Engineering Microwave Communication

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Microwave is an Electromagnetic Wave with a frequency greater than that of the
television signal. With wavelength ranging from one meter to one millimeter
and frequency between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm). Before it was called
microwave, there is a person who predicted it, James Clerk Maxwell is a scientist who
did not expect to predict it from his equation while Heinrich Hertz was the first person to
demonstrate the existence of it and named it Radio Waves. Microwaves and radio
waves are used to communicate with satellites. Microwaves pass straight through the
atmosphere and are suitable for communicating with distant geostationary satellites,
while radio waves are suitable for communicating with satellites in low orbit. Radio
Waves are used to transmit television and radio programs while microwaves are used
for mobile phones and Wi-Fi. However, they have different properties. Microwaves are
used in spacecraft communication, and much of the world's data, TV, and telephone
communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves between ground stations
and communications satellite.
Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their
small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams,
which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave
equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower
frequency radio waves do. It is also travel solely by line-of-sight paths; unlike lower
frequency radio waves they do not travel as ground waves which follow the contour of
the Earth, or reflect off the ionosphere (sky waves). Although at the low end of the band
COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 1

they can pass through building walls enough for useful reception, usually rights of way
cleared to the first Fresnel zone are required. Microwave signals propagated in straight
lines are affected very little by the troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected by
ionized regions in the upper atmosphere. Some attenuation occurs when microwave
energy passes through trees and frame houses. Radio-frequency (RF) energy at longer
wavelength is affected to a lesser degree by such obstacles. Just like visible light,
microwaves are blocked by obstacles. They need a clear path to reach their destination.
Mounting transmitters and receivers high on a tower offers a clear line-of-sight to the
next tower. Also, taller towers reduce the impact of the earth’s curvature. Taller towers
can be spaced father apart and still see one another.
If we want to use these microwaves on earth’s surface then the sending and
receiving antennas must be able to see each other. All the antennas which are used
between the sending and receiving antennas are known as repeaters. The function of
repeater is to increase the intensity of the weak signal. Water has a tendency to affect
the antenna’s signal because it can absorb signal, so if the reflection point of two sites is
in between a watery area, the signal may become weak or completely lost and probably
won’t function correctly due to rain. You'll notice that when you're watching television
while it rains, sometimes the signal is disturbed when there’s rain.

Background of the Study
The history of microwave transmission can be traced back in the early 1930’s
even though it’s just an experimental telecommunication link across the English
Channel. In the preceding years, there’s been a huge increase in microwave spectrum
by new telecommunication technologies. This gives way to a significant progress in the
technology and application of line-sight microwave communication systems.
In present times, microwave technologies have made a big impact in world’s
societies and improved communications for everybody’s use. In the Philippines, there
are now various advancements when it comes to telecommunication which provided us
a point of interest for research concerning wireless communication.
The researchers have selected two different locations, from Tiaong to Tayabas,
both are in the Quezon Province.
The location of our two microwave link is as follows: the location of the
microwave tower is from Tayabas to Tiaong, quezon. The range or distance is 35.1 km.
Tayabas has latitude of 14.036386 and longitude of 121.6532694 E with elevation of
301.8372703 feet. Tiaong has latitude of 13.95409167 and longitude of 121.339263 and
the elevation is 364.1732283 feet. These areas are considerably free from any
liquefaction and susceptibilities.

Statement of the Problem
General Problem:
How to establish a good point to point connection between two microwave links.
 What kind of equipment with a given specifications do we use to proposed
design.
 Choosing proper place for the design.
 How to lessen errors and failures and maintain the reliability.
 How to secure our site from unauthorized access.
 Avoiding any obstruction to provide the better line sight.
 Improvement the speed and services for the all subscribers.
 It can affect the transmitting signal due to weather condition.

Objective of the Study
General Objective:
To establish a good point to point connection and to broadcast signal through radio
using a progression of microwave towers.
 To provide subscriber high quality network access.
 To acquire knowledge and enhance ideas regarding wireless communication
 To understand how the signal is transmitted to other microwave towers.
 To serve as a foundation for telecommunication company
 To serve as the main source to prevent the reducing signals strength along urban
areas.

Significance of the Study
The study of analyzing and designing wireless communication system requires
broad knowledge about communication theory. It enables the researchers to relate and
understand further the theories and studies regarding telecommunications.
For future researchers:
 This study not only allowed us to expand our capabilities on communication
theories, but it will also serve as a learning paradigm for future researchers.
For engineering students:
 As a fellow engineering student, we signify the importance of this research for a
much broader source of Communication studies and theories for our co-students.

Scope and Delimitation
The researchers also considered the scopes and delimitation of the given
microwave of the given microwave design. For this part of the research, it focuses on
how long, wide the reach the restriction of the Microwave system are there are some
cope and delimitation which can help other researchers to have good design.
Scope
 The microwave system is only for Tiaong to Tayabas Subscriber.
 For the given cell site location, the topographical is also considered.
 Microwave system is operating in tropical cities between both site 40km radius
from the sites.
 All the given parameters, location and weather conditions are the main focused
of the study.
 Building two point to point systems are the first concerns.

Delimitation
 The two sites are only limited for the subscriber of Tiaong to Tayabas residences.
 The distance occupied by the Microwave Systems are limited for only 40km
range between the two sites.
 Its main purpose is to be the carrier of telecommunication purposes.
 Microwave Systems only work on point to point communication.
 All materials on making the microwave link and site permits from NTC are not
included.
 The microwave link is only functioning in the Philippines.
 Overall expenses on material and for the microwave designs are not included.

Organizational Chart
Eric Sales
Team Leader
Theodoric Vanezza
Layos Shyree Alon
Enrico Angelito
Palalon Robles
Mark Lester Lloyd Carlo

Langcay Publico
CHAPTER 2

Review of the Local Studies
A Microwave Link Between Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company in
Crossing, Calamba and Nuvali, Sta. Rosa for GSM Application Involving Edge
Technology.
Abstract:
The designed project was intended to give Philippine Long Distance Telephone
Company (PLDT) a reliable fixed microwave link design from Crossing, Calamba to
Nuvali, Sta. Rosa, Laguna. The study would provide link from PLDT Crossing, Calamba,
to Nuvali, Sta. Rosa, with the use of microwave for the implementation of Enhanced
Data Rate for GSM Evolution. The link is designed to have a reliability of 99.9998% in
view of all the probable attenuations.
The study meant to create a microwave link design that includes the
requirements of a reliable taking into account the requirements given by the National
Telecommunications Commissions and other standards in relation to microwave
propagation. Descriptive type of research was used in this study in order to describe the
specification of a reliable microwave.
The design consists of a single hop microwave design with a PL4-65-P7A/F, 1.2
meter antenna, vertically polarized, 6.425-7.11 GHz, gray antenna; EWP63S super
premium elliptical waveguide, and the Harris Truepoint 6500 microwave radio.

Economic study was conducted to determine the cost effectiveness of the
system. The estimated total investment cost is Php. 9,541,317.44 with a Php.
59,429,444.44 as the project’s annual income. The total outlay has a rate of return of
309.599% which can be acquired after four months and three days of function.
A Microwave Communications Link Design connecting PLDT-Brgy. Casmisehos,
Canlubang, Laguna and PLDT-Brgy. Maduya, Carmona, Cavite For Voice And Data
Transmission
Abstract:
This study aimed to provide a microwave communications link design connecting
PLDT-Brgy. Casmisehos and PLDT-Brgy. Maduya. This design could also be used as a
communication link for the companies located in the two sites because PLDT-Brgy
Casmisehos, Canlubang, Laguna is now turning into an industrial park and PLDT-Brgy.
Maduya is already located inside the People’s Technology Center (PTC).
A descriptive research method was used in the study to determine the factors
that could affect the design. These include the path profile, link budget, land elevation,
azimuth, and analysis of atmospheric condition that might affect the reliability of the
design. In addition, calculations were done based on the gathered data and suggestions
of the company. The company recommended using the 6- 7GHz band in the microwave
link. On the other hand, the ITU-R recommendation of 7.25-7.55 GHz was used.
The microwave link design had a path length of 12.62 km. The line of sights
could be poor if there would be any obstruction higher than the elevation of both sites.
These obstructions were only assumed and were based on the topographical map. The

computations that were necessary for achieving the target reliability which was 99.999%
were made to prove the feasibility of the design.
All the expenses for the design were discussed and computed in the economic
study. The study was able to prove that the link design connecting PLDT-Brgy.
Casmisehos and PLDT-Brgy. Maduya for data and voice transmission is feasible.

