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Jamia Millia Islamia

(A Central University by an Act of Parliament)

Faculty Of Law

B.A LLB (H) Self- Finance

VI Semester

Assignment

Topic – National Forest Policy

Submitted By – Harshita Negi

Submitted To – Mr. Vinod Chauhan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to thank my professor Mr. Vinod Chauhan, for
giving me this opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic:
“National Forest Policy In India”, which also helped me in doing a
lot of research and I came to know about so many new facts and rules
related to Enviromental law
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Table Of Contents

SR.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
II. TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
III. BACKGROUND 4
IV. INTRODUCTION 6
V. CHARACTERISTIC OF FOREST POLICY 8
VI. FOREST POLICY IN INDIA 9

VII. GOAL & ITS OBJECTIVES 11

VIII. CONTRIBUTION OF NDC 13
IX. RECOMMENDATIONS 17
X. BIBLIOGRAPHY 18
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BACKGROUND

WHAT IS A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY AND WHY

SHOULD A COUNTRY HAVE ONE?

The term “policy” is not tightly defined but is used in different ways on
different occasions. Often, it can mean “a course of action adopted and
pursued”. A policy can be explicitly stated or not. It can also be planned
or it can emerge through evident behavior. It is thus often viewed either
as a rational system based on deliberate aims and plans or as a
consequence of political activity arising from a series of decisions. In any
case, a policy needs to provide guidance and a sense of direction over a
certain period of time in order to be useful. People complain that central
government, a ministry or other stakeholders “do not have a policy” when
decisions are made on an ad hoc basis or are incoherent or contradictory.
A policy is intended to guide and determine present and future decisions
and actions. It usually comprises two elements:
 a set of aspirations, goals or objectives
 an outline of a course of action to achieve them.

A national forest policy is considered to be a negotiated agreement between

government and stakeholders (i.e. all those who depend on or benefit from
forests or who decide on, control or regulate access to these resources) on the
orientations and principles of actions they adopt, in harmony with national socio-
economic and environmental policies, to guide and determine decisions on the
sustainable use and conservation of forest and tree resources for the benefit of society. A
national forest policy is not to be unilaterally imposed by government. Ideally, it
is an agreement among bodies that represent different forest interests and is formally
adopted by government. Who should be involved in its development is thus a key
question. it is difficult to imagine a national forest policy that can be relevant and
useful without being firmly placed within the broader aims of society. Forest policies
thus not only have to cover issues under the competence of the forestry
administration and its agencies, but they also need to contribute to overarching
policies, including those responsible for national development or economic and
poverty strategies. They also need to be consistent with policies issued by other
government authorities, e.g. on environmental protection, climate change,
agriculture, industry and trade. Further, they need to be in line with a country’s
forest-related international commitments. Thus, a forest policy is a policy for
people, not for the forestry administration. Being an agreement among government
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and stakeholders, a national forest policy is endorsed by government and implemented

through legal, economic and informational instrument If different actors each pursue
their particular interests and change course frequently, larger goals or longer-term
objectives are unlikely to be reached. Thus, there are a number of good reasons for
jointly developing and using an agreed forest policy:

 The process of bringing stakeholders with diverse interests

together to negotiate an agreement is extremely valuable in
itself.

