
QyVWLFDVGHpO $VLPLVPRVHGHVWDFDTXHHQORVSURWRFRORVGHQLxRVTXH
(QORDWLQHQWHDORVREMHWLYRVFHQWUDOHVGHHVWHWUDEDMRVH FRQVXOWDQSRUSUREOHPDVGHDSUHQGL]DMHVHREVHUYDQXQ
REVHUYyODDVRFLDFLyQGHORV,(VSDUDFDGDXQRGHORV SURPHGLRPD\RUGHLQGLFDGRUHV ,(SRUSURWRFRORHQ
PRWLYRVGHFRQVXOWDPiVIUHFXHQWHV3DUD UHODFLyQDOUHVWRGHORVPRWLYRVGHFRQVXOWDHVWXGLDGRV
_ h \ ^ W e Y X ] W
6HSXHGHKLSRWHWL]DUWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHWDOFRPR
Y _ h W d ] ` Ô Y W F I I P G l I P m E B O I o I P O I P G j B I F m B O ÿ F m j G B n I P m I
VLJQL¿FDWLYD FRQ HO ,QGLFDGRU RPLVLyQ GH FXHOOR (VWR SODQWHD.RSSLW]ORV,(H[SUHVDQODVDQVLHGDGHV\
SRGUtD VHU FRQVLVWHQWH FRQ ORV KDOOD]JRV GH .RSSLW] SUHRFXSDFLRQHV GH ORV QLxRV TXH ODV GL¿FXOWDGHV TXH
SXHVWRTXHHVWH,(VHSUHVHQWDEDFRQPD\RUIUH DWDxHQVXUHQGLPLHQWRHVFRODUUHSHUFXWHQQHJDWLYDPHQWH
FXHQFLD HQ QLxRV FRQ FLHUWD LQPDGXUH] LPSXOVLYLGDG H HQHODXWRHVWLPDGHORVQLxRVTXHSUHVHQWDQORVPHQFLR
LQDGHFXDGRVFRQWUROHVLQWHUQRV6LQHPEDUJR\FRPRVH QDGRVSUREOHPDV3HTXHQD&RQVWDQWLQR\(VFXUUD0D
OR VHxDOy SUHFHGHQWHPHQWH HVWH LQGLFDGRU HPRFLRQDO \DXWH
FREUDUHOHYDQFLDDSDUWLUGHORVyDxRVVHJ~QVH (VWRVUHVXOWDGRVDXQTXHSUHOLPLQDUHVSHUPLWHQREVHUYDU
WUDWHQLxDVRQLxRV\\DORVQLxRVTXHFRQVXOWDQSRUHVWD FXiOHVVRQORVLQGLFDGRUHVHPRFLRQDOHVTXHDSDUHFtDQ

FRQ PiV IUHFXHQFLD SDUD FDGD XQR GH ORV PRWLYRV GH

FRQVXOWD HQ ORV SURWRFRORV GH ORV QLxRV HYDOXDGRV SRU $OiH] )HUQiQGH] 0 0DUWtQH] $ULDV 5 5RGUtJXH] 6XWLO &
HVWHHTXLSR(QHVWHVHQWLGRVHHVSHUDTXHLQYHVWLJDFLR 3UHYDOHQFLDGHWUDVWRUQRVSVLFROyJLFRVHQQLxRV\DGR
QHVSRVWHULRUHVFRQXQQ~PHURGHFDVRVPD\RUSXHGDQ OHVFHQWHVVXUHODFLyQFRQODHGDG\HOJpQHUR
UHYLVDURFRUURERUDUHVWDVDVRFLDFLRQHV6LHVWRVHGH
PRVWUDVHHO')+XQLGRDRWUDVWpFQLFDVGHH[SORUDFLyQ $PHULFDQ 3V\FKLDWULF $VVRFLDWLRQ 0DQXDO GLDJQyVWLFR \
SVLFROyJLFDSHUPLWLUtDUHFDEDUPD\RULQIRUPDFLyQDFHUFD %DUFHOR
! " ! # $ $ % % # & ' ( ) * + , - . &
QD0DVVRQ
GHOSUREOHPDHPRFLRQDOTXHSHUWXUEDDOQLxR
(VQHFHVDULRPHQFLRQDUTXHVLELHQHVWHHVWXGLRVHFHQWUy %DUURV0& ,VRQ0&RQGXFWDV3UREOHPDV,QIDQWLOHV
,QGLFDGRUHV(YROXWLYRV\(PRFLRQDOHVHQHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJX
HQODVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHVGHO')+FRPRKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDHO UD+XPDQD
SVLFyORJRFOtQLFRRHGXFDFLRQDOXQDHYDOXDFLyQSVLFROy
. / + % $ $ % ! # 0 " 1 2