Review of the foreign studies
The first practical application of microwaves in a communication system took
place more than 80 years ago. In the 1930s, an experimental microwave transmission
system was used to connect the United Kingdom with France bridging the English
Channel without cables. In the 1950s, AT&T built a 10-channel microwave radio relay
system in the United States that was capable of carrying 5,400 long-distance calls per
channel, supporting a total of 54,000 simultaneous callers. The emergence of television
provided another opportunity, as network broadcasting was relayed to local affiliates
across the country. In the 1980s, analog RF systems began giving way to more
efficient, higher-capacity digital systems to accommodate rising traffic demand. Even
then, microwave networks typically provided long-haul communications but all that was
to change with the development of another ubiquitous consumer RF technology: the
cellular telephone.

CHAPTER III
Design Consideration
In design consideration for the Microwave Design, First you have to consider if
the location of your desired cell sites are located in the landslide, earthquake, heavy
rainfall, and wind susceptibility and liquefaction prone area.
3.1. Site Consideration
In creating a good Microwave Communication link, the researchers have to know
if the location of the sites A and B are free from different environmental factors like the
topology of the ground, liquefaction, landslide, earthquake and even though climate in
that location. All of that will be discussed and shown by the different Susceptibility Map.

Landslide Susceptibility


Earthquake Susceptibility

For every infrastructure one of the major problems depending on the calamities is
the earthquake susceptibility because when there’s an earthquake a lot of effects can
be happened like landslide, tsunami, and etc. From the diagram below, we can say that
our desired Microwave Location Links are free from high degree of earthquake
susceptibility. Earthquake Susceptibility has been consider as one of the factor that can
affects the reliability of the signal strength of our Microwave Link. It can easily bend the
antenna towers and by means of that the signal reliability will be affected and can be the
cause of signal malfunction and also earthquake can destroy all the Microwave System
and all of the base station of our towers. Also we considered if the locations of our
towers are free from any fault line. As shown in the diagram the two locations are not
affected by the fault line.
In some instances, we considered the location of our Microwave Link by building
it in the place where there’s less magnitude or low degree zone to make sure that if
there’s a shock or magnitude there is no heavy effect in the reliability of the Microwave
Link.



Liquefaction Susceptibility
Another major problem of the Microwave Link is the heavy rainfall or the
liquefaction level of the locations of our link. Heavy liquefaction on the locations can
cause flooding, landslide and also the tropical cyclone or worse a tsunami. Flooding can
be the large problem if the location is located at heavy rainfall zone, it can cause much
damage for the Microwave Link because during heavy rainfall the reliability of the two
links are affected. Many of the signal diffraction occur when the reflection point reflects
in wet surfaces because heavy rainfall can be the cause of unavailability and reception
of the transmission if the fading of the rain is so high.
Based from PAGASA, The climate is tropical in Tiaong and Tayabas, Quezon. Most
months of the year are marked by significant rainfall. The short dry season has little
impact. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Am. The temperature here
averages 27.1 °C. Precipitation here averages 1877 mm. The precipitation varies 228
mm between the driest month and the wettest month. The variation in temperatures
throughout the year is 3.4 °C. Expose to the Average Annual Rainfall: 111.56 inches


3.2 Meteorological Consideration
This following table is all about the climate conditions of our both location. This
factor is our consideration, it is important to identify the full information about the natural
condition that can affect the structure and operate of our station.
Tiaong, Quezon
Temperature
 Meteoblue Weather

Number of Rain\Drizzle days in month
Wind of Speed (km\h)

Tayabas, Quezon
Temperature
Number of Rain\Drizzle days in month

Wind of Speed (km\h)

3.3 Line of Sight Consideration
It is very important that the Antenna’s line of sight be greatly considered. The
efficiency of the signal’s strength can be affected by various factors also, as without it, it
would be impossible to establish a reliable network connection over a few hundred
meters regardless of the antenna, equipment or mast deployed.
 Objects on the signal’s path can cause interference on the transmission of
microwave, also called the diffraction effects.
 The calculation of the Fresnel Zone radius determines the clearance of the radio
path, thus, no diffraction loss shall incur.
 The earth’s bulge should also be considered. This could help us acquire the
necessary height for our tower.

3.4 Equipment Consideration
Selecting different equipment’s for the two sites are considered as one of
the most important factors in designing a microwave communication link as it is used to
transmit/receive data and information. Also, the calculations of the microwave link
design are based on the equipment’s specifications. The two sites must have
compatible equipment’s to make the microwave link functional and effective.
 RADIO EQUIPMENT
Microwave Radio ODU and IDU Huawei RTN 950 Microwave Radio Link

 MICROWAVE
FREQUENCY BAND: 6.425 – 7.125

 WAVEGUIDE

 LIGHTNING ARRESTER

 RADOME

 TOWER
Quick Details
Place of Origin: Shandong, China (Mainland)

Model Number: Angular Steel Tower
Height of Radar Steel Tower: 15m-80m, customized
Steel Tower Body Surface Treatment: Hot Dip Galvanized.
Quantity of Platform: Customized
Antenna Type of Radar Steel Tower: GSM, RRU,CDMA, MW etc.
Brand Name: Xinhang
Maximum Design Wind Speed: 330km/h
Steel Grade: Q235, Q345 usually
Zinc Coating Color: Silver
Antenna Load: up to clients
Raw Material: Angle

 GENERATOR


 Beacon
Spare Parts KG114F0001: Red Lens Beacon LA-21950: Lamp, 120V,
620W LA-700230: Lamp, 230V, 700W 73-S800BF120: Flasher,
120V 73-S800BF240: Flasher, 230V WC23012CL0T-XXX: Cable
(specify length)
Photometric Specifications
• Beam Spread: 360° horizontal 3° minimum vertical
• Effective Intensity: ≥ 1,600 candela (ICAO) 2,000 ± 25% (FAA)
Note: Optical specifications per FAA and ICAO guidelines.
Environmental Specifications
• Temperature: -55°C to +55°C (-67°F to 130°F) • Lens: Heat resistant glass, red
• Humidity: 95% relative humidity • Frame: Cast aluminum with stainless steel
• Wind-blown Rain: Exposure to windblown rain • Dimensions: 850mm H x 305mm Dia. (33.5"H
from any direction. x 12" Dia.)
• Corrosion Resistant: Will withstand salt- • Weight: 33 Kg (73 lb.)
laden atmosphere.
• Mounting: Quantity 4, 17.5mm (11/16")
• Wind: 240 kph (150 mph) Mechanical diameter holes, 90° apart on a 337mm (13.25")
Specifications bolt circle

 Rectifier

 ATS (Automatic Transmission Switch)

Microwave Link Profile
 Location of Sites
 SITE A
Tayabas, Quezon Boundary
Coordinate of Site A based on Geocontext

 Location of Sites
 SITE B
Tiaong- Lipa road
(Tiaong Boundary)
Coordinate of Site B based on Geocontext