 A mutually accepted forest policy builds a sense of joint

ownership, which is essential for its implementation.
 The involvement of stakeholders beyond the forest sector gives the
policy legitimacy across society. Wide buy-in is particularly
advantageous when negotiating with powerful ministries such as
agriculture, energy, planning or finance.
 A national forest policy provides excellent guidance for developing
more coherent institutional frameworks and policy instruments,
including forest legislation.
 A national forest policy can guide the planning and operations of
forestry stakeholders including administrations and agencies at
various levels.
 A national forest policy facilitates commun-ication, coordination
and collaboration across government, non-governmental organizations
and the public.
 A national forest policy can provide a solid basis for international
policy discussions and for strengthening technical assistance
cooperation.
• The national forest policy can serve as a reference to guide
decisions on emerging issues, particularly those where quick, difficult
or controversial decisions must be made.
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Introduction
Forests constitute 21.0% of the geographic area of India (FSI 2009) and
forestry represents the second major land use in the country after agriculture
and it has been estimated that nearly 41% of the country’s forest cover has
been degraded to some degree (MoEF 2002). More than 14% of the
population in India lives in the vicinity of forests (MoEF 2002), which
provide both tangible (directly quantifiable products) and intangible benefits
(such as values of biodiversity conservation, control of environmental
pollution, and aesthetic and cultural values) (Kumar 2002). Forests form a
dominant part in the physical, economic and spiritual lives of the population
(Byron and Arnold 1999). In terms of biodiversity, India displays
considerable richness because it is located in one of the 12 identified mega-
biodiversity regions of the world, with about 47,000 species of flowering and
non- flowering plants representing about 12% of the world’s recorded flora,
and 90,000 animal species identified so far representing 7.28% of the world’s
recorded fauna (MoEF 2007). Historically too, India’s forest resources have
been accorded due importance since 2500 BC, such that forests in India have
been viewed as a source of limitless product (Marcot 1992).
Forests are important not only at the local level but also at the global level.
Realization of the importance of forests at the global level has not only led to
the emergence of organizations such as the International Union of Forestry
Research Organization (IUFRO), United Nations Conference on Environment
and Develop- ment (UNCED) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC), but also the signing of various multilateral environmental
agreements, including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto
Protocol. Changes in forest cover have been made one of the 48 indicators of
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) under Goal 7 (ensuring
environmental sustainability)

The importance of forests, at both global levels and local levels, leads to the
question what constitutes a forest? Nearly 130 different definitions of forests
have been reported from more than 30 countries (Helms 1998; Lund 1999).
The Oxford English Dictionary defines forest as ‘1 An extensive tract of land
covered with trees and undergrowth, sometimes intermingled with pasture. 2
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According to the Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) 20051), ‘a forest is

any land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 m and a
canopy cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these threshold in situ.
It does not include land that is predominantly under agriculture or urban use’
A forest is an area with a high density of trees. These plant communities
cover large areas of the globe and function as carbon dioxide sinks, animal
habitats, hydrologic flow modulators, and soil conservers, constituting one of
the most important aspects of our biosphere’. The Manual of Forestry by
Schlich (1912) defined a forest as: ‘An area which is for the most part set
aside for the production of timber and other forest produce, or which is
expected to exercise certain climatic effects or to protect the locality against
injurious influences; such areas are frequently subject to special forest laws
and legislations’.

The technical glossary of Forest Research Institute (1953) defined forests in

general, ecological and legal terms (a) ‘General—An area set aside for the
production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody
vegetation for certain indirect benefits which it provides e.g. climatic or
protective;’ (b) ‘Ecologically—A plant community, predominantly of trees
and other woody vegetation, usually with a closed canopy’ and (c) ‘Legally—
An area of land proclaimed to be a forest under a forest law’. However, the
Forest Survey of India (FSI) regards ‘Forest Cover’ as an area more than 1 ha
in extent and having tree canopy density of 10% and above.

The Supreme Court of India, interpreting the provision of the Forest

(Conservation) Act, 1980 has stated that ‘the word ‘forest’ must be
understood according to its dictionary meaning. This description covers all
statutorily recognized forests, whether designated as reserved, protected or
otherwise … in the Government record irrespective of ownership…’2

Considering the importance of forests and the fact that in India it is the
second major land use, a question arises what proportion of the total
geographical area of the country should be under forests or under green
cover? It reviews the probable reasons for these targets and also analyzes the
forest cover trends to check the possibility of meeting the prescribed policy
targets, under the present land-use perspective. It also examines the prescribed
targets in the light of the Planning Commission recommendations.

1
(FAO 2006, p. 5
2
(Godavarman T.N. Vs UOI 1996).
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Characteristics of Forest Policies

At a global level, International Forest Planning (IFP) aims at sustainable and

participatory management of forest resources and other woody vegetation. It
takes analysis, policy formulation and strategic planning, implementation, and
monitoring and evaluation into account while considering the forest policy.
The conceptual design of NFPs needs to be flexible and dynamic in order for
NFPs to be applicable to vastly differing political, socio-economic and
ecological country contexts. The concept on NFP explicitly pertains to all
countries and to all forest types, including tropical, subtropical and temperate
areas. It reflects a global consensus on how forests ought to be managed and
developed, but it is neither legally binding in itself nor embedded in any
legally binding instrument.

