A

Self-Learning Report
On
“COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION OF KITCHEN ROOM"

For the subject of

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING.

Under the guidance of

Prof. N S Aaher.
By

Sr. No. Batch Class & Div. Roll No. Name Sign
1 T10 TE-C 203 GAIKWAD RAVINDRA
2 T10 TE-C 204 GEODERAO GAURAV
3 T10 TE-C 205 GHUGE GANESH

4 T10 TE-C 206 GEORGE MAYUR

Prof. N S Aaher. Dr. A. G. Thakur.

(Guide) Vice Principal and Head
Mechanical Engineering Department.
Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

(PEOs) of the Mechanical Engineering are established and are as follows:

I. To prepare students for successful and efficient careers in industry that meet the needs of
Indian and multinational companies.

II. To develop the ability among students to synthesize and analyze data and technical concepts
for application to product design and development.

III. To provide opportunity for students to work as part of teams on multi-disciplinary projects.

IV. To provide students with a sound foundation in the mathematical, scientific and engineering
fundamentals necessary to formulate, solve and analyze engineering problems and to prepare
them for higher studies, civil services etc.

V. To promote awareness among students about life-long learning and to introduce them to
professional ethics and codes of professional practice.

VI. To inculcate in students ethical values and belongingness towards society.

VII. To provide an opportunity to undertake innovative projects and research.

VII. To make students aware of the latest developments in engineering and technology.
Program Outcomes (POs)

At the end of this program graduates will be able to

a) Demonstrate ability to apply basic knowledge in mathematics, science and engineering.

b) Demonstrate the ability to conduct experiments, interpret and analyze data, and report
results.
c) Demonstrate the ability to design mechanical systems, in general and a thermal system or
a process that meets desired specifications and requirements.
d) Demonstrate the ability to function in a team as a member or leader.
e) Demonstrate the ability to identify, formulate and solve Mechanical Engineering
problems.
f) Demonstrate an understanding of their professional and ethical responsibilities.
g) Communicate effectively in both verbal and written forms.
h) Have the confidence to apply engineering solutions in global and societal contexts.
i) Capable of self-learning.
j) Familiar with modern engineering software tools and equipments to analyze mechanical
engineering problems.
k) Capable to demonstrate creativity.
l) An ability to prepare design documentations and to make effective presentations.
Aim: PROBLEM BASED LEARNING.

Subject: REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING.

Topic: COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION OF KITCHEN ROOM.

Steps:

1) Form the team.

2) Study the theory related to it.

3) Permission and appointment of visit from Milk processing plant.

4)Analysis of different types of Heat load.

5) Study all aspects regarding Refrigeration and Air conditioning.

6) Interact with cooled storage and make visit report.

7) Present report in the class.

8) Questions and answers.

9) Report.
Mapping:

Steps Activity PEO PO

1 Form the Team. III d

2 Study the theory related to it. II,IV a, e, i

3 Solve the problem using VII, IV j

Psychrometric chart.

4 solve the problem analytically. VII, IV e, j

5 compare the analytical and II,III,VII a, b, g, l, k

experimental data and prepare
result table.

6 Present in front of audience. III,V g, l

7 Questions and answers. III g, l

8 Report.
Aim: Cooling load estimation of kitchen room.

ABSTRACT
Human comfortness is essential now a day because of the improvement in life style and
increasing atmospheric temperature. Electrical air conditioning machines are not most suitable
for large buildings because of the higher power consumption and shorter life. Central air
conditioning is more reliable for easy operation with a lower maintenance cost. With large
buildings such as commercial complex, auditorium, office buildings are provided with central air
conditioning system. Educational and research institutions also need human comfortness, as the
population of student community increase year by year. The effective design of central air
conditioning can provide lower power consumption, capital cost and improve aesthetics of a
building. Cooling load items such as, people heat gain, lighting heat gain, infiltration and
ventilation heat gain can easily be putted to the MS-Excel programme. The programme can also
be used to calculate cooling load due to walls and roofs.
1. Introduction
Applying mechanical and thermal engineering concepts, an air conditioner was designed
for the human comfort and other necessary objection. This project report delineates norms and
the procedure for the estimation of the heat load on the air conditioner.
Being socially conscious technocrat I choose to invest my time, effort, and engineering
knowledge into clearly understanding the mechanism underlying within the air conditioner
which became a necessity in today’s world .We chose to concentrate more on cooling load
calculations because through this we can understand the heat gain sources so that we can have
check on them the next time we switch on an A.C.

