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PNEUMATICS
PNEUMATICS
• Technology of Pneumatics deals with the study of the behavior and
application of compressed air
• Science of air is known to man for centuries
• Not used in industry before the beginning of the Second World war
(1939-44)
• Many industries all over the developed western countries started
switching over to more & more automatic equipment and machineries
• Origin of Pneumatics – Manufacturing & other activities to meet the
sudden need of enhanced production of war commodities under the
tremendous shortage of skilled manpower (concept of automation)
• Cheaper medium of Industrial automation
• Maximum application of pneumatics – Construction (power hammers,
drills, riveting hammers, pneumatic cranes, air brakes, printing presses
etc.)
PNEUMATICS – Notable Features
• Wide availability of air
• Compressibility of air
• Easy transportability
• Easier maintenance
• Power requirements
• Temperature variations
CRITERIA FOR CONTROL MEDIA
PNEUMATICS & CONTROL
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
STRUCTURE & SIGNAL FLOW OF
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
STRUCTURE & SIGNAL FLOW OF
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
BREAKDOWN OF CONTROL CHAIN
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & PNEUMATIC ELE.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
INTRODUCING PNEUMATICS IN A PLANT
1. Compressor plant
2. Pipeline
3. Control valves
4. Air actuator
5. Auxiliary appliances
COMPONENTS – PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
COMPARISION
COMPARISION
COMPARISION
COMPARISION
PNEUMATIC
ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
• Similar to Hydraulic actuators
• Converts air pressure into linear or rotary motion
• Used for variety of applications such as Gripping, Pulling or pushing
of objects
CLSSIFICATION
• Linear actuators ( air cylinders)
- Single acting
- Double acting (Normal, Double rod, Turn cylinder, Tandem
cylinder, Multi-position cylinder)
- Ram cylinders - Single rod
- Rod-less cylinders - Diaphragm cylinders
- Rolling diaphragm cylinder
• Rotary actuators ( air motors)
- Vane type Semi-rotary actuator
- Rack & pinion type actuator
- Rotary cylinder type actuator
SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
ROTARY CYLINDER
ROD-LESS CYLINDERS
• Three different operational principles used for construction of rodless
cylinders are
- Sealing band cylinder
- Band or cable cylinder
- Cylinder with magnetic coupling
1. Size
2. Speed
3. Environmental protection
4. Maintenance
5. Direction reversal
Previously Discussed Bits…..
• End position cushioning
• Seals
• Mounting arrangements
DIRECTIONAL
CONTROL
VALVES
PNEUMATIC CONTROLS
PURPOSE OF VALVE
• For controlling the to and fro motion of a pneumatic cylinder, the air
energy has to be regulated, controlled and reversed with a
predetermined sequence in a pneumatic system
• Control of pressure and flow
VALVE DEFINATION
• Fluid power elements used for controlling and regulating the
working medium
VALVE USAGE
• To start & stop pneumatic energy
• Control the direction of flow of compressed air
• Control the flow rate of the compressed air
• Control the pressure rating of the compressed air
VALVE TYPES
1. DCV 2. Non-return valves 3. FCV 4. PCV
DIRECTION CONTROL VALVES
• Used mainly to direct the flow of the pressure fluid in the desired
direction
• Main function – To start, stop and regulate the direction of air flow
and help distribution of air in the desired line
• DCV’s has generally 2, 3, 4, or 5 ports / openings / ways
• Ways are designated by letters or alphabets such as :
P = Compressor line port
R = Exhaust port
A&B = working ports to cylinders or motors
• DCV’s are basically classified as
- Seat or poppet valves
- Spool or sliding valves
SEAT Vs SPOOL VALVES
SEAT / POPPET
TYPE VALVES
3/2 SEAT TYPE VALVE
4/2 SEAT TYPE
SPOOL / SLIDING
TYPE VALVES
2/2 SPOOL VALVE
3/2 SPOOL VALVE
4/2 SPOOL VALVE
5/2 DCV
5/2 PILOT OPERATED DCV
5/3 WAY VALVE
SUSPENDED SEAT TYPE VALVE
CONTROL
ACTUATION
OF VALVES
SPEED
REGULATORS
FIXED TYPE FCV
NON-RETURN TYPE FCV
CHECK VALVE
TWIN PRESSURE VALVE
TWIN PRESSURE VALVE - USAGE
SOLENOID OPERATED
VALVE (3 WAY)
SIMPLE
PNEUMATIC
CONTROL
ISO SYMBOLS FOR FLUID CIRCUITS
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
USED IN
PNEUMATIC CIRCUITS
PNEUMATIC CIRCUITS
DIRECT CONTROL
DIRECT ACTUATION
INDIRECT ACTUATION
PILOT CONTROL OF A SINGLE ACTING CYL.