An NFP helps an individual country approach the objective of sustainable use,

conservation and development of forests, by guiding and streamlining existing
activities or programs towards a prescribed goal. An NFP is not a tangible
document in the sense of a master plan, but a participatory process with
defined outputs. The NFP goes far beyond a planning document. It is an
iterative, long-term process, composed of various elements, including the
country policy and legal framework related to forests, the participation
mechanisms, and the capacity-building initiatives. In all its phases the NFP
provides for learning cycles, which allow the experiences to be shared, and
for lessons to be learned in order to fine-tune the planning process. The active
call for feedback from stakeholders makes NFPs dynamic, adaptive and
negotiable. A NFP not only provides for forest policy development and
planning but also for their implementation on the ground. Participatory
planning is a key to the process, hence links between normative planning
(policy formulation), sector planning (elaboration of a strategy) and
operational planning (action programs) are fostered. These aim to promote
participatory implementation where the results of agreed objectives, policies
and strategies on sustainable forest management are translated into specific
actions developed by the stakeholders.

An NFP should not be regarded as an additional, parallel exercise, opposed

to or competing with existing approaches to sustainable development. Instead,
existing approaches can be taken as an entry point into a NFP, and themselves
be integrated into the NFP process. Each country will need to find its own
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entry point for an NFP, based on its own set of circumstances, existing
processes, institutional arrangements and capacities. Entry points may be
based on a problem such as a sudden crisis (e.g. in sector finances), imminent
threats (e.g. effects of deforestation), long-pending problems (e.g. sector
performance gaps), or on a potential (e.g. increased contribution to national
economic development and poverty alleviation, wood and energy supply, or
ecological stabilization).

Forest Policies in India

Before the advent of colonial rule in India, there was no unified formal forest
policy, various princely states having different approaches towards the
forestry resources available in their areas. With the advent of British in India,
forest management started in the mid-eighteenth century and the first policy
statement was announced in 1894. However, there was no mention of any
percentage of the land area that should be under the forest cover in India,
probably because no need was felt at that time.
NFP 1894, or Circular F 22 of 1894, was the first formal forest policy
statement of India, and was based on the Voelcker Report in 1893 on
Improvement of Indian Agriculture. The main stated objective of this policy
was to manage the State Forests for public benefit. However, the policy also
provided for regulation of rights and restriction of privileges of users in the
forest area. This regulation and restriction was justified only when the
advantage to be gained by the public was great, the cardinal principle being
that the rights and privileges of individuals must be limited, otherwise than
for their own benefit, only to the degree as was absolutely necessary to secure
that advantage. The Forest Policy did not accord due recognition
to forestry, and placed it below the agricultural needs of the country,
especially as far as land use was concerned. The policy provided for four
functional classes of forests, viz. Forests for Preservation, Forests for
Commercial Purposes, Minor Forests and Pasturelands. Although the 1894
policy laid stress on the satisfaction of the needs of the local people over-
riding the considerations of revenue, beyond this realization of maximum
revenue was the guiding factor. The general perception remains that the 1894
Forest Policy aimed at State monopoly over the forest resources with revenue
earning through timber harvesting the prime motive, and with agriculture
given precedence over forestry3

3
(Gadgil and Guha 1995).
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NFP 1952—the National Forest Policy of India in 1952—laid stress for the
first time on having at least 33% of the national land area under forest cover.
The 1952 policy also identified vital national needs, which included a system
of balanced and complementary land use, with control over denudation in
mountainous regions, erosion of river banks, invasion of sea-sands on coastal
tracts, and shifting of sand dunes in desert areas. There was also attention to
ensuring a supply of fuel wood, fodder and small timber. This policy also
classified forests into four groups, namely protection forests, national forests,
village forests and tree lands. Regarding forestry and its relation with
agriculture, the policy stated that ‘The notion widely entertained that forestry,
as such, has no intrinsic right to land but may be permitted on sufferance on
residual land not required for any other purpose’4. Regarding the proportion
of forest area in the country, the policy stated that ‘The proportion of land to
be kept permanently under forests naturally varies in different regions.
Practical consideration suggests, however, that India, as a whole, should aim
at maintaining one-third of its total land area under forests. As an insurance
against denudation a much larger percentage of the land, about 60% should be
kept under forests for their protective functions in the Himalayas…’5