1.1 REFRIGERATION

The term "refrigeration" may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substance
under controlled conditions. It also includes the process of reducing and maintaining the
temperature of a body below the general temperature of its surroundings. The device that serves
this purpose is called "refrigerator". Refrigerator has become a part of day –to-day life of man. It
has become a necessity in this world of technology. In other words the term refrigeration means
continued extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is below the surrounding
temperature.

The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which during their cycle in the refrigeration
system absorbs heat from a low temperature system and discards it to high temperature body.
There are many types of refrigerants that are widely being used. Some of them are Freon-22, R-
134a, R-11, R-12, R-100, etc
.
1.2 AIR CONDITIONING

Merely lowering or raising the temperature provides comfort in general to the machines or
its components and living beings in particular. In case of machine components along with
temperature, humidity also has to be controlled and for the comfort of human beings along with
these two important parameters, air motion and cleanliness also play a vital role. Air
conditioning works on the same principle as that of Refrigerating system. Air conditioning is that
branch of engineering science that deals with the conditioning of air

1.2. Terminology

a) Refrigeration: - the term ‘Refrigeration’ means process of removing heat from a substance or
space under the controlled conditions. It also include the process of reducing and maintaining the
temperature of a body below the surrounding temperature

b) Unit of refrigeration: - the practical unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of ‘tonne of

refrigeration (TR)’. A tonne of refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration effects
produced by the melting of 1 ton of ice from and at 0 oC in 24 hours.

c) Coefficient of performance (COP): - the COP is defined as the ratio of heat extracted in the
refrigerator to the work done on the refrigerant.

d) Refrigerant: - refrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that
release heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure, and absorbs heat
during evaporation at low temperature and pressure region.

e) Air conditioning: - controlling and maintaining environmental parameters such as

temperature, humidity, cleanliness, air movement, sound level, pressure difference between
condition space and surrounding within prescribed limit.

f) CLTD: - cooling load temperature difference is an equivalent temperature difference used for
calculating the instantaneous external cooling load across the walls and roofs.
g) Humidity: - it is the mass of water vapour present in 1 kg of dry air, and is generally
expressed in terms of gram per kg of dry air (g/kg of dry air). It is also called specific humidity
or humidity ratio.

h) Relative humidity (RH): - it is a ratio of actual mass of water vapour in a given volume of
moist air to the mass of water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature
and pressure.

i) Dry bulb temperature (DBT): - it is the temperature of air recorded by thermometer, when it
is not affected by the moisture present in the air. The dry bulb temperature is generally denoted
by td or tdb.

j) Wet bulb temperature (WBT): - it is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer, when
its bulb is surrounded by a wet cloth exposed to the air. The wet bulb temperature is generally
denoted by tw or twb.

k) Dew point temperature (DPT): - it is the temperature of the air recorded by the
thermometer, when the moisture present it beings to condense.

l) Heat transfer coefficient: - it is the rate of heat transfer through a unit area of building
envelope material, including its boundary films, per unit temperature difference between the
outside and inside air.

m) Thermal resistance: - it is the reciprocal of the heat transfer coefficient and is expressed in
m2-K/W.

n) Sensible heat gain: - direct addition of heat to the enclosed space, without any change in its
specific humidity, is known as sensible heat gain.

o) Latent heat gain: - heat gain of space through addition of moisture, without change in its dry
bulb temperature, is known as latent heat gain.

p) Space heat gain: - it is the rate of heat gain, at which heat inter into and generated within the
conditioned space.

q) Space cooling load: - it is the rate at which energy must be removed from a space to maintain
a desired air temperature of space.
2. Literature Review
The basic concept behind air conditioning is known to have applied in ancient Egypt,
where reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of
water cooled the air blowing through the window. This process also made the air more humid
Anderson et al.
[1] designed heating and cooling loads for a sample residential building at different orientations,
using a development version of the building energy analysis computer program BLAST. They
identified that the total loads were found to be higher for north than south orientation except in
extreme southern latitudes of the U.S. Omar et al.

[2] calculated the hourly cooling load due to different kinds of wall, roof and fenestration using
transfer function method (TFM). The output of this method was compared with the well-known
Carrier program and the results were acceptable. In the case of cooling load, when the results
were compared with the ASHRAE examples, some differences were noticed due to wall and
roof. They also studied the effects of changing the wall color on cooling load. Adnan Shariah et
al.

