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Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
Traffic Management & Control It is a process of adjusting or adapting the use of existing
road systems to improve traffic operations without resorting to
3.1 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT major new construction.
What you will be
• Definitions & Objectives
learning from this
• Reasons for Traffic Management chapter … What are the objectives of Traffic Management?
• Problems due to lack of Traffic Management The objectives of traffic management are to:
• Traffic Management Techniques ease traffic congestion
3.2 PARKING enhance road safety
• Parking Impacts, Policies & Types improve traffic flow
• Parking Studies improve the transportation of people and goods
3.3 FACILITIES FOR PEDESTRIANS reduce the impacts of traffic on the environment
• Types of and Warrants for Crossing Facilities create a balanced modal split
BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
Why do we need to manage traffic? What problems may occur if traffic is not well managed?
Traffic Congestion
Mobility, accessibility and safety
problems for non-motorized road users Road Accidents
Conflicts between vulnerable road Disruption of Public Transportation
users (pedestrians & cyclists) and
motorized transport. Adverse effects on Environment
These users find it hard to travel, Safety Risk for Pedestrians and Cyclists
access is intruded, and their safety
is at risk. Increased Travel Cost
Using up of Funds and Land
Increased travel cost
Cost, in terms of money and time,
increases as more time is spent on the
road due to traffic jams.
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
CONTRA FLOW (Tidal Flow / Reverse Flow) PEDESTRIAN SEGREGATION Pedestrian Precinct
Justified when 65% or more of the total - To enforce ‘No Jaywalking’ regulations
traffic during peak periods is in one
direction. Pedestrian Guardrails
Sidewalk separation using
One lane in the lower volume direction is planting strip
used for traffic on the higher volume
direction.
This lane is separated using barricades
and channelizing devices and provided
with proper signing.
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
Guided
Bus Lane
(Busway)
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
BUS & HOV LANES Contra-flow HOV Segregated HOV BUS PRIORITY
Lane Lane
HOV Lanes “Smart Intersection” uses bus detector to manipulate traffic signal
which allows green phase for buses.
HOV Lane Signages
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
Drivers will eventually make trips during off-peak periods, Impose stiffer penalties and fines if
choose to use alternative routes, and take alternative modes regulations are violated.
of transport. Limit the number of parking spaces in
the city.
(2) PHYSICAL MEASURES Impose higher taxes for parking
operators.
Banning or prohibiting entry of certain classes of vehicles.
Examples: Introduction of Bus & HOV Lanes, Bicycle lanes,
Pedestrian precincts, etc. (4) FISCAL MEASURES
Vehicle tax
Fuel tax
Road Pricing / Area Licensing
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
Speed Bump
Textured pavement
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
Chicane
Roundabout
Choker
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
(6) AUTOMATED SPEED ENFORCEMENT (7) DYNAMIC REROUTING & TRAVELER INFORMATION
BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer: Dr. Basil David Daniel
Application in Malaysia:
INTEGRATED TRANSPORT INFORMATION SYSTEM (ITIS)
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
PARKING
THE IMPACTS OF PARKING
THE IMPACTS OF PARKING
Parking affects the vitality of communities, commercial and business
Availability, Convenience and Cost of Parking affects mode choice centres, transit systems and airports.
An owner of a private automobile is likely to use their automobile Sufficient parking is important:
to access their destination if:
when making trips for social visits
Parking is plentiful
to keep businesses alive
Parking is conveniently located
to facilitate transport systems – buses, trains, LRT & air travel
Cost of parking is reasonable
An owner of a private automobile is NOT likely to use their Parking affects the circulation of traffic in downtown areas
automobile, and choose to use alternative modes if:
Sufficient parking reduces the time spent by drivers to find
Parking is scarce parking spaces, hence making traffic flow smoothly
Parking is inconvenient In certain European cities, it was estimated that 40% of the
total travel time to work was spent on searching for parking!
Cost of parking is expensive
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
To strike a compromise between the amount of curb space devoted to To ensure that the interests of business establishments along the
parking, and for moving vehicles. street is enhanced by good parking arrangements.
To make provision for parking of delivery vehicles, short term parkers To ensure that parking policies and public transport policies are
and long term parkers. complementary; for example, car parks adjacent to bus stations and
routes would enhance bus ridership.
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
ANGLE PARKING
Angled parking allows more spaces per
linear length of curb.
Maneuver for angle parking is easier
compared to parallel parking.
However, it restricts traffic movement
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on streets more than parallel parking. 8
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
OFF-STREET PARKING
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
Parking studies are done in order to: METHODS OF COLLECTING PARKING DATA
- estimate parking demand. Ins and Outs
- analyse the capacity and use of parking facilities. All vehicles parked in the focus area are counted at the beginning of
the survey period.