NFP 1988—the current National Forest Policy—reiterated that ‘The

national goal should be to have a minimum of one-third of the total land area
of the country under forest cover. In the hills and mountainous regions, the
aim should be to maintain two-third of the area under such cover in order to
prevent erosion and land degradation and to ensure the stability of fragile
ecosystems’. The NFP 1988 also laid primary emphasis on the maintenance of
environmental stability and restoration of ecological balance through
preservation and conservation of forests. The other main objectives of the
policy are the conservation of the country’s natural heritage and biological
diversity, increasing the productivity of degraded forests, and meeting the
local needs of the people and encouraging their participation in the protection
and management of forests. The derivation of direct economic benefit is to be
subordinated to these objectives6

The NFP 1988 reiterates increasing the forest cover to 33% of the
geographical area of the country through large-scale afforestation and social
forestry programs, both in recorded forest areas and degraded unproductive
land outside forest areas, without prescribing any time frame in which to
achieve this target. The policy also encourages ‘joint management’ of forests

4
(GoI (Government of India) 1952, Para 8)
5
(GoI (Government of India) 1952, Para 19).
6
(MoEF 2007).
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involving village and other rural population, together with farm forestry and
agroforestry schemes on private land to increase forest and tree cover
(FTC).

Goal and Objectives

The overall objective and goal of the present policy is to safeguard the
ecological and livelihood security of people, of the present and future
generations, based on sustainable management of the forests for the flow of
ecosystem services In order. to achieve the national goal for eco-security, the
country should have a minimum of one-third of the total land area under forest
and tree cover. In the hills and mountainous regions,the aim will be to maintain
two-third of the area under forest & tree cover in order to prevent soil erosion
and land degradation and also to ensure the stability of the fragile eco-systems.

The following objectives shall be guiding the National Forest Policy.

1 Maintenance of environmental stability and conservation of biodiversity

through preservation and conservation of natural forests.
2 Reverse the degradation of forest by taking up rehabilitation without
compromising its natural profile.
3 Improvement in livelihoods for people based on sustainable use of ecosystem
services.
4 Contribute towards achieving forestry related Nationally Determined
Contribution Targets (NDC’s) of the country.
5 Checking denudation and soil erosion in the catchments of rivers and the
wetlands through integrated watershed management techniques and practices.
6 Maintenance of the health of forest vegetation and forest soils for augmenting
water supplies through recharge of underground aquifers and regulation of
surface water flows.
7 Safeguard forest land by exercising strict restraint on diversion for non-
forestry purposes, and strict oversight on compliance of the conditions.
8 Increasing substantially the forest/tree cover in the country through
Afforestation & reforestation programmes, especially on all denuded and
degraded forest lands and area outside forests.
9 Manage protected areas and other wildlife rich areas with the primary
objective of biodiversity conservation and for enriching other ecosystem
services.
10 Conserve and sustainably manage mountain forests to ensure continuous
flow of ecosystem services, including watershed, biodiversity, cultural and
spiritual services to both upstream and downstream population.
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11 Factor green accounting, valuation of ecosystem services and climate change

concerns adequately into the planning and management of all forests, protected
areas and other ecosystems.

12 Increase substantially the tree cover outside forests by incentivizing agro-

forestry and farm forestry, facilitating assured returns, with enabling regulations
and by promoting use of wood products.
13 Integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in forest
management through the mechanism of REDD+(Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus) so that the impacts of the climate
change is minimised.
14 Incentivize sustainability in community managed, community owned private
forests and creating a sustained peoples' movement for achieving these
objectives.
15 Managing and expanding green spaces in urban and peri-urban areas to
enhance citizens’ wellbeing.
16 Ensure effective translation of this policy into action by establishing credible
measuring, monitoring and evaluation framework, ensuring good governance,
providing commensurate financial support and developing an implementation
framework with periodic review.

3. Essential Principles of Forest Management:

The following essential management principles will be pursued in this policy:-

3.1 Existing natural forests should be fully protected and their productivity
improved. Adequate measures will be taken to increase rapidly the forest cover
on hill slopes, in catchment areas of rivers, lakes and reservoirs and ocean
shores and, on semi-arid, and desert tracts.
3.2 Productivity of the forest plantations will be increased through scientific and
technological interventions so as to encourage usage of more timber so that the
dependency on other high carbon footprint wood substitutes is reduced.
3.3 Management of the natural biodiversity rich forests for maximising the
ecosystem services for ecological security of the nation.
3.4 For conservation of flora, fauna and total biodiversity, the network of
national parks, sanctuaries, conservation reserves, community reserves,
biosphere reserves and important wildlife corridors and biodiversity heritage
sites will be strengthened and extended adequately. Afforestation with suitable
species will be intensified so as to cater to the needs of the rural
population for fuel wood and small timber. Further alternative sources of energy
like LPG etc will be promoted in rural areas to reduce dependency on forests.
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Contribution (NDC’s) targets of the country.