[3] studied the effect of the absorptance of external surfaces of buildings on heating, cooling and
total loads using the TRNSYS simulation program. Two types of construction materials, namely
heavy weight concrete block and light weight concrete were used in the simulation. They also
calculated the effects of the absorptance on energy loads for uninsulated buildings. They reported
that, foruninsulated buildings, as the absorptance was changed from one to zero, the total energy
load decreased by 32%, while for insulated buildings, it decreased by 26% inAmman. Whereas
the decrease was about 47% for uninsulated and 32% for insulated buildings in Aqaba. Kulkarni
et al.

[4] optimized cooling load for a lecture theatre in a composite climate in India. the lecture
o o
theatre had a dimension of 16m×8.4m×3.6m and was situated at Roorkee (28.58 N, 77.20 E) in
the northern region of India. The monthly, annual cooling load and cooling capacity of air
conditioning system was determined by a computer simulation program. They reported that the
use of false celling, ceramic tiles on roof and floor, electro chromic reflective colored, 13mm air
gap, clear glass gave the best possible retrofitting option.
Source of heat load
The source may be give out sensible heat load or latent heat load

A)External heat load:-

1) Solar heat gain through glass.

2) Heat gain through opaque surface like wall , roof ,floor etc.

3) Infiltration.

4) Ventilation.

B) Internal Load

1) Occupancy.

2) Equipment.

3) Product brought.

1 System heat gain

This is the load due to air conditioning system itself. It is three types,

Duct heat gained: cool air in the duct absorber heat from outside atmosphere trough duct wall.

Duct air leakage: the joints of duct air likely to be leakage. This loss of air would result
introduction of load.

Blower power: the blower or fan which circulate air through the complete system expands its
power in supply air as heat.

2 Heat gain through glass

Heat is transmitted through glass due to solar radiation this could be direct in the form
of sun rays diffused radiation due to deflection of other object out side

Solar heat gained =solar radiation intensity*area of window glass.

3 Heat load trough opaque surface

The tempreture difference across wall roof, floor, and other surfaces like glass cover
heat transfer through this surface heat from outside air transferred meanly by convection to outer
through structure to inside surface this is calculated by formula

H=UA(T2-T1)

Where, U=overall heat transfer coefficient

A=surface area

(T2-T1)=tempreture difference

4 Infiltration

Tis load is due to air that enters the room by various reason and bring along with it to the SH and
LH load this infiltration of air is normal application is mainly due to this reason

a) through crank in window

b) due to opening of door

5 Outside air load

Both infiltration and ventilation are heat load due to out side air the infiltration load is
directly in the space and ventilation load is directly on coil .

Outside air sensible heat is to be calculate as

0.0204(mm/person*no of occupant*change in temp *10^3)

Outside air latent heat is to be calculated as

50(mm/person* no of person* change in temp*10^3).

6 Ventilation

Human being inside a space required fresh ness to air it has been study by ASHRAE that
inadequate fresh air supplied to the space leads to health problem for people inside it this is
called as sick building syndrome.

Therefore ASHRAE gives minimum and recommended values of fresh air per person for
different application of the space.

7 Occupancy heat load

Human being constantly gives out heat to maintained body temperature in an air
conditioning room ,sensible heat load gives out due to temperature difference between body and
room air.

The value of heat load increases with in the activity of human being

Total SH=sensible heat /person*no of occupant

Total LH=latent heat /person *no of occupant

8 Lightning

Lightning power supply finally generates heat in the room it is only sensible heat.
HVAC system design

The main objectives of HVAC system design are as follows

a) Control of temperature, humidity, air purity and correct pressurization to avoid contamination.

b) Provide comfort and healthy indoor environment of office buildings, educational buildings,
cinemas, libraries, auditoriums, multiplex, shopping centers, hotel, public place,

c) Provide special air filtration to remove bacteria, high indoor quality, avoid cross
contamination.

Cooling load calculation

The objectives of cooling load calculation are as follows

a) To determine be the optimum rate at which heat needs to be removed from space to establish
thermal equilibrium & maintain a pre-determined inside conditions.

b) To calculate peak design loads (cooling/heating).

c) To estimate capacity or size of plant/equipment.

d) To provide info for HVAC designs e.g. load profiles.

e) To form the basis for building energy analysis.