Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
• Awais Yaqoob(2011-ch-32)
1 • Mujahad Ali(2011-ch-24)
• Rizwan Liaquat(2011-ch-72)
3 • Hafeez-ur-Rehman(2011-ch-80)
Synopsis
Ion-Exchange Unit
Reactions Involved Merits and Demerits
Cartridge Filter
Flow Meters Conductivity Meters
s𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 %
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒
=
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑
• The higher the salt rejection, the better the system is
performing
• The lower the salt rejection meaning either filter needs to be
cleaned or replaced
Salt Passage %
• In double pass RO, permeate from 1st pass becomes the feed to
2nd pass
• By going through 2 RO systems, a much higher quality
permeate can be achieved
• It also removes Carbon Dioxide by injecting Caustic Soda
between 1st and 2nd pass
• By adding Caustic Soda, we convert CO2 to carbonates and
bicarbonates which are removed in 2nd pass.
Single Pass RO
Double Pass RO
Activated Carbon Bed
Presented By:
Mujahad Ali(2011-ch-24)
Activated Carbon Bed
• Molecular weight
• pH
• Contaminant concentration
• Particle size
• Flow rate
• Temperature
Molecular Weight
• Increase the size of the carbon bed by twenty percent for every
pH unit above neutral.
Contaminant Concentration
• The finer mesh gives the best contact and better removal, but
at the expense of higher pressure drop.
• The lower the flow rate, the more time the contaminant will
have to diffuse into a pore and be adsorbed.
2011-ch-44
32
Water Softener/Ion Exchanger
• What is ion exchanger?
• Applications
• Formation of ion exchanger
• Hardness types and removal
• Resins types
• Regeneration
• Advantages & Disadvantages of ion exchanger
33
What is ION Exchange?
34
Applications
35
Formation of Resins
36
Hardness
1) Temporary hardness
2) Permanent hardness
37
Removal of Temporary Hardness
(1)Boiling Method:
(2)Clark’s Method:
38
Removal of Permanent Hardness
39
Resin Classification
Cationic resin
Anionic resin
40
Cationic Resin Vs. Anionic Resins
• Those that exchange positive ions, called cation exchange
resins.e.g Ca+2, Mg+2
41
Regeneration and its Types
Co-current Regeneration
Counter-current
Regeneration
42
Co-current Regeneration
43
Counter-current Regeneration
44
Regeneration Reaction
45
Advantages of Soft Water
46
Advantages of Ion Exchange Column
• The chemicals used are safer for the operator to handle and
operation
47
Disadvantages
• Iron Fouling
• Bacterial Contamination
48
Cartridge Filter
Cartridge Filter
• Fabric or Polymer-Based
• To remove Particulate material
• Designed along a central core
• Pleats/ Foldings
Top Cap
Bottom
Cap
Pleated
Media
Working of
Cartridge
Filter
• Pressurized Fluid
• Passage through
the Pore
• Suspended Solid
material
• Clogging
• Pressure drop
Application
• Filtration of surface water or ground water
under the influence of surface water.
• Prefiltration prior to subsequent treatment.
• Solids removal.
Rotameter
Rotameter
• Variable area meters
• Cross Sectional area
• Floating
Working of
Rotameter
• Volumetric
Flow rate
increases drag
force
• Cone shaped
area decreases
the buoyancy
force
• Equilibrium
with the float
Why to use Cartridge Filter
and Rotameter
Cartridge Filters
Cartridge Filters are less expensive then the other sediment filters
Ease in cleaning
Rota Meter
Presented By:
Rizwan Liaquat(2011-ch-72)
Basic Equations for RO Calculations
Water Transport
Solute Transport
Where
CONTD…
• In Which:
• NE= Total element numbers
• Qp= Product flow rate
• JV,ave= Average permeate flux
• (MA)E= Membrane area of element
Decision of Recovery Rate
Advantages:
1. Low Energy Requirements.
RO performs a separation without a phase change. Thus, the energy
requirements are low
3. Easy to Understand
RO equipment is standardized - pumps, motors, valves, flowmeters, pressure
gages, etc. Thus, the learning curve for unskilled labor is short.
4. Little labor required:-
Many RO systems are fully automated and designed to start-up and shutdown
automatically through interlocks. Thus, RO plants usually require little labor.
5. Easy maintenance:-
Due to their modular design, maintenance is easy. maintenance can be
performed without shutting down the plant.
Also the expansion of plant is an easy option.
1. Purification Limits
Many RO systems come with carbon pre-filters. That’s because
chlorine and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC’s) are smaller than
water molecules so they can’t be filtered on the reverse osmosis
membrane.
2. Speed and Efficiency
These systems can only produce 15 (gpd). It works against
standard osmotic pressure so the reverse osmosis process is fairly
slow. And requires 3 to 10 gallons of untreated water to make a
single gallon of purified water, which is wasteful and expensive.
3. Maintenance:-
The maintenance of RO system must be done regularly. its filters must be
cleaned to avoid the fouling of the membranes. The pre-filters must be
changed annually, while the RO membrane should be replaced every 2-3 years.
4. Pressure limitations:-
The applied pressure must exceed the osmotic pressure to separate the solute
from the solvent.
The max pressure for seawater devices is 800 - 1000 psig,
For brackish water varies from 400 - 600 psig.
Due to the high pressure requirement RO is usually not applicable for
concentrated solutions.
5. Pretreatment Required:-
Because all RO membranes and devices are susceptible to
fouling, the RO process usually cannot be applied without
pretreatment.
8. High Conductivity
As Conductivity is directly proportional to total dissolved solids
so It means high conductivity liquids require more treatment and
hence more time required for the RO purification system.
• Comparison b/w RO and other purification techniques
The given below are some techniques comparable with Reverse
Osmosis
1. Ion Exchange
2. Distillation
3. Activated Carbon
4. Precipitation
5. Ultraviolet Radiation
6. Boiling
Element Causing Reverse Osmosis Activated Ultra-
Disease Ion Exchange Distillation Precipitation Boiling
Disease RO Carbon Violet
Bacteria Infections
Bacteria # x # B x # #
Disease
Intoxication, Liver
Agricultural Chemicals # x # # x x X
Disease
Hepatitis Dioxin # x # B x x X
Cancer Radioactive Material A A B x x x X
Neuritis Arsenic A A A x x x X
Calculus Calcium A A A x x x X
Notalgia Cadmium A A A x x x X
Nephrosis, Leading
Lead A A # X x x X
Poisoning
Organic Phosphorus
Phosphorus A A # X x x X
Poisoning
Hypersensitive Heart
Sodium A A # X x x X
Disease
Where #=98-99% Removal ; A =96-99% Removal; B =Partial Removal; x =Can not Remove