Sania Sahreen

0233-BH-MB-15
Semester 7
Molecular Mechanism of
Antimicrobial Drugs

ANTIBIOTICS
Difficult terms
 1. Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a sexually transmitted bacterium that can infect both males
and females.
Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Body part affected:
 Urethra,
 Rectum or throat.
 Cervix (in females)
Symptoms:
In Men:
 white, yellow, or green urethral discharge,
resembling pus
 pain in the testicles or scrotum
 painful or frequent urination
 anal discharge, itching, pain, bleeding, or pain when
passing stools
 eye pain, light sensitivity, or eye discharge
resembling pus
 red, swollen, warm, painful joints

In Women:

 painful sexual intercourse

 yellow or green vaginal discharge
 vulvar swelling
 bleeding in-between periods
 heavier periods
 vomiting and abdominal or pelvic pain
 painful or frequent urination
 sore throat, itching, difficulty swallowing, or
swollen neck lymph nodes
 2. Travelers’ diarrhea
It is the most common travel-related illness. It can occur anywhere, but the highest-risk
destinations are in most of Asia (except for Japan) as well as the Middle East, Africa, Mexico, and
Central and South America.
Causative agent: Escherichia coli (most common)
Symptoms:

 Abrupt onset of passage of three or more loose stools

a day

 An urgent need to defecate

 Abdominal cramps

 Nausea

 Vomiting

 Fever
 3. Cystic fibrosis
Hereditary disorder resulting into respiratory infection. It gets worse by bacteria present in hospital
moist environment and equipment
Causative agent: Pseudomonas spp.
Body parts affected:
 sweat glands,
 respiratory system,
 digestive system and
 reproductive system

Symptoms:
 Salty-tasting skin
 Frequent coughing, wheezing, or bouts
of pneumonia or sinusitis.
 Difficulty breathing that keeps getting
worse.
 Big appetite but poor weight gain.
 Bulky, smelly, greasy bowel movements.
 4. Prostatitis
Prostatitis is an infection or inflammation of the prostate gland
Causative agent: same as for UTIs includes Enterobacteriaceae family members such as
 Escherichia coli,
 Proteus mirabilis,
 Klebsiella species,
 Enterobacter species,
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Body parts affected:
 between the scrotum and anus
 the central lower abdomen
 the penis
 the scrotum
 the lower back
Symptoms:
 Painful, difficult and/or frequent urinating.
 Blood in the urine.
 Groin pain, rectal pain, abdominal pain and/or
low back pain.
 Fever and chills.
 Malaise and body aches.
 Urethral discharge.
 Painful ejaculation or sexual dysfunction.
 5. Streptococcal pneumonia
It is a chest infection (pneumonia) can present followed by fever, shortness of breath, chills and
productive cough
Causative agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae
(pneumococcus)
Symptoms:
 Fever.
 Chills and shaking.
 Chest pain when breathing in or out.
 Shortness of breath.
 Cough.
 blood-stained or
'rusty' sputum (phlegm)
 drowsiness (excessive sleepiness) or
 Confusion are common symptoms in
the elderly.
 6. Chronic Inflammatory Bowl Diseases
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a sudden/ unknown cause disease caused by a dys-regulated
immune response to host intestinal micro flora.
Types:
 Ulcerative colitis (limited to
the colon or large intestine)
 Crohn's disease (involve any
part of the gastrointestinal tract
from the mouth to the anus)
mostly affected area are though
i. last part of the small
intestine or
ii. the colon
Causative agent:
 Unknown cause
 Agents like bacteria, virus trigger immune response for an inflammatory reaction in the
intestine
 Autoimmune response
 Genetic, environmental factors
Symptoms:
 Abdominal cramps and pain
 Diarrhea that may be bloody
 Severe urgency to have a bowel movement
 Fever
 Weight loss
 Loss of appetite
 Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss
 7. Stevens johson syndrome
Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a rare, serious disorder of skin
and mucous membranes. It's usually a reaction to a medication
or an infection.
Causes:
More than 100 drugs can cause SJS such as;
 Medicines for gout, a painful form of arthritis
 Pain relievers such
as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin),
and naproxen sodium (Aleve)
 Sulfa antibiotics, a kind of drug that fights infections
(including Bactrim and Septra)
 Medicines that treat seizures or mental illness
Symptoms:
 Fever.
 Unexplained widespread skin pain.
 A red or purple skin rash that spreads.
 Blisters on your skin and the mucous membranes of
your mouth, nose, eyes and genitals
 Shedding of your skin within days after blisters form
 8. Neonatal Meningitis
It is an inflammation of the meninges (the protective membranes of the central nervous
system (CNS).
Common in the neonatal period (infants less than 44 days old)
Causative agent: blood infection-----
bacteremia
 Group B Streptococci (GBS;
Streptococcus agalactiae)
 Escherichia coli,
 Listeria monocytogenes).
Symptoms:

 Fever
 poor appetite
 anterior fontanelle bulging
 seizure
 jitteriness
 dyspnea
 irritability
 anorexia
 vomiting
 diarrhea
 abdominal distention
(increase in abdominal
size)
 neck rigidity
 jaundice
 and sunset eyes
(downward gaze of the
eyes)
 abnormal body
temperature (hypo-or hyperthermia)
 9. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a type of severe skin
reaction. Together with Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) it
forms a spectrum of disease, with TEN being more sever.
Causes:
Certain medications such as
 lamotrigine,
 carbamazepine,
 allopurinol,
 sulfonamide antibiotics, and
 Nevirapine. The emerging blisters on day 4 of
an instance of TENs
Causative agents:
 Mycoplasma pneumoniae and
 cytomegalovirus
Symptoms:
 A painful, red area that spreads quickly.
 The skin may peel without blistering.
 Raw areas of skin.
 Discomfort.
 Fever. The back of a TENs patient on day 10, at the
peak of the condition
 Condition spread to eyes, mouth/throat,
and genitals/urethra/anus.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis on legs

 10. Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis and myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that
produces gas in tissues in gangrene.
Causative agent: Clostridium perfringens
Symptoms
 Fever.
 Air under the skin.
 Pain in the area around a wound.
 Swelling in the area around a wound.
 Pale skin that quickly turns gray, dark red,
purple, or black.
 Blisters with foul-smelling discharge.
 Excessive sweating.
 Increased heart rate
.
 11. Sinitis
Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection is the inflammation of the sinuses or the cavities around
the nasal passages
Causative agent:
 Streptococcus pneumoniae,
 Haemophilus influenzae, and
 Moraxella catarrhalis
Body parts affected:

 Forehead
 Upper jaw and teeth
 Area around the eyes
 Neck, ear, and on the top of the head

Symptoms:

 Fever
 Fatigue
 Cough
 Sinus pressure behind the eyes and the
cheeks.
 A runny, stuffy nose that lasts more than a
week.
 A worsening headache.
 Bad breath.
 Thick yellow or green mucus draining from
your nose or down the back of your throat
(postnasal drip)
 12. Syphilis
Syphilis is a highly contagious disease spread primarily by unprotected sex.
Causative Agent; Treponema palidum
Symptoms:
 mild flu-like symptoms,
 slight fever,
 feeling tired, s
 sore throat,
 swollen glands,
 headache, and
 muscle aches
 sores in mouth, hands, vagina, or anus,
and
 weight or hair loss