Parking studies include financial feasibility, functional design, Then the vehicles entering and exiting the area are counted.
structural design and demand studies. This method can yield the overall accumulation and occupancy only.
Fixed Period
TYPES OF PARKING STUDIES
All vehicles parked in the focus area are counted at the beginning of
- Comprehensive
the survey period.
- Limited
Occupancy counts are conducted every 15 minutes to 1 hour.
- Site Specific
This method may miss short term parkers and may be difficult for
private garages.
Sampling must be done carefully in order to prevent bias toward
oversampling of shorterm parkers.
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
Next, calculate the probability of rejection using the formula: A parking facility that has 50 parking bays receives an incoming
vehicle flow rate of 120 vehicles per hour. If the average parking
A M
duration is 50 minutes, analyse the adequacy of this parking facility.
P M! Solution:
A2 A3 A4 AM
1 A ... Q = 120 veh/hr
2! 3! 4! M ! T = 50 mins = 5/6 hrs
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
It was observed during an 8-hour study that 96 vehicles enter the Space Time at the beginning of the patrol
parking lot of a local electronics store. The parking lot has only 5 No. 9:00 9:15 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15
parking spaces. Customers park their cars for an average of 15
109 338 437E T325 820 510E
minutes. Calculate the probability that an incoming vehicle will not
find a parking space. 110 289 746 834 572
111 202 191
A= ? 112 004
P 5! 0.11
c. The E suffix indicates that the meter was expired.
d. The T prefix indicates that a delivery truck was using the parking space. If this
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occurs frequently, there may be a need for a truck loading zone.
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2! 3! 4! 5!
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
is the average length of time that a vehicle is parked. is the number of different vehicles parked in the study period
Parking duration = Number of Observations x Interval Parking turnover = Number of Parked Vehicles
Number of Vehicles Number of Parking Spaces
Parking duration for space 109: Parking turnover for spaces 109 to 112 over a 2.5 hour period:
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
EXAMPLE:
is the percentage of the time that the parking spaces at the parking An office parking garage has the following characteristics:
facility has been occupied
Hours of operation: 6 A.M. to 8 P.M (14 hours)
Parking occupancy = Number of Spaces Occupied x 100% Number of parking spaces in the garage: 500
Number of Parking Spaces 80% are commuters with average parking duration of 8 hours
10% are visitors parking for an average of 2 hours
Example calculation
The remaining are shoppers parking for an average of 3 hours
Parking occupancy for the facility during the first 15 minutes:
However observations made at the garage indicate that 15% of
Occupancy109-114 = (2/6) x 100% = 33.3 % visitors during peak hours (10 A.M. to 12 P.M. and 1 P.M. to 3
P.M.) do not find parking.
BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
Solution DEFINITIONS
• Parking duration: the actual length of time a vehicle remains in one
Space hours demanded (served): parking space.
Commuters: 80% x 500 x 8 =3200
Visitors: 10% x 500 x 2 =100
• Parking accumulation: the total number of vehicle parked in a specific
Shoppers: 10% x 500 x 3 = 150 area at a specific time.
Demand not served: 15% x 500 x 4 = 300
• Parking load: the area under the accumulation curve between two specific
times.
Total space-hours demanded = 3750
Total space-hours served = 3450 • Parking space: an area large enough to accommodate one vehicle with
restricted access (no blockage by another parked vehicle), but excluding
maneuver space.
Balance space-hours = 300
Because the additional demand is during 4 hours; • Parking demand: the number of vehicles whose drivers desire to park at
a specific location or in a general area. It is usually expressed as the
The number of additional spaces needed is 300/4 = 75 spaces. number of vehicles during the peak parking hour.
Discussion: • Parking supply: the number of parking spaces available for use.
Although 75 additional spaces are needed only during the 4 peak hours, it is
open debate whether the garage owner should spend money to meet this • Parking turnover: number of vehicle utilizing the same stall over a given
demand, because for the rest of the operating time (14 – 4 = 10 hrs), it is period of time (four or more during an 8-hour period indicates a high
likely that the 75 spaces may not be occupied 27 turnover rate). Parking turnover measures utilization. 28
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BFC32302 Traffic Engineering and Safety Lecturer : Dr. Basil David Daniel
DEFINITIONS
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BFC 32302
basil/uthm/2015
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Grade-
Uncontrolled Controlled separated
Crossing Crossing Crossing
Occurs by (a) Zebra (a) Pedestrian
default where crossing overhead
pedestrians find (b) School bridges
it convenient to children’s
cross a road. (b) Pedestrian
crossing underpass Zebra Crossing Pelican Crossing
(c) Signalised
crossing (Pedestrian Light Controlled
Crossing)
(Pelican
crossing, Puffin 9 10
crossing)
Pedestrian Underpass
Puffin Crossing
(Pedestrian User Friendly
Intelligent Crossing)
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