Path Profiling
Earth Path
Distance Distance Tree Total path
Curvature Elevation
from A from B Growth elevation with
(ec, m, (eo, m,
(d₁, km) (d₂,km) (m) T.G (m, AMSL)
AMSL) AMSL)
0 35.07 0 92 0 111.0000
0.5 34.57 1.016764706 92 15 108.0168
1 34.07 2.004117647 80 15 97.0041
1.5 33.57 2.962058824 79 15 96.9621
2 33.07 3.890588235 77 15 95.8906
2.5 32.57 4.789705882 78 15 97.7897
3 32.07 5.659411765 65 15 85.6594
3.5 31.57 6.499705882 65 15 86.4997
4 31.07 7.310588235 64 15 86.3106
4.5 30.57 8.092058824 63 15 86.0921
5 30.07 8.844117647 63 15 86.8441
5.5 29.57 9.566764706 60 15 84.5668
6 29.07 10.26 60 15 85.2600
6.5 28.57 10.92382353 60 15 85.9238
7 28.07 11.55823529 60 15 86.5582
7.5 27.57 12.16323529 60 15 87.1632
8 27.07 12.73882353 60 15 87.7388
8.5 26.57 13.285 60 15 88.2850
9 26.07 13.80176471 59 15 87.8018
9.5 25.57 14.28911765 58 15 87.2891
10 25.07 14.74705882 58 15 87.7471
10.5 24.57 15.17558824 57 15 87.1756
11 24.07 15.57470588 56 15 86.5747
11.5 23.57 15.94441176 55 15 85.9444
12 23.07 16.28470588 54 15 85.2847
12.5 22.57 16.59558824 53 15 84.5956

13 22.07 16.87705882 53 15 84.8771
13.5 21.57 17.12911765 53 15 85.1291
14 21.07 17.35176471 52 15 84.3518
14.5 20.57 17.545 49 15 81.5450
15 20.07 17.70882353 50 15 82.7088
15.5 19.57 17.84323529 51 15 83.8432
16 19.07 17.94823529 48 15 80.9482
16.5 18.57 18.02382353 48 15 81.0238
17 18.07 18.07 47 15 80.0700
17.5 17.57 18.08676471 47 15 80.0868
18 17.07 18.07411765 46 15 79.0741
18.5 16.57 18.03205882 45 15 78.0321
19 16.07 17.96058824 45 15 77.9606
19.5 15.57 17.85970588 44 15 76.8597
20 15.07 17.72941176 49 15 81.7294
20.5 14.57 17.56970588 52 15 84.5697
21 14.07 17.38058824 53 15 85.3806
21.5 13.57 17.16205882 54 15 86.1621
22 13.07 16.91411765 55 15 86.9141
22.5 12.57 16.63676471 58 15 89.6368
23 12.07 16.33 58 15 89.3300
23.5 11.57 15.99382353 59 15 89.9938
24 11.07 15.62823529 59 15 89.6282
24.5 10.57 15.23323529 59 15 89.2332
25 10.07 14.80882353 58 15 87.8088
25.5 9.57 14.355 59 15 88.3550
26 9.07 13.87176471 58 15 86.8718
26.5 8.57 13.35911765 59 15 87.3591
27 8.07 12.81705882 60 15 87.8171
27.5 7.57 12.24558824 60 15 87.2456
28 7.07 11.64470588 61 15 87.6447
28.5 6.57 11.01441176 62 15 88.0144

29 6.07 10.35470588 63 15 88.3547
29.5 5.57 9.665588235 63 15 87.6656
30 5.07 8.947058824 64 15 87.9471
30.5 4.57 8.199117647 65 15 88.1991
31 4.07 7.421764706 68 15 90.4218
31.5 3.57 6.615 71 15 92.6150
32 3.07 5.778823529 74 15 94.7788
32.5 2.57 4.913235294 77 15 96.9132
33 2.07 4.018235294 80 15 99.0182
33.5 1.57 3.093823529 85 15 103.0938
34 1.07 2.14 87 15 104.1400
34.5 0.57 1.156764706 90 15 106.1568
35 0.07 0.144117647 111 0 92.0000
Path
Optimu elevation
Distanc
First m with
e from Lower
Fres Fresnel Terrain earth
A (d₁, F1
nel clearan buldge
km)
ce Upper Upper Lower (m,
F1 0.6F1 0.6F1 AMSL)
densely
0.000
0 built-up 121.813 121.813 121.81
0
0 area 8 8 38 121.8138 92
4.666 2.799691 126.480 124.613 117.14 93.016764
0.5 2 387 Trees 0 5 76 119.0141 71
6.551 3.930624 128.364 125.744 115.26 82.004117
1 0 313 Trees 8 4 28 117.8832 65
7.964 4.778556 129.778 126.592 113.84 81.962058
1.5 3 986 Trees 1 4 95 117.0352 82
9.127 5.476556 130.941 127.290 112.68 80.890588
2 6 4 Trees 4 3 62 116.3372 24
10.12 6.076511 131.941 127.890 111.68 82.789705
2.5 75 903 Trees 3 3 63 115.7373 88
11.00 6.605193 132.822 128.419 110.80 70.659411
3 87 984 Trees 4 0 51 115.2086 76
11.79 7.078590 133.611 128.892 110.01 71.499705
3.5 77 395 Trees 4 4 61 114.7352 88

12.51 7.507167 134.325 129.320 109.30 71.310588

4 19 252 Trees 7 9 18 114.3066 24
13.16 7.898223 134.977 129.712 108.65 71.092058
4.5 37 983 Trees 5 0 01 113.9156 82
13.76 8.257093 135.575 130.070 108.05 71.844117
5 18 18 Trees 6 9 20 113.5567 65
14.31 8.587810 136.126 130.401 107.50 69.566764
5.5 30 968 Road 8 6 08 113.2260 71
14.82 8.893518 Rice 136.636 130.707 106.99
6 25 451 Field 3 3 12 112.9203 70.26
15.29 9.176715 137.108 130.990 106.51 70.923823
6.5 45 502 Trees 3 5 92 112.6371 53
15.73 9.439428 137.546 131.253 106.08 71.558235
7 24 379 Trees 1 2 14 112.3743 29
16.13 9.683324 137.952 131.497 105.67 72.163235
7.5 89 461 Trees 6 1 49 112.1304 29
16.51 9.909793 Rice 138.330 131.723 105.29 72.738823
8 63 179 Field 1 6 74 111.9040 53
16.86 10.12000 138.680 131.933 104.94
8.5 67 459 Road 4 8 71 111.6938 73.285
17.19 10.31495 Rice 139.005 132.128 104.62 72.801764
9 16 267 Field 3 7 22 111.4988 71
17.49 10.49548 Rice 139.306 132.309 104.32 72.289117
9.5 25 799 Field 2 2 13 111.3183 65
17.77 10.66234 Rice 139.584 132.476 104.04 72.747058
10 06 268 Field 3 1 32 111.1514 82
18.02 10.81614 139.840 132.629 103.78 72.175588
10.5 69 989 Building 7 9 68 110.9976 24
18.26 10.95745 Rice 140.076 132.771 103.55 71.574705
11 24 907 Field 2 2 13 110.8563 88
18.47 11.08674 Rice 140.291 132.900 103.33 70.944411
11.5 79 812 Field 7 5 58 110.7270 76
18.67 11.20443 Rice 140.487 133.018 103.13 70.284705
12 41 315 Field 8 2 97 110.6093 88
18.85 11.31087 Rice 140.665 133.124 102.96 69.595588
12.5 15 637 Field 2 6 23 110.5029 24
19.01 11.40639 140.824 133.220 102.80 69.877058
13 07 251 Trees 4 1 31 110.4073 82
19.15 11.49125 Rice 140.965 133.305 102.66 70.129117
13.5 21 405 Field 8 0 16 110.3225 65
19.27 11.56569 Rice 141.089 133.379 102.53 69.351764
14 62 552 Field 9 4 76 110.2480 71