JLFDTXHSRQGHUHXQDERUGDMHLQWHJUDOGHODSUREOHPiWLFD %UHFKHW&%DOG\5 3LFDUG'+RZGRHV6DPIHHO"
HQ FXHVWLyQ UHTXLHUH GH XQD DSUHFLDFLyQ KROtVWLFD GHO &KLOGUHQ¶VODEHOOLQJDQGGUDZLQJRIEDVLFHPRWLRQV
FDVR6HVRVWLHQHHQWRQFHVTXHHQODH[SORUDFLyQSVLFR
3 $ 4 ' /
5 # & 6
OyJLFDLQIDQWLOODVKLSyWHVLV\FRQFOXVLRQHVVHH[WUDHQD %UL]]LR $ /ySH] / )UHLEHUJ $ *ULOOR $ /XFKHWWL <
SDUWLUGHXQDYDULHGDGGHWpFQLFDVGHHYDOXDFLyQHQODV '$PHOLR9(VWXGLR3UHOLPLQDUDFHUFDGHORV,QGLFD
FXDOHVVHLQFOX\HODVHQWUHYLVWDVFRQORVSDGUHVRWXWRUHV GRUHV(PRFLRQDOHVGHO7HVWGHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD+XPDQD
\ORVLQIRUPHVTXHRWUDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\RSURIHVLRQDOHV 0HPRULDV,,&RQJUHVR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ\3UiFWL *
TXHWUDEDMDQHQHOFDPSRGHODLQIDQFLDSXHGHQUHDOL]DU $ 7 % # % # 0 " ! # 8 9 # ! ! # 0 " !

DVDEHUHVFXHODPpGLFRVSVLFRSHGDJRJRVDVLVWHQWHV # : 3 ; <
VRFLDOHVHWF)RUQVL6DQWDFDQD6DWWOHU %UL]]LR$/ySH]//XFKHWWL< *ULOOR$(VWXGLRDFHU

FDGHORV,QGLFDGRUHV(PRFLRQDOHVGHO7HVWGHO'LEXMRGHOD
3DUD FRQFOXLU HO 7HVW GHO 'LEXMR GH OD )LJXUD +XPDQD
)LJXUD+XPDQDHQQLxRVFRQSUREOHPDVHPRFLRQDOHV
DPSOLDPHQWH XWLOL]DGR HQ QXHVWUR SDtV HV XQD WpFQLFD
) *
ULDV,,,&RQJUHVR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ\3UiFWLFD3UR
FX\RVXVRV\DSOLFDFLRQHVDVtFRPRODLQIRUPDFLyQEULQ
*
GDGDVLJXHHQULTXHFLHQGRHOWUDEDMRWDQWRGHLQYHVWLJDGR
7 % # % # 0 " ! # 8 9 # ! ! # 0 " ! # : 3 ;
<
UHVFRPRGHORVSURIHVLRQDOHVTXHVHGHGLFDQDOFDPSR %UL]]LR$/ySH]/ /XFKHWWL<,QGLFDGRUHV(PRFLRQD
GHODSVLFRORJtDLQIDQWLODSOLFDGD1RREVWDQWHWDPELpQHQ OHVGHO7HVWGHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD+XPDQD\WUDVWRUQRVSVLFR
IXQFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVVHKDFHLPSHULRVDOD SDWROyJLFRVHQODLQIDQFLD ) $ + , = % 0 $ + % $ % *
QHFHVLGDGGHFRQWLQXDUODLQYHVWLJDFLyQUHVSHFWRDOXVR\ QDOGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ\3UiFWLFD3URIHVLRQDOHQ3VLFRORJtDGHOD
DOFDQFHGHHVWDWpFQLFDHQQXHVWURFRQWH[WR 8 9 # ! ! # 0 " ! # : 3 ;
&D\VVLDOV$$OJXQDVUHÀH[LRQHVVREUHODHYDOXDFLyQSVL

FROyJLFDLQIDQWRMXYHQLO . / , % > # % ! # 0 " = # " *
%
= 9 % $ <
&DVXOOR 00 (O 7HVW GHO 'LEXMR GH OD )LJXUD +XPDQD
%XHQRV$LUHV*XDGDOXSH
?
$ $ 0 % # &
&RUWDGDGH.RKDQ1 ' @ ! " A $ % / 0 *
! $ ! # = % ( # 5 ! # = % ! 9 B %XHQRV$L
UHV(XGHED
'HOYDO- C # ! $ $ # # 9 % & %DUFHORQD6LJOR;;,
'L/HR-/RVGLEXMRVGHORVQLxRVFRPRD\XGDGLDJQyVWL *
%XHQRV$LUHV3DLGyV
&
'ULHVVQDFN 0 &KLOGUHQ¶V 'UDZLQJV DV )DFLOLWDWRUV RI

