Norman A. Hamli Sect Ships’ 1L1_Dalinaton and Arengement of Lines Drew Ing." The exterior form of a ships ll fsa carved rage fined bythe ines drawing, or simply "the lines” Prete and unambiguous mesna are needed to flescibe tis surface, insmyach a the ship's form must tcconfgured te sccommodate al internals, st mest nstrints of buoyancy, ably, speed and power, id seskeeping, and mast be "buidable” Heneo, the lines sonst of orahographe projections ofthe inter ection ofthe bul for with thee mutually perpen Clear aes of planes, dawn to stable seal, ig. shows a lea drawing for singloserew cargo passenger ship "The profile or sheer plan shows he hull form in tersected by the ceterplane-—a vertical plane on the ‘hips ceterine~and by buttock planes which are Palle! wf, spaced for sinveniendaiaion of the rset shape and stented by thee distance ofthe ‘enterplate, The centerplane intersection shows the ffl of the bow and stern. Below’ the profs the Aairtreadth o watertines plan, which shows thei terseton ofthe hal form with planes parallel tothe horizontal baseplane, which is called the base ine. All ich parallel panes are called waterin plane, oF Saterplanes, tis convenient to space mort water: ine uy by aaa miner of tr feet and aches), but u cloer spacing soften used ‘ear the baseline where the shapeof ul form changes ‘ily: DWL. represents the design waterline, near ‘wich the folly landed ship it intended to oat All waters are ented by their height above the base ine ive body plan shows the shape of secons deter. mine bythe intersection ofthe Hl form with planes fetpendeaar to the buttock and waterline planet. In Faget ths iu shown above the profie, but it might ‘otherwise be drawn tothe right orl of the profile, ing a ingle extended molded baseline, depending ‘pon the with and length of paper being used. Al ‘dmativly the body pan ls sometimes superimposed CHAPTER I Ship Geometry nt Lines ‘on the profile with the body plan's centerplare miray ‘between the ends ofthe ship in profile view. Planes efning the body plan are known at boy pan statins. ‘Thay are usualy spaced equally apart, sh ha there ite 10 spacesor multiples thereof inthe length af ‘the shir but witha few extra stations atthe ends of the ship atone haif or one quarer tha sping ‘Moat she are symmetric about the exterplane, and the lines drawing shows Waterlines inthe bal Head pan on ony oo ede of the centering, Ayr total featores on some ships, such as arehanging Fight docks on srratt carrier most be depicted sep Atately, Correspondingly, the body Plan shows sections th one side of the centerline only thee te the fore: dy on the ight hand side aod thes inthe fterbony ‘on the left By convention inthe US, the tow ofthe Ship is shown tothe right. With the arangemeat of the ine as shown in Fig 1, the dren tepeesents as of fest angle projeeon in deserve reometry. “Tre line in Fig represent the molded eure of the ship aurface formed by Uh outer edges of the Frames or inside of the “ak” ie the case of Seo, flaminim and wooden vec. Inthe cate of glass Teinforced plastic wane, the molded surfice & the ‘uteideof the ul (Phe tem molded surface undoubt uly are from the use of wooden "molds tet upto ‘stblinh surface in space to whieh frames could be formed when wooden vessels were being bull "The shel plating of ste! or aluminum ship con stitutes the over covering af the melded surface, The hell plating ia relatively thin andi forme of plates that are umlly of varying Uckness, causing some ‘smooth and continuous "Pe thekogss of planking of s wouden bat is rl tively larger than the shell hieknen of sal veste, n'a the eval practice to dra the ines of @ ‘wooden boat ta represent the surface ford by the Dutedeof the planking since this gies the tre ex ternal form, However for construction purposes isnecessary to deal with the molded form, and therefore ite not unusual Yo find the molded form of wooden ‘earls delinentod on a separate nes drawing Inthe sheer plan of Fg. 1, the baseline, repre senting the botiom ofthe veel is paralel to the DWE Showing that the vessel designed foran even ee” condition, Somme vesels especially te and ching vessele—are often designed with