PILOT CONTROL OF A DOUBLE ACTING CYL.
SPEED CONTROL – SINGLE ACTING CYL.
SPEED CONTROL – DOUBLE ACTING CYL.
AIR PILOT CONTROL – DOUBLE ACTING CYL.
SEMI AUTOMATIC CONTROL – DOUBLE ACTING
TWO STEP SPEED CONTROL OF A CYLINDER
ACTUATION OF A PNEUMATIC MOTOR
AUTOMATIC TO & FRO MOTION OF A
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
SEQUENCING CIRCUIT
MEMORY VALVE
FLOW CONTROL VALVE
FLOW CONTROL VALVE
FLOW CONTROL VALVE
SUPPLY AIR THROTLLING
EXHAUST AIR THROTLLING
QUICK EXHAUST VALVE
QUICK EXHAUST VALVE
QUICK EXHAUST VALVE
QUICK EXHAUST VALVE
SIGNAL
PROCESSING
ELEMENTS
SYNOPSIS
• Non-moving logic elements find a prominent place in Finer Control
Engineering
• WALL-ATTACHMENT
When a jet of fluid is pushed into an inclined wall, it will stay there,
even after the pushing control jet is removed (1933)
He noted that entrainment of the trapped air next to the surface of the
body over which it is moving creates a partial vacuum and the
atmospheric air forces the fluid stream to cling to the surface of the
solid over which the fluid is to travel
Memory
COMMON LOGIC FUNCTIONS
COMMON LOGIC FUNCTIONS
AND Function
LOGIC FUNCTIONS & BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
LOGIC AND FUNCTION
Logic Symbol Truth Table
Logic Equation
LOGIC AND FUNCTION
Pneumatic Symbol
PROBLEM - 1
LOGIC
AND
FUNCTION
SOLUTION
ALTERNATIVE
SOLUTION
PROBLEM - 2
POSITIONAL
SKETCH
LOGIC OR FUNCTION
Logic Equation
LOGIC OR FUNCTION
Pneumatic Symbol
LOGIC OR FUNCTION
PROBLEM - 3
SOLUTION
LOGIC OR FUNCTION
PROBLEM - 4
SOLUTION
PROBLEM - 5
POSITIONAL SKETCH
PRESSURE DEPENDENT CONTROL
PROBLEM - 6
SOLUTION
POSITIONAL
SKETCH
PRESSURE DEPENDENT CONTROL
PRESSURE DEPENDENT CONTROL –
EMBOSSING OF PLASTIC COMPONENTS
PROBLEM - 7
POSITIONAL
SKETCH
TIME DEPENDENT CONTROL
• In certain applications, the cylinder may have to be
retained in its extended position for a particular time
SOLUTION
POSITIONAL SKETCH
PROBLEM - 9
POSITIONAL SKETCH
MULTI-
CYLINDER
APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
MOVEMENT DIAGRAM
TRAVEL TIME DIAGRAM
POSITION STEP DIAGRAM /
MOTION CONTROL DIAGRAM
POSITION STEP DIAGRAM OF A PNEUMATIC
CIRCUIT WITH TWO CYLINDERS
PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT AS PER
POSITION STEP DIAGRAM
POSITIONAL
SKETCH
DISPLACEMENT - STEP DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM – INITIAL POSITION
SOLUTION Continued…..
SOLUTION Continued…..
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 1
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 2
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 3
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 4
REPRESENTATION OF STEP - 5
CASCADE SYSTEM OF
PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT DESIGN
FIG. 10.6
PRINCIPLE & PROCEDURE Continued…..
POSITION STEP DIAGRAM FOR A 3
CYLINDER PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
FIG. 10.7
PRINCIPLE & PROCEDURE Continued…..
FIG. 10.8
CO-ORDINATED MOTION
PROBLEM - 1
SOLUTION
SEQUENTIAL MOTION CONTROL
INEFFECTIVE WAY
POSITION STEP DIAGRAM /
MOTION CONTROL DIAGRAM
LIMIT SWITCHES
EFFECTIVE WAY
POSITION STEP DIAGRAM /
MOTION CONTROL DIAGRAM
SIGNAL ELIMINATION BY
REVERSING VALVES
PROBLEM - 2
SOLUTION
SOLUTION Continued…..
PROBLEM - 3
POSITIONAL
SKETCH
DISPLACEMENT -
STEP DIAGRAM