&RPPXQLFDWLRQ $ 0HWD$QDO\VLV
?
4 9 $ % # 7 ! $ 9 $ *

% 0 D
(OLI'DJOLRJOX+ 8PLW'HQL]$$VWXG\RQWKHHPRWLR

QDO LQGLFDWRUV LQ \HDUROG JLUOV DQG ER\V KXPDQ ¿JXUH
GUDZLQJV $ ! ( # % ! 3 / $ # ( %

)RUQVL6DQWDFDQD0(YDOXDFLyQSVLFROyJLFDLQIDQWLO%DU
FHORQD%DUFDQRYD
*D\0&'LD]=)ULG1*RQ]iOH]1 2OLYLHUL-/D
SUHDGROHVFHQFLDXQQXHYRGHVDItRSDUDOD6DOXG0HQWDO,QIDQ
WLO
?
. / ! # E F # ! @ ! 3 9 % ; $ G

*RRGHQRXJK) - ! % # 0 % % 7 % # F $ ! ! #
GLEXMRGHOD¿JXUDKXPDQD%XHQRV$LUHV3DLGyV
*RRGHQRXJK ) 6WXGLHV LQ WKH SV\FKRORJ\ RI FKLOGUHQ¶V
GUDZLQJV 5 0 # 3 9 # # & G
*URVV- +D\QH+'UDZLQJIDFLOLWDWHVFKLOGUHQ¶VYHUEDO

UHSRUWV RI HPRWLRQDOO\ ODGHQ HYHQWV -RXUQDO RI ([SHULPHQWDO

5 # 0 5 < g]HU 6 5HODWLRQVKLS RI %HQGHU *HVWDOW 'HYHORSPHQWDO
+DUULV'% 6FRUHVDQG+XPDQ'UDZLQJ'HYHORSPHQWDO6FRUHVLQDVDP
SOHRI7XUNLVKSUHVFKRRO FKLOGUHQ
= # ! $ % H ! $ I % 0 9 $ 7 % # # *
1HZ<RUN+DUFRXUW%UDFH :RUOG,QF ( # 5 # 0 # + % *

9 # 9 $ 5 &
+DPPHU (

$ % % # 1 D
3DFNPDQ:0D]DKHUL06SRUUL//RQJ-&KHVWHUPDQ%
- = # % # F F # % 7 $ 5 /
6SULQJ¿HOG&KDUOHV&7KRPDV3XEOLVKHU
)LQH- $P\ORQ03UR\HFWLYHGUDZLQJVDVPHDVX
' $ I % 0 &
+DPULQ 9 3DFKOHU 0 &KLOG DQG DGROHVFHQW GHSUHV

UHVRISV\FKRVRFLDOIXQFWLRQLQJLQVLEOLQJVRISHGLDWULFFDQFHU
VLRQ5HYLHZRI WKH ODWHVW HYLGHQFH EDVHG WUHDWPHQWV
SDWLHQWVIURP&DPS2NL]X6WXG\
4 9 $ *

?
4 9 $ % # 7 ! $ O % # *

?
% # 7 5 # 9 $ % 0 < 1
0 5 9 $ % 0
+LEEDUG5$ +DUWPDQ1*(PRWLRQDOLQGLFDWRUVLQKX

3HGUHLUD-/5RGUtJXH]6DFULVWiQ-\=DSODQD-'LIH
PDQ ¿JXUH GUDZLQJV RI VH[XDOO\ YLFWLPL]HG DQG QRQDEXVHG
UHQFLDVVH[XDOHVHQODGHPDQGDDVHUYLFLRVFRPXQLWDULRVGH
FKLOGUHQ
6DOXG0HQWDOLQIDQWRMXYHQLOHQXQWHUULWRULRGHXQDFRPXQLGDG
4 9 $ % # 7 = # % # 5 # 0 5 < 2
.RSSLW](D(PRWLRQDOLQGLFDWRUVRQKXPDQ¿JXUHGUDZLQJV DXWyQRPD HVSDxROD 5HYLVWD GH OD DVRFLDFLyQ (VSDxROD GH
RI FKLOGUHQ $ YDOLGDWLRQ VWXG\ 4 9 $ % # 7 = # % # 5 # 0 5
1HXURSVLTXLDWUtD;,,

3HTXHQD&RQVWDQWLQR-\(VFXUUD0D\DXWH/0(IHFWRV
.RSSLW] ( E (PRWLRQDO LQGLFDWRUV RQ KXPDQ ¿JXUH GHXQSURJUDPDSDUDHOPHMRUDPLHQWRGHODDXWRHVWLPDHQQL
GUDZLQJV RI VK\ DQG DJJUHVVLYH FKLOGUHQ 4 9 $ % # 7 = # % #
xRVGHDDxRVFRQSUREOHPDVHVSHFt¿FRVGHDSUHQGL]D
5 # 0 5
MH5HYLVWDGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ3VLFROyJLFD2QOLQH A K B
.RSSLW]( 5 # 0 # / # 9 % 7 # ! $ % H 9 %
6DPDQLHQJR&(O&KLOG%HKDYRLU&KHFNOLVWVXHVWDQGD