4. Strategy:
The following strategies will be adopted to achieve the objectives of this policy

4.1.1 Sustainable Management of Forests

(a) Reducing Threats to Forests

The various threats to Forests due to encroachments, illegal tree fellings, forests
fires, invasive weeds, grazing, etc. will be addressed within the framework of
the approved Working Plan/ Management Plan and also by ensuring community
participation in forest management.

(b) Forest fire prevention

With changes in climate and land use, fire is increasingly being viewed as a
major threat to many forests and their biodiversity. Rising intensity and
frequency of forest fires and their spread is resulting in substantial loss
of forest functions and related ecosystem services every year. Adequate
measures would be taken to safeguard ecosystems from forest fires, map the
vulnerable areas and develop and strengthen early warning systems and
methods to control fire, based on remote sensing technology and community
participation. Also, awareness will be created about causes and impacts of fire
on forests and local livelihoods.

(c) Enhance Quality and Productivity of natural forests

Many of our forest ecosystems have been significantly altered and degraded due
to land conversion, pollution, over exploitation, deforestation and degradation
etc. with adverse impacts on biological diversity
and livelihoods of the local population. Protection and enrichment of dense
forests will be a top priority. Degraded forests will be rehabilitated by
promoting natural regeneration, by taking strict protection measures
and also by planting locally suitable indigenous species for assisting the existing
regeneration.

(d) Increase the productivity of forest plantations

Productivity of the forest plantations are poor in most of the States. This will be
addressed by intensive scientific management of forest plantations of
commercially important species like teak, sal, sisham, poplar,gmelina,
eucalyptus, casuarina, bamboo etc. The lands available with the forest
corporations which are degraded & underutilized will be managed to produce
quality timber with scientific interventions. Public private participation models
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will be developed for undertaking Afforestation and reforestation activities in

degraded forest areas and forest areas available with Forest Development
Corporations and outside forests.

(e) Protecting & enriching the Catchments

Schemes and projects which interfere with forests that cover steep slopes,
catchments of rivers, lakes, andreservoirs, geologically unstable terrain and such
other ecologically sensitive areas shall be restricted. Theecologically sensitive
catchment areas shall be stabilized with suitable soil & water conservation
measuresand also by planting with suitable trees and grasses like bamboo etc.

(f) Biodiversity Conservation

Natural forests are rich repositories of biodiversity in the country. The following
steps will be taken for theconservation of the biodiversity in the natural forests.
(i) Biodiversity of the forest areas of the country will be surveyed and
documented systematically, and sites having exceptional taxonomic and
ecological value will be conserved. Legal and administrative
measures for protection of biodiversity against bio-piracy will be taken, in sync
with National Biodiversity Act.(ii) Modern techniques of ex-situ conservation
will be promoted for the preservation of Relic, Endangered and Threatened
(RET) species.

(g) Management of forests to be as per the approved Working Plan

Management of forests & forest plantations will be done as per the Central
Government approved Working/Management plans, and also in accordance
with the guidelines issued by the Government of India,Ministry of Environment,
Forests and Climate Change from time to time. Private forests/ forest
plantations/tree lots will be regulated as per the management plans.

(h) Strengthen participatory forest management

India has rich and varied experience in participatory forest management. There
is a need to further strengthen this participatory approach, for which a National
Community Forest Management (CFM) Mission will be launched. This mission
will have a legal basis and an enabling operational framework.. The national,
state and local level development programmes shall be converged in these
villages. All efforts to ensure synergy between Gram Sabha & JFMC will be
taken for ensuring successful community participation inforest management.

(i) Management of Non Timber Forest Produce

Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) such as medicinal and aromatic plants, oil
seeds, resins, wild edibles, fibre, bamboo, grass etc. provide sustenance to forest
dependent communities by supplementing their food and livelihood security.
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Such produce should be managed sustainably ensuring increased employment

and
income opportunities for the local communities. Value Chain approach that is
climate-smart and market oriented and embedded in sustainability would be
made compulsory and part of the business plans related to NTFP.