19.38 11.62991 141.196 133.443 102.43

14.5 32 703 Road 9 6 05 110.1838 66.545
19.47 11.68408 141.287 133.497 102.34 67.708823
15 35 708 House 2 8 02 110.1296 53
19.54 11.72834 141.361 133.542 102.26 68.843235
15.5 72 496 House 0 1 65 110.0854 29
19.60 11.76280 141.418 133.576 102.20 65.948235
16 47 255 House 4 5 90 110.0509 29
19.64 11.78754 141.459 133.601 102.16 66.023823
16.5 59 58 Trees 6 3 78 110.0262 53
19.67 11.80263 141.484 133.616 102.14
17 11 581 Road 8 3 27 110.0111 65.07
19.68 11.80810 Open 141.493 133.621 102.13 65.086764
17.5 02 957 Field 9 8 35 110.0056 71
19.67 11.80398 141.487 133.617 102.14 64.074117
18 33 047 Trees 0 7 04 110.0097 65
19.65 11.79023 Open 141.464 133.603 102.16 63.032058
18.5 04 843 Field 1 9 33 110.0235 82
19.61 11.76684 Open 141.425 133.580 102.20 62.960588
19 14 975 Field 1 6 23 110.0469 24
19.55 11.73375 141.370 133.547 102.25 61.859705
19.5 63 677 Trees 0 5 74 110.0799 88
19.48 11.69087 141.298 133.504 102.32 66.729411
20 48 705 Trees 5 6 89 110.1228 76
19.39 11.63810 141.210 133.451 102.41 69.569705
20.5 68 244 Road 5 8 69 110.1756 88
19.29 11.57529 Open 141.105 133.389 102.52 70.380588
21 22 76 Field 9 0 15 110.2384 24
19.17 11.50229 140.984 133.316 102.64 71.162058
21.5 05 821 Road 2 0 32 110.3114 82
19.03 11.41890 140.845 133.232 102.78 71.914117
22 15 878 Trees 2 6 22 110.3948 65
18.87 11.32489 140.688 133.138 102.93 74.636764
22.5 48 978 House 5 6 88 110.4888 71
18.70 11.22000 140.513 133.033 103.11
23 00 427 Trees 7 7 37 110.5937 74.33
18.50 11.10391 140.320 132.917 103.30 74.993823
23.5 65 376 Trees 2 6 72 110.7098 53
18.29 10.97627 140.107 132.789 103.51 74.628235
24 38 301 Trees 5 9 99 110.8374 29
18.06 10.83667 139.874 132.650 103.75 74.233235
24.5 11 391 Trees 8 3 25 110.9770 29

17.80 10.68464 139.621 132.498 104.00 72.808823

25 77 775 Trees 4 3 59 111.1290 53
17.53 10.51965 139.346 132.333 104.28
25.5 28 576 Road 4 3 09 111.2940 73.355
17.23 10.34107 139.048 132.154 104.57 71.871764
26 51 736 Trees 8 7 85 111.4726 71
16.91 10.14819 138.727 131.961 104.90 72.359117
26.5 37 532 Trees 3 9 00 111.6655 65
16.56 9.940177 Rice 138.380 131.753 105.24 72.817058
27 70 024 Field 6 8 67 111.8735 82
16.19 9.716050 138.007 131.529 105.62 72.245588
27.5 34 334 Trees 1 7 02 112.0976 24
15.79 9.474672 137.604 131.288 106.02 72.644705
28 11 167 House 8 3 25 112.3390 88
15.35 9.214686 137.171 131.028 106.45 73.014411
28.5 78 92 Trees 5 3 58 112.5990 76
14.89 8.934470 136.704 130.748 106.92 73.354705
29 08 389 House 4 1 29 112.8792 88
14.38 8.632052 136.200 130.445 107.42 72.665588
29.5 68 537 Road 4 7 69 113.1816 24
13.84 8.305008 135.655 130.118 107.97 72.947058
30 17 406 Road 3 7 20 113.5086 82
13.25 7.950299 135.064 129.763 108.56 73.199117
30.5 05 491 Trees 1 9 31 113.8633 65
12.60 7.564034 134.420 129.377 109.20 75.421764
31 67 846 Trees 4 7 69 114.2496 71
11.90 7.141095 133.715 128.954 109.91
31.5 18 717 Trees 5 7 18 114.6725 77.615
11.12 6.674513 132.937 128.488 110.68 79.778823
32 42 968 Trees 8 1 94 115.1391 53
10.25 6.154371 Open 132.070 127.968 111.55 81.913235
32.5 73 545 Field 9 0 63 115.6593 29
9.276 5.565672 Open 131.089 127.379 112.53 84.018235
33 1 043 Field 7 3 75 116.2480 29
8.139 4.883685 129.953 126.697 113.67 88.093823
33.5 5 619 Trees 2 4 42 116.9300 53
6.769 4.061690 Open 128.583 125.875 115.04
34 5 402 Field 2 4 42 117.7520 89.14
4.977 2.986224 126.790 124.799 116.83 91.156764
34.5 0 434 Trees 7 9 66 118.8275 71
1.756 1.054043 Open 123.570 122.867 120.05 111.14411
35 7 444 Field 4 7 69 120.7596 76

 Microwave Reflection point
Reflection Point
Line of Sight

 Site A (Proposed Tower)
Perspective

 Site B (Proposed Tower)
Perspective

 Site A
o Site Development Layout

 Site B
o Site Development Layout

 Cable Layout

 Microwave Path Link Reliability
1. Site Considerations
SITE A (Tayabas, Quezon)
Latitude: 14O 2’ 10.99” N
Longitude: 121O 39’ 11.77” E
SITE B (Tiaong, Quezon)
Latitude: 13O 57’ 14.73” N
Longitude: 121O 20’ 21.35” E
2. Great circle distance (DGC)
Given Parameters:
Latitude at site A 14O 2’ 10.99‖ N
13O 57’ 14.73‖ N

Latitude at site B
121O 39’ 11.77‖ E

Longitude at site A
121O 20’ 21.35‖ E

Longitude at site B

Unknown parameter:
DGC – Great Circle Distance
- Included Angle
DGC = cos – 1 [( sin(Lat. A)) (sin(Lat. B)) + ( cos(Lat. A)) ( cos(Lat. B))( cos Long.
(A-B)]
= Longitude A- Longitude B
=121O 39’ 11.77” - 121O 20’ 21.35”
= 0 O 18’ 50.42”
DGC = cos – 1 [ ( sin(14O 2’ 10.99”)) (sin(13O 57’ 14.73”)) + ( cos(14O 2’ 10.99”)) (
cos(13O 57’ 14.73”)) ( cos Long. (121O 39’ 11.77” - 121O 20’ 21.35”))]
DGC ≈ 0.315603809O
DGC = (0.315603809O) (60 nautical miles / 1O) (1.852 km / 1 nautical miles)
DGC ≈ 35.06989526 km

3. Operating frequency
Given:
Upper Frequency (fu) 7.125GHz
Lower Frequency (fl) 6.425GHz
Unknown Parameters:
Fc = Center Frequency
Fc =
Fc =
Fc = 6.775 GHz

4. Antenna height
Given Parameters:
Dgc Total distance (km) 35.06989526km
Fc Operating Frequency (GHz) 6.775GHz
T.G Tree Growth (m) 15m
Ea Elevation at Site A (m, AMSL) 111m
eb Elevation at Site B (m, AMSL) 92m
Eo Elevation at Point of Obstruction (m, 92m
AMSL)
Da Distance between the Point of 0.5km
Obstruction and Site A (km)
Db Distance between the Point of 34.57km
Obstruction and Site B (km)

Unknown parameters:
eb Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m, AMSL)
F1 First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction
H Optimum Fresnel Clearance radius at point of obstruction
Aa Antenna Height at Site A ( AGL )
Ab Antenna Height at Site B ( AGL )
Ha Antenna Height at Site A (AMSL)
Hb Antenna Height at Site B (AMSL)
Ht Total Height of Obstruction (m, AMSL)
K 4/3 for dry, mountains typical inland, humid and constant areas
(unitless)
 Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m, AMSL)
eb =
eb =
eb = 1.016764706 m