¿JXUHGUDZLQJV1HZ<RUN*UXQH 6WUDWWRQ UL]DFLyQ HQ OD $UJHQWLQD ) ! # P P , + + = % 0 $ + % $ *
.RSSLW] ( (O 'LEXMR GH OD ¿JXUD KXPDQD HQ ORV QLxRV $ % ! # 0 " &
%XHQRV$LUHV*XDGDOXSH 6DWWOHU-(YDOXDFLyQLQIDQWLODSOLFDFLRQHVFRJQLWLYDV0p

/DDN-GH*RHGH0$OHYD$ 9DQ5LMVZLMN37KH [LFR0DQXDO0RGHUQR
'UDZ$3HUVRQ7HVW$Q,QGLFDWRURI&KLOGUHQ¶V&RJQLWLYHDQG 6RODQR0RVTXHUD& <pSH].XUL-(OWHVWGHOD¿JXUD
6RFLRHPRWLRQDO$GDSWDWLRQ" - 4 9 $ % # 7 J % 5 *
KXPDQDGH*RRGHQRXJKHQHOGLDJQyVWLFRGHSDWRORJtDVSVL
# 0 5 2 2
TXLiWULFDVLQIDQWLOHV(VWXGLRUHDOL]DGRHQODFLXGDGGH*XD\D
/HyQ 9i]TXH] 5 &DVWDxHGD &KDQJ $ ,QGLFDGRUHV TXLO . / & ) ! & 8 = ) * : = ( J 2
HPRFLRQDOHVGHOWHVWGHOGLEXMRGHOD¿JXUDKXPDQDGH.RSSLW] 6RUtQ0

?
@ 5 % @ % % $ F # % & , # % F $ *
HQQLxRVPDOWUDWDGRV\QRPDOWUDWDGRV5HFXSHUDGRGHKWWS FLDOLGDG \ SURGXFFLyQ LQIDQWLOH GH VXEMHWLYLGDGHV %DUFHORQD

ZZZSVLFRFHQWURFRPFJLELQDUWLFXORBVDVS"WH[WR DUWD ,FDULD(GLWRULDO
/HYLQ0 &RQWLQLGH*RQ]iOH]1¢3RUTXpKD\QLxRV 7LHOVFK$ -DFNVRQ$OOHQ3/LVWHQWR7KHQ'UDZ6FUHH
TXHQRDSUHQGHQDHVFULELU"$SRUWHVGHODHYDOXDFLyQSVLFROy QLQJ&KLOGUHQLQ3ULPDU\&DUHWKURXJKWKH8VHRI+XPDQ)LJX
JLFD5HYLVWD0pGLFDGH7XFXPiQ UH'UDZLQJV
?
! $ $ 9 $ % 0 1
/XNDVK)1&KLOGUHQ¶VDUWDVDQLQGH[RIDQ[LHW\ #
9DUJDV6DEDGtDV$ C ! " ! $ F / % 7 $ % #
% ! . % $ 9 / ( 9 $ 0 $ 5 D K
/D 0DQFKD 6HUYLFLR GH SXEOLFDFLRQHV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH

0DF'RQDOG30.LUNSDULFN6: 6XOOLYDQ/$6FKH &DVWLOOD
PDWLFUDZLQJVRIIDFLDOH[SUHVVLRQIRUHPRWLRQUHFRJQLWLRQDQG :HFKVOHU62GHVHQKRGD¿JXUDKXPDQDDYDOLDoDRGR
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQE\SUHVFKRRODJHGFKLOGUHQ J % ( # L
! &DPSLQDV(GLW3V\ % / # / % 0 % / % 7 % # &

:HFKVOHU62GHVHQKRGD¿JXUDKXPDQDDYDOLDoDRGR
J % $ # 5 # 0 5 ) % 0 $ F
0DFKRYHU . 3HUVRQDOLW\ SURMHFWLRQ LQ WKH GUDZLQJ RI D ! % / # / % 0 % / % 7 % # & ) % 9 # F $ $ % Q M $ *
KXPDQ¿JXUH6SULQJ¿HOG,/&KDUOHV&7KRPDV3XEOLVKHU # $ & &DPSLQDV/L\UR3OHQR

0DFKRYHU.+XPDQ)LJXUH'UDZLQJVRI&KLOGUHQ 4 9 $ % #
:HLQOH&$)DFLOLWDWLQJFKLOGUHQ¶VHPRWLRQDOH[SUHVVLRQ

RI3URMHFWLYH7HFKQLTXHV $ 8QSXEOLVKHG 9 0 ! $ I % 0 N 8 9 % # ! $ % 7 ! / $ &
0DJDQWR 0DWHR & *DUDLJRUGRELO /DQGD]DEDO 0 (O GLVVHUWDWLRQ7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI7ROHGR7ROHGR2+