4.1.2 Management of trees outside forests

(a) Promote agro-forestry and farm forestry

Agro-forestry and farm forestry have taken deep roots in the country and Trees
Outside Forests (TOF) arecontributing to the increase in tree cover and
enhancing ecosystem services, while meeting a bulk of thecountry's wood
demand and providing climate resilient incomes to the farmers.. Thus promotion
of wood use obtained from sustainably managed forests and trees would play a
significant role in mitigating climate change and ensuring sustainable living. In
view of this the following measures will be taken:

(i) Agro-forestry and farm forestry would be encouraged through commensurate

incentives andoperational support systems..
(ii) Systems for certification of improved planting material would be put in
place.
(iii) Price assurance to the farmers would be facilitated by putting in place pre-
production agreements between the farmers and the forest based industries.
(iv) Suitable location specific Public Private Partnership models will be
developed involving Forest Departments, Forest development Corporations,
Communities, Public limited companies etc for achieving the target of increased
forest & tree cover in the country.
(v) Promotion of cultivation, harvesting, transportation and marketing of wood
would be ensured by relaxing the existing felling and transit regime in the
country. Inclusion of agro forestry & farm forestry in the Agricultural crop
insurance scheme would be facilitated. Also, agro forestry and farm
forestry crop will also be included in National crop insurance scheme.
(vi) Massive awareness and extension services for promotion of agro forestry
will also be launched.

(b) Promoting urban greens

Urban greens include woodlands, wetlands, parks, wood in institutional areas,
gardens, avenue plantations ,block plantations etc in such areas. These green
patches bring many aesthetic, recreational, environmental and economic
benefits to cities and their dwellers. They need to be managed as urban forest
ecosystems to enhance optimal urban forest cover and to nurture and sustain
urban health, clean air and related benefits. Management plans will be prepared
and implemented in consonance with the development plan of cities.
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4.2 New Thrust Areas in forest & tree cover Management

4.2.1 Production Forestry

The demand for timber and other forest produce is showing an increasing trend
and is likely to continue as the economy grows. The dependence on import has
also been increasing drastically over the years. In orderto ensure self sufficiency
in timber, the States would be encouraged to further develop their plantation
programmes with scientific inputs and genetically improved planting materials.

4.2.2 Economic valuation of the forests

Forests provide a wide range of tangible benefits like timber, fuel wood, fodder
and a wide range of NTFPs and intangible benefits like ecological services,
hydrological benefits, soil conservation, flood control, carbon sequestration,
biodiversity conservation, amelioration of the overall environment, etc.
Contribution of the forest to the national economy is estimated generally on the
basis of the recorded removals of industrialwood, fuel wood and NTFPs, which
is abysmally low as compared to the actuals. Scientific methods will be evolved
for appropriate valuation of forests and their services through institutions of
repute.
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Recommendations
On account of above observations, following recommendations can be made:

1. Resources are scarce and there is need to use them efficiently on sustainable
basis. Environment and Forest sectors should be inculcated in the development
process holistically.

2. Database on forests should be strengthened to make forest planning more

effective,

3. There must be separate data on plantations as well as on natural forests in the

forest cover assessments to reflect-actual changes in forest cover of the country

4. There should be proper accounting of various ecosystem goods and services

provided by forests to access the true contribution of forests to
the economy.

5. There should be reorientation of existing legislations on environment and

forests and necessary provisions should be made to make them more stringent in
their implementation.

6. The polluters should be made to pay equal to the amount of pollution through
increased use of market instruments.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. K. Thakur: Environmental Protection, Law and Policy in India,
Eastern Book Company, Lucknow.

2. M. R. Grag, V.K. Bansal & N. S. Tiwana: Environmental

Pollution and Protection, Deep & Deep Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Md. Zafar Mahfooz Nomani: Environment Impact Assessment

Laws, Satyam Law International, New Delhi.

4. N. V. Pranjape: Environmental Laws and Management in

India, Thomson Reuters, Delhi.

5. P. Leelakrishnan: Environmental Law Case Book, LexisNexis

India, Gurgaon.

6. Partha Pratim Mitra: Wild Animal Protection Laws in India,

LexisNexis India, Gurgaon..