 First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction:
F1 =17.3 √
F1 = 17.3 √
F1 =4.666152312 m
 Optimum Fresnel Clearance at the point of Obstruction:
H = 0.6F1
H = 0.6(4.666152312 m)
H = 2.799691387 m
 Total Height of Obstruction (m, AMSL)
ho = eb + T.G + Eo + 10m
ho = 1.016764706m +15m + 92m +10m
ho = 118.0167647 m
ha = ea + αA
hb = eb + αB
αA = Antenna Height At Site A

αB = Antenna Height At Site B
Let αB =15m (AGL)

hb = eb + αB
hb = 92m + 15m

hb = 107m (AMSL)
 Antenna Height At Site A
H=
ha = ( )
ha = ( )
ha = 121.0612485m (AMSL)
ha = ea + αA
αA = ha - ea
αA = 121.0612485m – 111m
αA = 10.0162485m (AGL)

5. Antenna orientation
5.1 Panning Angle
Given Parameters:
Longitude A Longitude at site A 121° 39’ 11.77” E
Longitude at site B 121° 20’ 21.35” E

Longitude B
Latitude A Latitude at site A 14° 2’ 10.99” N
Latitude B Latitude at site B 13° 7’ 14.73” N
DGC 0.315603809°
BA = α
BB = 360 – β
α=
β=
α=
α = 105.0971441

β=
β = 74.97756961
 BA = α
BA = N 105◦ 5’ 49.72” E
 BB = 360 – β
BB = 360◦ – 74.97756961
BB = N 285◦ 1’ 20.75” E

5.2 Antenna Tilting

DGC Total Distance (km) 35.06989526km
hA Antenna Height of Site A (AMSL),(m) 121.0162485m
hB Antenna Height of Site B (AMSL),(m) 107m
Unknown Parameters:
= Angle of elevation of the antenna at Site B
= Angle of elevation of the antenna at Site A
= =-
= 0.= - 0° 1' 22.44”
0° 1' 22.44”
- 0° 1' 22.44”

6. Reflection Point
Given Parameters:
hA Antenna Height Site A, AMSL (ft) 397.0543074
hB Antenna Height Site B, AMSL (ft) 351.067
DGC Total Distance (mi) 21.79201843
Unknown Parameters:
GL = Grazing line
D1 = Distance of Site A to the point of reflection (km)
D2 = Distance of Site B to the point of reflection (km)
y = Quotient of the Antenna height of Site A and the square of the total distance
x = Quotient of the Antenna height of Site B and the square of the total distance
1 mile = 1.6093km
1 foot = 0.3048m
x=
x=
x = 0.7392519845

y=
y=
y = 0.836093788
GL =
√
GL = 0.4846171125
D1 = GL (DGC)
D1 = 0.4846171125(21.79201843)
D1 = 10.56078505 mi (
D1 = 16.99547137 km
D2 = DGC – D1
D2 = 35.06989526 km – 16.99547137 km
D2 = 18.07442389 km
 The reflection point is at a built- up area.

7. Transmission Calculation
7.1 Radio Frequency Propagation Gain
F Frequency 6.775GHz
DA Antenna Diameter 1.2m
Unknown Parameters:
GA Antenna Gain at Site A
GB Antenna Gain at Site B
GT Radio Frequency Total Gain
Antenna Gain at Site A and Site B
GA = 20log (FGHz) + 20log (DA) + 18
GA = 20log (6.775) + 20log (1.2) + 18
GA = 36.20181091dBi
GB = 36.20181091dBi
GA = GB (same gain because of the Antenna used was the same)
GT = 2 (36.20181091dBi)
GT =72.40362182dBi

7.2 Radio Frequency Loss
7.2.1 Wave Guide Loss
Given Parameters:
WA Waveguide Attenuation Factor 0.30dB/m
WLA Waveguide Total Loss (Site A) 36.20181091 dB
WLB Waveguide Total Loss (Site B) 36.20181091 dB
WT Waveguide Total Loss at Site A and Site B 72.40362182 dB
Waveguide Length
WL = 0.6m (waveguide layout)
Waveguide Total Loss (Site A)
WLA = 0.6m
WLA = 0.6m
WLA = 0.18dB

Waveguide Total Loss (Site B)
WLB = 0.6m
WLB = 0.6m
WLB = 0.18Db
Waveguide Total Loss (Site A and Site B)
WT = WLA + WLB
WT = 0.18dB + 0.18dB
WT = 0.36dB

7.2.2 Free Space Path Loss
Where:
DGC Total Distance (km) 35.06989526
F Operating Frequency (GHz) 6.775
FSL = 92.45 + 20log (fGHz) + 20log (DGC)
FSL = 92.45 + 20log (6.775) + 20log (35.06989526)
FSL = 139.9668754dB

7.2.3 Net Path Loss
Where:
WT Waveguide Loss at Site A and Site B
FSL Free Space Path Loss
IL Insertion Loss
NPL Net Path Loss
Radome Loss: 0.4dB Radome loss @6.775GHz
2(0.4dB) = 0.8dB = = 3.775dB
Insertion Loss:
2(0.18dB) = 0.36dB
NPL = WT + FSL + 2RL + 2IL
NPL = 0.36dB+139.9668754dB + 0.8dB + 0.36dB
NPL =141.4868754dB

7.3 Fade Margin
Where:
NPL Net Path Loss 141.4868754dB
GT Radio Frequency Total Gain 72.40362182dBi
PO Transmitter Output Power 28dBm
RS Primary System Receiver Threshold -69dBm
RSL = PO + GT - NPL
RSL = 28dB + 72.40362182dB – 141.4868754dB
RSL = - 41.08325358 dB
FM (Fade Margin)
FM = RSL – (-RS)
FM = -41.08325358dB – (--69dB)
FM = 27.91674642dB

7.4 Reliability Of The Main System
Rayleigh Distribution Table
Fade Margin Reliability (%)
8 90
18 99
28 99.9
27.91674642 R
38 99.99
48 99.999
(1.008325358)(0.9999 – 0.999) = (0.9999 – R)
R= 0.9999 – (9.074928222 x 10-4)
R = 99.89925072 %
The reliability of the system is 99.89925072 %

7.5 Hot-Standby System
Where:
RS Primary System Receiver Threshold 69dBm
RSL Received Signal Level -41.08325358dB
Hot – Standby System Receiver Sensitivity
RSH = - (RS – 1dB – 10dB)

RSH = - (69dB – 1dB – 10dB)
RSH = -58dB
Fade Margin of Hot- Standby System
FMH = RSL - RSH
FMH = - 41.08325358dB - (-58dB)
FMH =16.91674642 dB

Rayleigh Distribution Table
Fade Margin Reliability (%)
8 90
18 99
16.91674642 R
28 99.9
38 99.99
48 99.999
Reliability of the Hot- Standby System
(0.999 – RH) = (0.554162679)(0.999 – 0.99)
(0.999 – RH) = (4.98764111 x 10-3)
RH = 0.999 – (4.98764111 x 10-3)

RH = 99.40125359 %
7.6 Overall System Reliability (1+1 redundancy)
Where:
RH Reliability of the Hot- Standby System 99.40125359 %
R Reliability of the Main System 99.89925072 %
Overall System Reliability (1+1 redundancy)
RT = RH + R – (RH X R)
RT = 0.9940125359 + 0.9989925072 – (0.9940125359 X 0.9989925072)
RT = 99.99939677 %

Unavailability:
U = 1 – RT
U = 1 – 0.9999939677
U = 6.0323 x 10-6
U = (6.0323 x 10-6) x x
Uhr = 0.052842948 ⁄
Umin = 0.052842948 ⁄ x
Umin = 3.175057688 ⁄
Usec = 3.175057688 ⁄ x
Usec = 190.5034613 ⁄

7.7 Unavailability Base on Radio Frequency Propagation
FM Fade Margin of Primary System (dB) 27.91674642
DGC Total Distance (km) 35.06989526
F Operating Frequency (GHz) 6.775
Unavailability Base on Radio Frequency Propagation
Urf = abf 1.6DGC3 (1.25 x 10-6) 10
a = Roughness factor
a= 1 over an average terrain
b= 0.25 for average in-kind areas
Urf = 1(0.25) (6.775) (1.6)( 35.06989526 )(3 (1.25 x 10-6) 10
Urf = 2.879987591 x 10-6
Urf = 0.000002879 x x
Urf = 0.02522869129 ⁄
Urf = 1.513721478 ⁄