GLDJQyVWLFRLQIDQWLOGHVGHODH[SUHVLyQJUi¿FDHOWHVWGHGRV :HVVRQ0 6DOPRQ.'UDZLQJDQGVKRZLQJ+HOSLQJ
¿JXUDVKXPDQDV&OtQLFD\6DOXG&ROHJLR2¿FLDOGH3VLFyOR *
FKLOGUHQWRUHSRUWHPRWLRQDOO\ODGHQHYHQWV ; F F # ! = 0 % /
0
! ) ! $ ! D

5 # 0 5 G
0DJDQWR& *DUDLJRUGRELO0,QGLFDGRUHVHPRFLRQDOHV

FRPSOHPHQWDULRV SDUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ HPRFLRQDO GHO 7HVW GHO
)HFKDGHUHFHSFLyQGHPD\RGH
GLEXMRGHGRV¿JXUDVKXPDQDV7)
)HFKDGHDFHSWDFLyQGHMXOLRGH
. / + M $ $ %
GH'LDJQyVWLFR\(YDOXDFLyQ3VLFROyJLFD
0DOFKLRGL&7KHHIIHFWRISRVWWUDXPDWLFVWUHVVGLVRUGHU
RQ FKLOGUHQ¶V KXPDQ ¿JXUH GUDZLQJV ' $ % ; M $
+ %
$ % % # N ( % 3 N - ( % % ! C % 0 % $ % 0
0XUSK\.5HFRJQL]LQJGHSUHVVLRQLQFKLOGUHQ

?
- 9 $ *

$ % $ K
1DJOLHUL-0F1HLVK7 %DUGRV$ ' ; N ( C ' & ' $ I
$ % N ( $ % % 0 F $ ! 9 $ 7 $ % # ! 9 $ M % N
([DPLQHU¶V0DQXDO$XVWLQ3UR(G
2UJDQL]DFLyQ0XQGLDOGHOD6DOXG&RQVWLWXFLyQGHOD2U
JDQL]DFLyQ 0XQGLDO GH OD 6DOXG 5HFXSHUDGR GH KWWSZZZ
ZKRLQWJRYHUQDQFHHEZKRBFRQVWLWXWLRQBVSSGI

Indicadores Emocionales Del DFH y Su Relacion Con El Motivo de Consulta en Niños

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Indicadores Emocionales Del DFH y Su Relacion Con El Motivo de Consulta en Niños

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Anuario de Investigaciones

López, Lucila; Luchetti, Yanina; Brizzio, Analía

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=369139949077

Cómo citar el artículo

INDICADORES EMOCIONALES DEL DFH Y SU RELACIÓN

; < = > ? < @ K L = M ; K N M

/RV,QGLFDGRUHVHPRFLRQDOHV ,(V GHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD 7KH(PRWLRQDO,QGLFDWRUV (, RIWKH+XPDQ)LJXUH'UDZLQJ

 (QHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLRVHHYDO~DQHVWRV,(VHQORV WKHEHKDYLRURIWKHVH,(VLQFKLOGUHQEHWZHHQDQG

% & # ( ) * & # ) # ) / 0 ! 1 ) 2 ! ! ( 6 # * " " & # ( # ( 6 # * " " " # # ( * # *

    '       + ,    '    '  - '  .    - 3 4 5    +   '  7  '    3 4 5 8 . 9     - 3  '   4 :  5  ' 

DE LA PÁGINA 369 A LA 376 369

HGDGHVFRODU HQWUHORV\ORVDxRV VRQORVSUREOHPDV (O7HVWGHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD+XPDQD ')+ GHVDUUROOD

ULD XELFDGDHQQXHVWURFRQWH[WRDSDUWLUGHORVDxRV   *RRGHQRXJK   +DUULV  .RSSLW]

GL]DMHV VLVWHPiWLFRV 3RU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SURSLDV GH .RSSLW]1DJOLHUL0F1HLVK %DUGRV  t | 

GL]DMHLPSOLFDHVTXHPXFKDVYHFHVVHSRQHQGHPDQL \RSVLFRSDWROyJLFRV 'L/HR/XNDVK0DO

WXFLyQHGXFDWLYD 6RUtQ 'HHVWDPDQHUDHVTXH  u TXHVHREVHUYDQHQORVGLEXMRV(OVH

SULPDULRGHDSR\R IDPLOLD\KHUPDQRV WDPELpQVRQPRWLYRV ORVQLxRVQRUPDOHVTXHQRFRQVXOWDQSRUSUREOHPiWLFDVGH

/ySH] /XFKHWWL <VLELHQODUHODFLyQHQWUHHVWDV ODHGDG\ODPDGXUDFLyQ .RSSLW] 

