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Hendra Setiawan
Matter
The term matter describes all of the
physical substances around us: your
table, your body, a pencil, water, and so
forth
Matter
• Anything that has
mass and takes up
space (has volume)
• Made up of different
kinds of atoms
Matter
• Includes all things that
can be seen, tasted,
smelled, or touched
• Does not include heat,
sound, or light
Matter is made of atoms
Models
Models are often used for things
that are too small or too large to
be observed or that are too
difficult to be understood easily
Models
• In the case of atoms, scientists use large
models to explain something that is very small
• Models of the atom were used to explain data
or facts that were gathered experimentally.
• So, these models are also theories
Early Models of the Atom
Democritus
• Universe was made of
empty space and tiny
bits of stuff
• Called these tiny bits
of stuff atomos
• Atoms could not be
divided
Early Models of the Atom
Lavoisier
• Demonstrated that
burning wood caused
no change in mass
• Law of Conservation
of Matter
Early Models of the Atom
Dalton
• All elements are composed of indivisible particles.
• Atoms of the same element are the same
• Atoms of different elements are different.
• Compounds consisted of atoms of different
elements combined together
Early Models of the Atom
Thomson
• Plum pudding model
• Atom made of a positively
charged material with the
negatively charged
electrons scattered
through it.
Early Models of the Atom
Rutherford
• Mostly empty space
• Small, positive nucleus
• Contained protons
• Negative electrons
scattered around the
outside
Early Models of the Atom
Bohr
• Electrons move in
definite orbits around
the nucleus
Modern Model of the Atom
The electron cloud
• Sometimes called the
wave model
• Spherical cloud of
varying density
• Varying density shows
where an electron is
more or less likely to
be
Atomic Structure
• Nucleus
– Protons
– Neutrons
• Electrons
Atomic Structure
• Electrons
• Tiny, very light particles
• Have a negative electrical charge (-)
• Move around the outside of the nucleus
Atomic Structure
• Protons
• Much larger and heavier than electrons
• Protons have a positive charge (+)
• Located in the nucleus of the atom
Atomic Structure
• Neutrons
• Large and heavy like protons
• Neutrons have no electrical charge
• Located in the nucleus of the atom
Atomic Structure
Notasi Penulisan partikel sub Atom
Notasi atom ialah cara penulisan sub atom dalam atom.
Penulisan lambang atom X dengan nomor atom (Z) dan
massa atom (A) adalah :
A
Z X
(jika ditulis dalam tabel periodik)
dimana
X = lambang atom suatu unsur
Z = nomor atom
Z = jumlah proton (p)
Z = jumlah elektron (e-) untuk atom (netral)
A = nomor massa
A = jumlah proton (p) + jumlah neutron (n)
Contoh : 7
[1] Atom Lithium
3 Li
memiliki 3 elektron, 3 proton, dan 4 neutron
Kulit ke-2
Kulit ke-1
elektron
neutron
proton
Jumlah maksimum elektron dalam
setiap lapisan kulit
Inti Atom
Perpindahan Elektron
Ke tingkat energi yang lebih tinggi:
• Dikenai cahaya/foton yang mempunyai energi yang sama dengan
selisih energi akhir dan awalnya.
• Diberi panas
• Ditumbuk oleh elektron lainnya