Urf = 90.82328866 ⁄
OVERALL UNAVAILABILITY TIME TABLE
Time Rate Outrage Time
Seconds per day 0.5219272912
Seconds per month 15.65781874
Seconds per year 190.5034613
Minutes per day 0.008698788187
Minutes per month 0.2609636456
Minutes per year 3.175057688
Hours per day 0.0001447752
Hours per month 0.004343256
Hours per year 0.052842948

8. Link Budget
PTX Transmitted Power 28dBm
GTX , GRX Gain of the Antenna of Site A and Site B 36.20181091dBi
FSL Free Space Path Loss 139.9668754dB
WLA Waveguide Loss at Site A 0.18dB
WLB Waveguide Loss at Site B 0.18dB
RL Radome Loss 0.4dB
IL Insertion Loss 0.18dB
Unknown Parameters:
BA = branching loss at site A
BB = branching loss at site B
ERP = effective radiated power (dBm)
EIRP = effective isotropic radiated power (dBm)
EIRS = effective isotropic received sigdnal (dBm)
ERS = effective received signal (dBm)
RLS = received signal level (dBm)
BA = WLA + RL + 2(IL)
BB = WLB + RL + 2(IL)
ERP = PTX - BA
EIRP = ERP + GTX

EIRS = EIRP – FSL

ERS = EIRS + GRX
RSL = ERS - BA
BA = 0.18dB + 0.4dB + 2(0.18 dB)
BA = 0.94dB
BB = 0.18dB + 0.4dB + 2(0.18dB)
BB = 0.94dB
ERP = 28dBm – 0.94dB
ERP = 27.06dBm
EIRP = 27.06dBm + 36.20181091dBi
EIRP = 63.26181091dBm
EIRS = 63.26181091dBm - 139.9668754dBi
EIRS = -76.70506449dBm

ERS = -76.70506449dBm + 36.20181091dBi
ERS = -40.50325358dBm
RSL = -40.50325358dBm – 0.94dB
RSL = -41.44325358dBm
The receive signal level at the receiver site which is at site B is -41.44325358dBm
Link Budget
80
63.26181091
60
40 28
20 27.06
0
-20
-40.50325358
-40
-41.44325358
-60
-80 -76.70506449
-100

9. Tower Layout
 Site A

 Site B

 Waveguide Layout
Top View
Back View

10. Design Summary
Site A Site B
Location Tayabas, Quezon Tiaong, Quezon
Latitude 14° 2’ 10.99‖ N 13° 57’ 14.73‖ N
Longitude 121° 39’ 11.77‖ E 121° 20’ 21.35‖ E
Path Length 35.06989526 km
Elevation 111m 92m
Operating Frequency 6.775GHz
Obstruction Distance 0.5km 34.57km
Obstruction Height 92m
Antenna Height (AGL) 10.0162473 m 15 m
Tower Height 20m 16.26963057m

Waveguide Length 1.19m
Antenna Alignment
Antenna Orientation N 105° 5’ 49.72‖ E N 285° 1’ 20.75‖ E
Antenna Tilting 0° 1' 22.44‖
Distance From Reflection Point 16.99549753 km 18.07439773 km
Antenna Gain 36.20181091dBi
System Gain 72.40362182dBi
Losses
Waveguide Loss 0.18dB 0.18dB
Radome Loss 0.8dB
Connector Loss 0.18dB
Free Space Loss 139.9668754dB
Net Path Loss 141.4868754dB

Radio Equipment
Transmit Power 28dBm
Receiver Threshold -69dBm
System
Fade Margin 27.91674642dB
Reliability of Primary System 99.89925072 %
Reliability of Hot-Standby System 99.40125359 %
Reliability with (1+1) Protection 99.99939677 %
Urf = 0.02522869129 ⁄
Overall Unavailability Urf = 1.513721478 ⁄
Urf = 90.82328866 ⁄

 Occupational Safety
SAFETY PRECAUTION
Microwave communication systems are subjected to electrical hazard from
exposure to the lightning and power system and unless adequate protection measure is
employed, such exposure may result in fatality, service interruption and excessive
maintenance expenses.
A safety aspect of microwave radio EMR radiation is also defined by standards and
guidelines, and often human exposure 'exclusion' zones exist around the front of
microwave dish antennas, horns and dielectric antennas. Personnel safety must also be
considered around open waveguide ends and waveguide switches with un-terminated
ports. Refer to other material at the GHN on EMR Safety. Treating microwave radiation
safety in a conservative manner is always prudent, never look down open waveguide,
and never stand in front of a microwave antenna.
This guide will present a summary of the basics of radiofrequency (RF) and
microwave safety, biological effects, and exposure limits to be used. Some
recommendations are made that, if followed, would enhance the safety of equipment. In
other cases, a particular item or action will be required.
 Dress properly with rubber soled shoes, rubber gloves, and long sleeve shirt.
Use an approved safety belt.
 Do NOT work on a wet, snowy or windy day or if a thunderstorm is approaching.

 Make sure you have all the tools needed before starting. Some specialized tools
and safety needs
 Read the manufacturer's directions and this advisory in full before proceeding.
 Assign someone in the erection crew to monitor the use of safety equipment
 We also suggest checking directly with the manufacturer for additional guidance
and product-specific safety information.
 Things that you may have before climbing a tower.
Hard Hats Harness
Electrical gloves Safety goggles

 Electrical Safety
General tips
 Always call a certified electrician to do any wiring in your home.
Electrical panels, fuses, and outlets
 If a fuse blows, turn off all appliances and lights that are on the circuit before
changing the fuse.
 Use a flashlight. Don't try to replace a fuse in the dark.
 Replace a fuse with another that has an identical rating.
 Loose fuses can overheat. If you have plug-type fuses, you should periodically
check to make sure they're snug.
 Never replace a fuse with a coin or other metal object.
 Use ground fault circuit interrupters on all outlets located outdoors.
Cords, extension cords, and plugs
 Pull the plug, not the cord, when disconnecting an electrical device.
 Never remove a plug when your hands are wet, or if you’re touching a metal
object.
 The third prong of a plug exists for safety reasons. Do not break it off or bypass
it.

 Use only three-pronged extension cords outdoors.
 Keep cords away from sources of heat and water.
 Cords and plugs that show signs of wear or damage need to be replaced. Stop
using them immediately.
 Do not place a cord under a carpet, through a doorway, or anywhere that it could
be stepped on.
 Always use extension cords that are properly rated for the amount of electricity
you'll be using.
 Extension cords are intended for temporary use. If you need a permanent
solution, call an electrician.
 Coil up excess cord length and keep the coil intact with plastic ties or Velcro
straps.
 Electrical devices, appliances, and power tools
 Keep your electrical devices away from sources of water.

 Electricity safety near gas supply
 If you smell gas don’t touch any electrical switches as it could cause a spark. Go
outside and call for a help.
 Always use qualified electricity and gas contractors to install your services and
ask them to ensure the services are installed the right distance apart.
 Make sure your services are inspected and maintained regularly. Don’t try any
maintenance yourself, always use a qualified contractor.
 Power lines and transformer boxes
 If you need to prune or remove a tree near a power line or a ground-level
transformer box, call BC Hydro first.
 When using a ladder, keep it away from overhead power lines. Only use ladders
on stable surfaces, and have someone hold the ladder when you're on it.
 One of the requirements for the well-equipped amateur station is the fire
extinguisher.
 Member/worker in the station should also know how to apply artificial respirations
 Knowledge in first aid kits must be also be in line.
 Be sure to put directories for this matter.