370 DE LA PÁGINA 369 A LA 376

'$PHOLR 2WURWUDEDMRUHVSDOGDHOXVRGHO')+ WUDQVYHUVDOGHVFULSWLYRGHGLIHUHQ

FLRHPRFLRQDO /DDN GH *RHGH $OHYD 9DQ 5LMVZLMN

 6RODQR0RVTXHUD\<pSH].XUL  FXHVWLRQDQ 6HHPSOHyXQPXHVWUHRLQWHQFLRQDOVLPSOH3DUWLFLSDURQGH

PDQHWDO 5HVSHFWRGHORVPRWLYRVTXHSRGUtDQ  (QOD7DEODVHGHWDOODQORVYDORUHVGHIUHFXHQFLD\

9i]TXH]\&DVWDxHGD&KDQJ  KDOODURQTXHFLHUWRV

DE LA PÁGINA 369 A LA 376 371

]DGRIRUPDOPHQWH GHVGHSUHHVFRODUKDVWDJUDGR (O SDFLyQGHSDGUH\PDGUH

)3DGUH 3DGUH )0DGUH 0DGUH

SOHWR Q  RVHFXQGDULRFRPSOHWR Q   Ê Ë § Ì » µ » ¨ É § È µ » µ § ¨ ¹ ¥ Í

DOFDQ]DGRHOQLYHOVHFXQGDULRFRPSOHWR(QHOUHVWRGHOD    

   

1LYHOHGXFDWLYR )3DGUH 3DGUH )0DGUH 0DGUH

    3RU~OWLPRHQUHODFLyQFRQORVPRWLYRVGHFRQVXOWDGHORV

    QLxRV\QLxDVHYDOXDGRVHQHO Q  GHORVFDVRV

    GL]DMHHQHO Q  SRUSUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWDHQ

    TXHODVPHQRUHVSURSRUFLRQHVVHUHXQtDQHQHO Q 

7RWDO     PLHGRVHQHO Q  SRUSUREOHPDVFRQJUXSRGH

\ HPSUHVDULRV XQ  Q  GH FKRIHUHV REUHURV

FDVD Q  GRFHQWHVHQIHUPHURV\EDQFDULRV GHOD)LJXUD+XPDQD YHUVLyQ*RRGHQRXJK+DUULV

372 DE LA PÁGINA 369 A LA 376

JXUD+XPDQD YHUVLyQ*RRGHQRXJK+DUULV DQLxRVTXH QHV @SUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWD>Q  PXMHU\

FLyQ6HVROLFLWyFRQVHQWLPLHQWRLQIRUPDGRGHORVSDGUHV UHV\YDURQHV 6HREVHUYDTXHHOPRWLYR ú x | Û   t u v 

SUXHED&KLFXDGUDGRD¿QGHFRPSUREDUODGHSHQGHQFLD GHQFLD HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH VLJQL¿FDWLYDV FRQ HO,QGLFDGRU

VLJQL¿FDWLYDDIDYRUGHORV HQORV,QGLFDGRUHV Ý Þ ß à á â ã QL¿FDWLYDVFRQHO,QGLFDGRUPDQRVJUDQGHV ;ð 

URQHVQ   YV0XMHUHVQ   @  x wQRVHHQFXHQWUDGHSHQGHQFLD

HQFRQWUyGHSHQGHQFLDGHODVYDULDEOHVHQORV,QGLFDGRUHV ) S  DIDYRUGHORVQLxRVTXHSUHVHQWDEDQ

DxRVQ   @3URQXQFLDGDDVLPHWUtDGHODVH[ '6  JUXSRSULPDULR '6  

JOS  >DDxRVQ   YVD (QIXQFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVFULSWRVHQHOSDUiJUDIR

;ð JOS  >DDxRVQ   YV VLyQGHQDUL](VWH~OWLPRLQGLFDGRU0DJDQWR\*DUDLJRU

PRWLYDODFRQVXOWDDXQGLVSRVLWLYRGHDVLVWHQFLDSVLFROy PDQRV RPLWLGDV RPLVLyQ GH QDUL] VH YLQFXODQ FRQ

DE LA PÁGINA 369 A LA 376 373

FRUWRV0DQRVRPLWLGDV2PLVLyQGHQDUL]\2PLVLyQ VH REVHUYD GHSHQGHQFLD HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH VLJQL¿FDWLYD

ORVKDOOD]JRVSUHYLRVGHHVWHHTXLSR %UL]]LRHWDO  PXHVWUDTXHFRQWHPSOHPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHFDVRVSDUDDVt

FDUWDGRGHHVWHJUXSRDWHQWRDTXHVHJ~Q.RSSLW]  5HVSHFWRDODFDQWLGDGGH,(VSUHVHQWHVVHJ~QPRWLYRGH

374 DE LA PÁGINA 369 A LA 376

TXHWUDEDMDQHQHOFDPSRGHODLQIDQFLDSXHGHQUHDOL]DU    $  7     %  #  %      #  0 "  !  #  8   9 #   ! !       #  0 "  ! 