the molded elite raked downwaed sft giving more draft atthe Stern than the bow whon floating atthe DWL: such ‘eset are sui to have designed dag fo the keel. 12 Perpandsar Lenaih, Betweon” Perendic- la Averteal nets theshresplaal Fig Te drawn ke intersection of the DWE, whith © often the ‘huimatal summer Ioad line (dcinodsubsoquentl), ‘ind the forward sde ofthe stem. This known a2 the forward perpendicular, abbreviated a8 FF. A Blige consistency is introduced by ths elton of PiPin tha the forwand side ofthe stem is generally ina surface extrnr to the molded form by the thick ees of contiguour shell platingor by the stm thick toe tlt the tem of rolled plate ‘hcorespondingvercl tne drawn at the stor, designated the eter perpendiewiar or AP. When there is der poste AP is leated whare the after ‘ie of the rudder post interoeets the DWL, In NT ihe AP i drawn atthe cenerine of the roder sock, Which isthe customary leston for merehant ships Without a wel defined cternpost or rudder pst. Inthe {ise of naval ship, i customary to dee the AP tthe aftr end ofthe vessel on the DWL. Such @ Toetion ie also sometimes shosen for merchant ves Sis—especinlly venzels witha submerged ster profile fxtending well aft the rudder. Fig. 2 shows te var fous lation of the AP here daseribed. ‘An important characteristic of ship i ts loth tetwoen perpendicalar, sometinas abbreviated LDP tr Epp. This represeats the foreandaft distance be then the FP and AP, ands generally the same as the length L defined in the American Bureau of Ship ping Hales for Balding and Cassing Steet Vessels {ital However inthe Ree there iv nchaded the frovio that Ly for ise inthe Iles, otto be less than 96 perce and need not be greater than IT per ‘ent ofthe length onthe summer Toad line The su ter Toad ine is the deepest waterline to which 4 merchant versl ma legally be loaded during the sum ter monte in cernin spaced goographial snes, Methods for determining the summer oad line are {lve he cnn fra Sip Bie ‘Wien comparing difereit designs, 2 consatent reuthod of measuring ahiplengthr thoald be used ‘real lengths invaraly avaible from the vessels ‘ne and ERP ie usualy sao recorded. However, for Iytndynamie purposes, length on the preva ateive my fe sean sternal, an ete Tree ot the uderater boty for rexitance ‘nstttns ie eomeines rere ‘he uel esol ofGlermiaing eater end of ectve length a tae ue ofa etal area ‘Sse eh ordinate ores the deat cre Scuhatare fhe rec opt te EWE sree ‘atts song fs gt. Ge Set 11) Thee. fecivelengh'6 sully conntaed a the otra feng of tie seta aon crv were, i the ‘Sige bat Sconeare ening ¢ sight te fam the SEMPLE canbe dwn ange to tec ao shorn nig 3 The niente he NSIgi ine ognt wel the Bae ft graph ‘ay hen fe onset epee teste en {Ev etecte lng On maa seearew ene 15 Ben fund Sette pot to deemind cee {W's of the as Suck an feet ength Shang might We te soe exeing all em ete ne dacuaed in Secsne 8 snare ‘Soy forte fora end of ect length might EE'Ded for cip with protringbaous tows ‘cendlgforeara a he FP ici importat tat nl clas and meagure nants tng fo let te sro 0 dterinng {Helmut und and Se lost of ta estes be Sten etme. “3” Mihi etn; Poa Mise Boy. Ao in rotate fot any sip i tn Sd sage thn rw ton, general dgrte by ‘he tome yw wan oly elf nde Ah flog ba soon oft est In same of he {Se sling she i fale wrt vas forward at Tokens wan wometigeopecd se nd aig ‘cha ie fest secon unde ware somewhat 2p the flog sey coe te mua pracesn ‘ol commer vse of ost pee ote {Bhalvay baveen he perpendicular wien naval Sere enuly may between oe nde of te aie mode ls, larly Tmnany moder estes pata arg cel tin Tom of eos son ow the OW ae tendo wthout change for sore dare forwarded SE aly nln the sdaip ose och ee Sab are sal fo have paral mide dy. The ship Fig. hs po paral mle bey, ba te for of etl unde water changes bo sgh for sal Seamesfovaed or shaft te faet sean which ‘ae amie PF are kon Fame wane, order py the eae of rderete for ‘Sere, satay adie LBP no {0s 9, or 40—nterals bythe boy plan planes ‘he lsat of hee anes Ace Know boy ls iba or sing ston, nda ened hy ought Ine Gl’ the ole td ai eth fla st rht ange tothe vee none and cr Tete reget The recone of ese panes