 GROUND
Grounding System
An effective ground system is necessary for every amateur station. The mission
of the grounding system is to two-fold. First, it reduces the possibility of electric shock if
something in a piece of equipment should fail and the chassis of cabinet become ―hot‖.
The second job of the grounding system is to provide a low impedance path to ground
for any stray RF current inside the station.
 TOWER SAFETY
Working on towers and antenna is dangerous, and possibly fatal to the person with
less knowledge in proper installation. Tower and antenna can cause serious property
damage and personal injury if any part of the installation would fail. Always use the
quality material in the systems. Do not overload the tower, and if there are any doubts,
seek professional assistance
 SAFETY BELT AND CLIMBING ACCESSORIES
Any amateur with a tower must own a high-
quality safety belt. Do not attempt to climb and
work at the tower without preparations. The belt
allows the climber to lean back away from the
tower to reach the bolts and connections. A

climber must trust his life to his safety belt. For this reason, nothing less than a
professional quality, commercially made, tested and approved and safety belt is
acceptable.
The most important pieces of safety equipment are the Fall Arrest Harness (FAH)
and the accompanying lanyards. The FAH is the part that you wear and that the
lanyards attach to. The FAH has leg loops and suspenders to help spread the fall forces
over more of your body and has the ability to catch you in a natural position with your
arms and legs hanging below you where you’re able to breath normally.
There are 2 or more lanyards. One is the positioning lanyard. That is, it holds you in
working position and attaches to the Drinks at your waist. They can be adjustable or
fixed and are made from different materials such as nylon rope, steel chain or special
synthetic materials.
 HARD HATS
Ground crew members should have hardhats for
protection in case something fails from the tower. It is
not uncommon for the tower climber to drop tools and
hardware.
 ROPE AND PULLEY
Every amateur who owns a tower should also own a good
quality rope at least as twice as long as the tower height.

The rope is essential for safety erecting towers and installing antennas and cables.
Check your rope before each use for tearing or chafing. Do not attempt to use damage
rope; if it is breaks with a tower section or
antenna in the mi-air, properly damage and
personal injury are likely results. If your rope
should get wet, let it dry thoroughly before
putting it away.
 INSTALLING ANTENNAS ON THE TOWER
All antennas installations are different in some aspects. Therefore, through
planning is the most important first step in installing any antenna. Consider what tools
and parts must be assembled and what items must be taken up the tower.
 Select your installation site with safety, as well as performance in mind.
Remember: electric power lines and phone lines look alike. For your safety,
assume that any overhead line can kill you.
 Call your electric power company. Tell them your plans and ask them to come
look at your proposed installation. This is a small inconvenience considering your
life is at stake.
 Plan your installation carefully and completely before you begin. Successful
raising of a mast or tower is largely a matter of coordination. Each person should
be assigned to a specific task, and should know what to do and when to do it.
One person should be in charge of the operation to issue instructions and watch
for signs of trouble.

 When installing your antenna, remember:
 Do not use a metal ladder.
 Do not work on a wet or windy day.
 Do dress properly—shoes with rubber soles and heels, rubber gloves,
long sleeved shirt or jacket.
 If the assembly starts to drop, get away from it and let it fall. Remember, the
antenna, mast, cable, and metal guy wires are all excellent conductors of
electrical current. Even the slightest touch of any of these parts to a power line
completes an electrical path through the antenna and the installer: You! If any
part of the antenna system should come in contact with a power line, don’t touch
it or try to remove it yourself. Call your local power company. They will remove it
safely.
 If an accident should occur with the power lines call for qualified emergency help
immediately.
 SOME TOWER CLIMBING TIPS
The following tower climbing tips were consolidated. The most substantial safely
factor in any kind of dangerous endeavor is the proper attitude. Safety is important and
worthy if careful consideration and implementation is implied. The right attitude toward
safety is requirement for tower climbers. Lip service will not do; however, safety must be
practiced.

 The proper ham’s attitude: Do not take any unnecessary chances. There are no
exceptions to this plain and simple rule. It is the first rule of safety and of course
of climbing.
 Choose someone to be responsible for all activities on the ground and for all
communication with the climbers. Study the structure to be climbed and choose
the best route to your objective.
 Take time to plan your climb and must have step by step procedures to be
followed.
 Never underestimate the weather when climbing for additional safeness.
 Use proper locks on any switches design to accept them.
 All switches/circuit breakers should be labelled correctly of what type and
function it is. Label those equipment and rooms that are hazardous. Remember
incidents will be managed safely by these instructions.
 Don’t climb with anything in your hands; attach it to your safety belt if you must
climb with it or have your ground crew send it up to you.
 Don’t put any hardware in your mouth; not only does it taste funny but also you
could swallow something.
 Remove any rings and/or neck chains; they can get hooked on things.
 Don’t try to lift anything by yourself; one person on a tower has very little
leverage or strength. Let the ground crew use their strength; save yours for when
you really need it or you’ll quickly run out of arm strength.

Glossary Beam width - The half power beam width is
the angle between the half-power (-3 db)

Absorption - The way in which the energy
points of the main lobe, when referenced to
of a photon is taken up by matter, typically
the peak effective of the main lobe.
the electrons of an atom. Thus, the
Center Frequency (fc) - The arithmetic
electromagnetic energy is transformed into
means frequency is normally calculated
internal energy of the absorber, for example
using the 3db relative band edges (f1& f2).
thermal energy.
Conversion Loss - The ratio in db of the IF

Antenna (or aerial) - is an electrical device
output of a mixer to the RF input power. All
which converts electric power into radio
conversion loss measurements and
waves, and vice versa. It is usually used
specification are normally based on the
with a radio transmitter or radio receiver.
mixer being terminated on all ports and a
Attenuation - Loss of signal in transmission
stated LO signal power level being applied.
through a filter, usually referring to signal
Cutoff Frequency (Fco) –It is the upper
amplitude or signal power. Usually
pass band edge in low pass filters or the
measured in decibels (db).
lower pass band edge in high pass filters. It
Bandpass Filter - A filter that passes one
is the pass band edge closest to the stop
band of frequencies and rejects both higher
band.
and lower frequencies.
Decibels (db) – is a logarithmic unit of
Bandwidth - The width of the pass band of
measurement in acoustics and electronics.
a bandpass filter is usually expressed as the
DE multiplexer - is software that
frequency difference between lower and
demultiplexes individual elementary streams
upper relative 3db points.
of a media file, e.g., audio, video, or
subtitles and sends them to their respective

decoders for actual decoding. Media sensitivity to accommodate expected fading,
demultiplexes are not decoders themselves, for the purpose of ensuring that the required
but are format container handlers that quality of service is maintained. It is the
separate program streams from a file and amount by which a received signal level
supply them to their respective audio, video, may be reduced without causing system
or subtitles decoders. performance to fall below a specified
threshold value.
Diplexer is a passive device that
implements frequency domain multiplexing. Fading –It is deviation of the attenuation
affecting a signal over certain propagation

Duplexer - A device that allows bi-
media. The fading may vary with time,
directional (duplex) communication over a
geographical position or radio frequency,
single path.
and is often modeled as a random process.
Earth Bulge - A term used in
Frequency - The number of occurrences of
telecommunications. It refers to the circular
a repeating event per unit time. Unit is in
segment of earth profile which blocks off
Hertz or Cycles per Second (cps).
long distance communications.
Fresnel Zone - Is one of a (theoretically

EIRP Equivalent Isotopically Radiated
infinite) number of concentric ellipsoids
Power - is the amount of power that a
which define volumes in the radiation
theoretical isotropic antenna (which evenly
pattern of a (usually) circular aperture.
distributes power in all directions) would
emit to produce the peak power density Free Space Loss (FSL) - the loss in signal
observed in the direction of maximum strength of an electromagnetic wave that
antenna gain. would result from a line-of-sight path
through free space (usually air), with no