VRFLDOHVHWF )RUQVL6DQWDFDQD6DWWOHU  %UL]]LR$/ySH]//XFKHWWL< *ULOOR$  (VWXGLRDFHU

&D\VVLDOV$  $OJXQDVUHÀH[LRQHVVREUHODHYDOXDFLyQSVL

&RUWDGDGH.RKDQ1   '    @      ! "      A   $   % /     0  *

'ULHVVQDFN 0   &KLOGUHQ¶V 'UDZLQJV DV )DFLOLWDWRUV RI

(OLI'DJOLRJOX+ 8PLW'HQL]$  $VWXG\RQWKHHPRWLR

*URVV- +D\QH+  'UDZLQJIDFLOLWDWHVFKLOGUHQ¶VYHUEDO

DE LA PÁGINA 369 A LA 376 375

+DPPHU (  

/RV,QGLFDGRUHVHPRFLRQDOHV,(VGHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD 7KH(PRWLRQDO,QGLFDWRUV(,RIWKH+XPDQ)LJXUH'UDZLQJ

(QHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLRVHHYDO~DQHVWRV,(VHQORV WKHEHKDYLRURIWKHVH,(VLQFKLOGUHQEHWZHHQDQG

' + , ' ' - ' . - 3 4 5 + ' 7 ' 3 4 5 8 . 9 - 3 ' 4 : 5 '

HGDGHVFRODUHQWUHORV\ORVDxRVVRQORVSUREOHPDV (O7HVWGHO'LEXMRGHOD)LJXUD+XPDQD')+GHVDUUROOD

ULDXELFDGDHQQXHVWURFRQWH[WRDSDUWLUGHORVDxRV *RRGHQRXJK +DUULV .RSSLW]

GL]DMHV VLVWHPiWLFRV 3RU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SURSLDV GH .RSSLW]1DJOLHUL0F1HLVK %DUGRV t |

GL]DMHLPSOLFDHVTXHPXFKDVYHFHVVHSRQHQGHPDQL \RSVLFRSDWROyJLFRV'L/HR/XNDVK0DO

WXFLyQHGXFDWLYD6RUtQ'HHVWDPDQHUDHVTXH u TXHVHREVHUYDQHQORVGLEXMRV(OVH

SULPDULRGHDSR\RIDPLOLD\KHUPDQRVWDPELpQVRQPRWLYRV ORVQLxRVQRUPDOHVTXHQRFRQVXOWDQSRUSUREOHPiWLFDVGH

/ySH] /XFKHWWL<VLELHQODUHODFLyQHQWUHHVWDV ODHGDG\ODPDGXUDFLyQ.RSSLW]

'$PHOLR2WURWUDEDMRUHVSDOGDHOXVRGHO')+ WUDQVYHUVDOGHVFULSWLYRGHGLIHUHQ

FLRHPRFLRQDO /DDN GH *RHGH $OHYD 9DQ 5LMVZLMN

6RODQR0RVTXHUD\<pSH].XULFXHVWLRQDQ 6HHPSOHyXQPXHVWUHRLQWHQFLRQDOVLPSOH3DUWLFLSDURQGH

PDQHWDO5HVSHFWRGHORVPRWLYRVTXHSRGUtDQ (QOD7DEODVHGHWDOODQORVYDORUHVGHIUHFXHQFLD\

9i]TXH]\&DVWDxHGD&KDQJKDOODURQTXHFLHUWRV

]DGRIRUPDOPHQWHGHVGHSUHHVFRODUKDVWDJUDGR(O SDFLyQGHSDGUH\PDGUH

)3DGUH 3DGUH )0DGUH 0DGUH

SOHWRQ RVHFXQGDULRFRPSOHWRQ Ê Ë § Ì » µ » ¨ É § È µ » µ § ¨ ¹ ¥ Í

DOFDQ]DGRHOQLYHOVHFXQGDULRFRPSOHWR(QHOUHVWRGHOD

1LYHOHGXFDWLYR )3DGUH 3DGUH )0DGUH 0DGUH

3RU~OWLPRHQUHODFLyQFRQORVPRWLYRVGHFRQVXOWDGHORV

QLxRV\QLxDVHYDOXDGRVHQHOQ GHORVFDVRV

GL]DMHHQHOQ SRUSUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWDHQ

TXHODVPHQRUHVSURSRUFLRQHVVHUHXQtDQHQHOQ

7RWDO PLHGRVHQHOQ SRUSUREOHPDVFRQJUXSRGH

\ HPSUHVDULRV XQ Q GH FKRIHUHV REUHURV

FDVDQ GRFHQWHVHQIHUPHURV\EDQFDULRV GHOD)LJXUD+XPDQDYHUVLyQ*RRGHQRXJK+DUULV

JXUD+XPDQDYHUVLyQ*RRGHQRXJK+DUULVDQLxRVTXH QHV@SUREOHPDVGHFRQGXFWD>Q PXMHU\

FLyQ6HVROLFLWyFRQVHQWLPLHQWRLQIRUPDGRGHORVSDGUHV UHV\YDURQHV6HREVHUYDTXHHOPRWLYR ú x | Û t u v

VLJQL¿FDWLYDDIDYRUGHORV HQORV,QGLFDGRUHV Ý Þ ß à á â ã QL¿FDWLYDVFRQHO,QGLFDGRUPDQRVJUDQGHV;ð

URQHVQ YV0XMHUHVQ @ x wQRVHHQFXHQWUDGHSHQGHQFLD

HQFRQWUyGHSHQGHQFLDGHODVYDULDEOHVHQORV,QGLFDGRUHV ) S DIDYRUGHORVQLxRVTXHSUHVHQWDEDQ

DxRVQ @3URQXQFLDGDDVLPHWUtDGHODVH[ '6 JUXSRSULPDULR '6

JOS >DDxRVQ YVD (QIXQFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVFULSWRVHQHOSDUiJUDIR

;ð JOS >DDxRVQ YV VLyQGHQDUL](VWH~OWLPRLQGLFDGRU0DJDQWR\*DUDLJRU

PRWLYDODFRQVXOWDDXQGLVSRVLWLYRGHDVLVWHQFLDSVLFROy PDQRV RPLWLGDV RPLVLyQ GH QDUL] VH YLQFXODQ FRQ

FRUWRV0DQRVRPLWLGDV2PLVLyQGHQDUL]\2PLVLyQ VH REVHUYD GHSHQGHQFLD HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH VLJQL¿FDWLYD

ORVKDOOD]JRVSUHYLRVGHHVWHHTXLSR%UL]]LRHWDO PXHVWUDTXHFRQWHPSOHPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHFDVRVSDUDDVt

FDUWDGRGHHVWHJUXSRDWHQWRDTXHVHJ~Q.RSSLW] 5HVSHFWRDODFDQWLGDGGH,(VSUHVHQWHVVHJ~QPRWLYRGH

TXHWUDEDMDQHQHOFDPSRGHODLQIDQFLDSXHGHQUHDOL]DU $ 7 % # % # 0 " ! # 8 9 # ! ! # 0 " !

VRFLDOHVHWF)RUQVL6DQWDFDQD6DWWOHU %UL]]LR$/ySH]//XFKHWWL< *ULOOR$(VWXGLRDFHU

&D\VVLDOV$$OJXQDVUHÀH[LRQHVVREUHODHYDOXDFLyQSVL

&RUWDGDGH.RKDQ1 ' @ ! " A $ % / 0 *

'ULHVVQDFN 0 &KLOGUHQ¶V 'UDZLQJV DV )DFLOLWDWRUV RI

(OLI'DJOLRJOX+ 8PLW'HQL]$$VWXG\RQWKHHPRWLR

*URVV- +D\QH+'UDZLQJIDFLOLWDWHVFKLOGUHQ¶VYHUEDO

+DPPHU (

+DPULQ 9 3DFKOHU 0 &KLOG DQG DGROHVFHQW GHSUHV

+LEEDUG5$ +DUWPDQ1*(PRWLRQDOLQGLFDWRUVLQKX

MH5HYLVWDGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ3VLFROyJLFD2QOLQH A K B

6DPDQLHQJR&(O&KLOG%HKDYRLU&KHFNOLVWVXHVWDQGD

%XHQRV$LUHV*XDGDOXSH 6DWWOHU-(YDOXDFLyQLQIDQWLODSOLFDFLRQHVFRJQLWLYDV0p

HPRFLRQDOHVGHOWHVWGHOGLEXMRGHOD¿JXUDKXPDQDGH.RSSLW] 6RUtQ0

HQQLxRVPDOWUDWDGRV\QRPDOWUDWDGRV5HFXSHUDGRGHKWWS FLDOLGDG \ SURGXFFLyQ LQIDQWLOH GH VXEMHWLYLGDGHV %DUFHORQD

/XNDVK)1&KLOGUHQ¶VDUWDVDQLQGH[RIDQ[LHW\ #

9DUJDV6DEDGtDV$ C ! " ! $ F / % 7 $ % #

/D 0DQFKD 6HUYLFLR GH SXEOLFDFLRQHV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH

KXPDQ¿JXUH6SULQJ¿HOG,/&KDUOHV&7KRPDV3XEOLVKHU # $ & &DPSLQDV/L\UR3OHQR

:HLQOH&$)DFLOLWDWLQJFKLOGUHQ¶VHPRWLRQDOH[SUHVVLRQ

0DJDQWR 0DWHR & *DUDLJRUGRELO /DQGD]DEDO 0 (O GLVVHUWDWLRQ7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI7ROHGR7ROHGR2+

0DJDQWR& *DUDLJRUGRELO0,QGLFDGRUHVHPRFLRQDOHV

0XUSK\.5HFRJQL]LQJGHSUHVVLRQLQFKLOGUHQ

1DJOLHUL-0F1HLVK7 %DUGRV$ ' ; N ( C ' & ' $ I