Fade Margin - A design allowance that
provides for sufficient system gain or

obstacles nearby to cause reflection or overcome an otherwise significant start-up
diffraction. delay.
Full Duplex - Allows communication in both IDU (Indoor Unit) - Accesses a service
directions and, allows this to happen signal, prompting baseband processing,
simultaneously. multiplexing and IF modulation.
Gain - is the ratio of the power output to the Input/output Connection –It is the
power input of the amplifier in db. The gain interconnections between the I/O devices,
is specified in the linear operating range of usually by the use of coaxial, BNC
the amplifier where a 1 db increase in input connectors etc.
power gives rise to a 1 db increase in output

Insertion Loss - is defined as the drop-in
power.
power as a signal enters an RF component.
Ghz –A one billion Hertz. Usually used in This value not only includes the reflected
very high frequency incoming signal, but also the attenuation of
the component.
High pass Filter - A filter which passes
high frequencies and rejects low Interface - The point of interaction with
frequencies. software, or computer hardware, or with
peripheral devices such as a computer

Hot Standby - Is used as a failover
monitor or a keyboard. Some computer
mechanism to provide reliability in system
interfaces such as a touch screen can send
configurations. The hot spare is active and
and receive data, while others such as a
connected as part of a working system.
mouse or microphone can only send data.
When a key component fails, the hot spare
is switched into operation. More generally, a Interference –is a phenomenon in which
hot standby can be used to refer to any two waves superimpose to form resultant
device or system that is held in readiness to wave of greater or lower amplitude.

Interference usually refers to the interaction filter ideally displays a constant delay in its
of waves that are correlated or coherent Passband.
with each other, either because they come

Line-of-sight (LOS) - refers to electro-
from the same source or because they have
magnetic radiation or acoustic wave
the same or nearly the same frequency.
propagation. Electromagnetic transmission
Intermediate Frequency (IF) –a frequency includes light emissions traveling in a
to which a carrier frequency is shifted as an straight line.
intermediate step in transmission or

Low pass Filter - A filter which passes low
reception. The intermediate frequency is
frequencies and rejects high frequencies.
created by mixing the carrier signal with a
Magnetic North - the direction in which the
local oscillator signal in a process called
north end of a compass needle or other
heterodyning, resulting in a signal at the
freely suspended magnet will point in
difference or beat frequency.
response to the earth's magnetic field. It
Isolation - The ratio (expressed in db) of
deviates from true north over time and from
the power level at one port compared to the
place to place because the earth's magnetic
resulting power level of the output port.
poles are not fixed in relation to its axis.
Limiting Level - This is the input power

Maximum Power Output –is the actual
level when the output power is goes into
amount of power (in watts) of
compression and no longer becomes linear.
radiofrequency (RF) energy that a
Linear Phase Filter –is a filter that exhibits transmitter produces at its output.
a constant change in degrees per unit of

Mb/s - A megabit per second. (Million bits in
frequency. The resultant plot of frequency
a second)
versus phase is a straight line. This type of
Microwave Communication –It is the
transmission of signals via radio using

series of microwave towers. Microwave device. Expressed mathematically, it is the
communication is known as a form of "line total corrective maintenance time divided by
of sight" communication, because there the total number of corrective maintenance
must be nothing obstructing the actions during a given period of time.
transmission of data between these towers

Multiplexer - is a device that selects one of
for signals to be properly sent and received.
several analog or digital input signals and
Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) - is a forwards the selected input into a single
device that modulates an analog carrier line.
signal to encode digital information, and

ODU (Outdoor Unit) –Devices that
also demodulates such a carrier signal to
processes the RF signal
decode the transmitted information
Passband - The frequency range in which a
Mean time between failures (MTBF) - is
filter is intended to pass signals.
the predicted elapsed time between
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) - is a
inherent failures of a system during
method used to digitally represent sampled
operation. MTBF can be calculated as the
analog signals. It is the standard form of
arithmetic mean (average) time between
audio in computers, Compact Discs, digital
failures of a system. The MTBF is typically
telephony and other digital audio
part of a model that assumes the failed
applications.
system is immediately repaired (mean time
to repair, or MTTR), as a part of a renewal Phase Shift - The changing of phase of a
process. signal as it passes through a filter. A delay
in time of the signal is referred to as phase

Mean Time to Repair (MTRR) - is a basic
lag and in normal networks, phase lag
measure of the maintainability of repairable
increases with frequency, producing a
items. It represents the average time
positive envelope delay.
required to repair a failed component or

Radome - A structural, weatherproof Stopband -The area of frequency where it
enclosure that protects a microwave (e.g. is desirable to reject or attenuate all signals
Radar) antenna. The radome is constructed as much as practical.
of material that minimally attenuates the

Time Delay - The amount of time it takes
electromagnetic signal transmitted or
for certain signals to pass through a filter.
received by the antenna.
Transmit power – It is the RF power
Return Loss (db) - is defined as a ratio of
coming out of the antenna port of a
the incoming signal to the same reflected
transmitter. It is measured in dbm and does
signal as it enters a component.
not include the signal loss of the coax cable
Signal generators –is electronic devices or the gain of the antenna
that generate repeating or non-repeating

Tower - Typically, tall structures designed
electronic signals (in either the analog or
to support antennas (also known as aerials)
digital domains).
for telecommunications and broadcasting,
Sensitivity - The minimum magnitude of including television. They are among the
input signal required to produce a specified tallest man-made structures.
output signal having a specified signal-to-

True North - is the direction along the
noise ratio, or other specified criteria.
earth's surface towards the geographic
System Gain –is the difference between North Pole. True geodetic north usually
the nominal output power of a transmitter differs from magnetic north and from grid
(Pt) and the minimum input power to a north.
receiver (Cmin) necessary to achieve

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio - The ratio
satisfactory performance.
between the peak and valley of standing
waves on a transmission line.

Voice Channel Capacity - The tightest Waveguide - A structure that guides waves,
upper bound on the rate of information that such as electromagnetic waves or sound
can be reliably transmitted over a wave.
communications channel.

Engineering Microwave Communication

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Engineering Microwave Communication

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Microwave is an Electromagnetic Wave with a frequency greater than that of the

communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves between ground stations

and communications satellite.

Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their

small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams,

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 1

can be spaced father apart and still see one another.

while it rains, sometimes the signal is disturbed when there’s rain.

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 2

Background of the Study

by new telecommunication technologies. This gives way to a significant progress in the

technology and application of line-sight microwave communication systems.

In present times, microwave technologies have made a big impact in world’s

are now various advancements when it comes to telecommunication which provided us

a point of interest for research concerning wireless communication.

both are in the Quezon Province.

Tayabas has latitude of 14.036386 and longitude of 121.6532694 E with elevation of

liquefaction and susceptibilities.

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 3

Statement of the Problem

 What kind of equipment with a given specifications do we use to proposed

 Choosing proper place for the design.

 How to lessen errors and failures and maintain the reliability.

 How to secure our site from unauthorized access.

 Avoiding any obstruction to provide the better line sight.

 Improvement the speed and services for the all subscribers.

 It can affect the transmitting signal due to weather condition.

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 4

Objective of the Study

using a progression of microwave towers.

 To provide subscriber high quality network access.

 To acquire knowledge and enhance ideas regarding wireless communication

 To understand how the signal is transmitted to other microwave towers.

 To serve as a foundation for telecommunication company

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 5

Significance of the Study

The study of analyzing and designing wireless communication system requires

understand further the theories and studies regarding telecommunications.

For future researchers:

 This study not only allowed us to expand our capabilities on communication

For engineering students:

 As a fellow engineering student, we signify the importance of this research for a

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 6

Scope and Delimitation

 The microwave system is only for Tiaong to Tayabas Subscriber.

from the sites.

 Building two point to point systems are the first concerns.

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 7

range between the two sites.

 Its main purpose is to be the carrier of telecommunication purposes.

 Microwave Systems only work on point to point communication.

 The microwave link is only functioning in the Philippines.

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 8

Mark Lester Lloyd Carlo

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 9

Review of the Local Studies

A Microwave Link Between Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company in

view of all the probable attenuations.

Telecommunications Commissions and other standards in relation to microwave

specification of a reliable microwave.

COMMUNICATION THEORY Page 10